51
|
Ribeiro F, Cardoso A, Portela R, Lima J, Machado S, de Lima-Neto P, De Souza D, Correia A. Electroanalytical Determination of Promethazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations on Highly Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes Using Square-Wave Adsorptive Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
52
|
Ni Y, Kokot S. Does chemometrics enhance the performance of electroanalysis? Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:130-46. [PMID: 18790114 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the question whether chemometrics methods enhance the performance of electroanalytical methods. Electroanalysis has long benefited from the well-established techniques such as potentiometric titrations, polarography and voltammetry, and the more novel ones such as electronic tongues and noses, which have enlarged the scope of applications. The electroanalytical methods have been improved with the application of chemometrics for simultaneous quantitative prediction of analytes or qualitative resolution of complex overlapping responses. Typical methods include partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and multiple curve resolution methods (MCR-ALS, N-PLS and PARAFAC). This review aims to provide the practising analyst with a broad guide to electroanalytical applications supported by chemometrics. In this context, after a general consideration of the use of a number of electroanalytical techniques with the aid of chemometrics methods, several overviews follow with each one focusing on an important field of application such as food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and the environment. The growth of chemometrics in conjunction with electronic tongue and nose sensors is highlighted, and this is followed by an overview of the use of chemometrics for the resolution of complicated profiles for qualitative identification of analytes, especially with the use of the MCR-ALS methodology. Finally, the performance of electroanalytical methods is compared with that of some spectrophotometric procedures on the basis of figures-of-merit. This showed that electroanalytical methods can perform as well as the spectrophotometric ones. PLS-1 appears to be the method of practical choice if the %relative prediction error of approximately +/-10% is acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongnian Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ni Y, Li S, Kokot S. Simultaneous Determination of Three Synthetic Glucocorticoids by Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry with the Aid of Chemometrics. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802208708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
54
|
Ortuño JA, Gil A, Sánchez-Pedreño C. Flow-Injection Coulometric Detection Based on Ion Transfer and Its Application to the Determination of Chlorpromazine. SENSORS 2008; 8:3678-3688. [PMID: 27879901 PMCID: PMC3714659 DOI: 10.3390/s8063678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A flow-injection coulometric method for the determination of chlorpromazine based on ion transfer into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, was developed. The detector used consists of a flow-through cell that incorporates a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane which contains tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate as electrolyte. The membrane is located between the flowing solution and an inner aqueous electrolyte solution. Two pairs of electrodes, each pair formed by a reference electrode and a working electrode, are used, one pair in each solution. The potential between the reference electrodes was controlled by a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. A potential step capable of producing the transfer of the chlorpromazine ion into the membrane was applied during the passage of a wide portion of sample plug through the cell and the corresponding quantity of the electricity was measured. In the selected conditions, a linear relationship was observed between the quantity of electricity and chlorpromazine concentrations over a range of 1×10-6 −1×10-4 M. The detection limit was 2 × 10-7 M. Good repeatability and between-day reproducibility was obtained. No interference was observed on the part of some common ions and pharmaceutical excipients. The method proposed was applied satisfactorily to the determination of chlorpromazine in pharmaceuticals and human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín A Ortuño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Pedreño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Madej K, Kościelniak P. Review of Analytical Methods for Identification and Determination of PHEs and Tricyclic Antidepressants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701804343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
56
|
Mielech‐Łukasiewicz K, Puzanowska‐Tarasiewicz H, Panuszko A. Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenothiazine Derivatives at Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Their Differential Pulse and Square‐wave Voltammetric Determination in Pharmaceuticals. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710801935038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
57
|
KARIMI MA, MAZLOUM ARDAKANI M, ABDOLLAHI H, BANIFATEMEH F. Application of H-Point Standard Addition Method and Partial Least Squares to the Simultaneous Kinetic-Potentiometric Determination of Hydrazine and Phenylhydrazine. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:261-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali KARIMI
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Sirjan
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
| | | | - Hamid ABDOLLAHI
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sobhi HR, Yamini Y, Abadi RHHB. Extraction and determination of trace amounts of chlorpromazine in biological fluids using hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
59
|
Yang GJ, Qu XL, Shen M, Qu QS, Wang CY, Zhu AP, Hu XY. Trace Measurement of Phenothiazine Drugs in Tablets by Micellar-Enhanced Fluorophotometric Method. J Fluoresc 2007; 17:119-26. [PMID: 17333409 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-007-0165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It was found that in buffer solution of pH 7.0, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the solution of phenothiazine drugs, such as chlorpromazine, promethazine and trifluoperazine, showed a remarkable enhancement of their fluorescence intensity. A further study proved that the phenothiazine drugs can be determined by fluorophotometric method in micellar system. Under optimal conditions, there was a good linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and phenothiazine compounds concentration, and the detection limit of 3.0 x 10(-8) M chlorpromazine, 3.0 x 10(-8) M promethazine and 1.5 x 10(-8) M trifluoperazine (S/N=3) were also obtained. This method has been used to determine phenothiazine drugs in tablets with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jun Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Yang ZS, Zhao J, Zhang DP, Liu YC. Electrochemical Determination of Trace Promethazine Hydrochloride by a Pretreated Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with DNA. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:569-72. [PMID: 17495403 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of trace amounts of promethazine has been designed. Double stranded (ds)DNA molecules are immobilized onto a pretreated glassy carbon electrode (GCE(ox)) surface. The voltammetric behaviors of promethazine on DNA-modified electrode were explored by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The promethazine gave rise to a pair of well-defined peaks, which appeared at E(pc) = 52 mV and E(pa) = 96 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.10 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0). The peak current was linearly enhanced with increasing the concentration of promethazine. The calibration was linear for promethazine over the range of 4.7 x 10(-10) to 9.3 x 10(-9) M with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection (LODs) was 3.0 x 10(-10) M (S/N = 3). The modified electrode was applied to determine promethazine in human blood samples with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Sheng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Normal University, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
Ensafi AA, Hajian R. Determination of tryptophan and histidine by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry using H-point standard addition method. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 580:236-43. [PMID: 17723779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sequential method is proposed for the determination of tryptophane and histidine by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry using standard addition and H-point standard addition method (HPSAM). The complexes of copper(II) with the amino acids were accumulated onto the surface of a hanging mercury drop electrode for 60s. Then the preconcentrated complexes were reduced by square wave voltammetry and the peak currents were measured. The effect of various parameters such as pH, concentration of copper, accumulation potential, accumulation time and scan rate on the sensitivity were studied by one-at-a time and artificial neural network. Under the optimized conditions, the peak currents at about +0.05 to -0.30 V is proportional to the concentration of tryptophan and histidine over the concentration ranges of 5-220 and 100-1200 nM, respectively. Optimization of the parameters by one-at-a time showed that at accumulation potential of 0.10 V (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode) the peak current is proportional only to the concentration of tryptophan and histidine does not have any contribution to the current. The optimization results by artificial neural network showed that at accumulation potential of -0.06 V (versus Ag/AgCl) the peak current is proportional to the both concentrations of tryptophan and histidine. Therefore, the method of H-point standard addition has been used for resolving overlap voltamograms for determination of histidine in the present of tryptophane. The method was successfully applied to the determination of tryptophan and histidine in synthetic and real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Ensafi
- College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Characterization of a graphite powder – ionic liquid paste coated gold electrode, and a method for voltammetric determination of promethazine. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
64
|
Akhond M, Tashkhourian J, Hemmateenejad B. Simultaneous determination of ascrobic, citric, and tartaric acids by potentiometric titration with PLS calibration. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806080168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
65
|
Sales MGF, Tomás JFC, Lavandeira SR. Flow injection potentiometric determination of chlorpromazine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1280-6. [PMID: 16650709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New chlorpromazine selective electrodes with a tubular arrangement and no internal reference solution are proposed. Selective membranes are of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with the tetraphenylborate.chlorpromazine (TPB.CPZ) ion-exchanger dissolved in o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (oNPOE). Analytical features of the electrodes were evaluated on a single-channel flow assembly having 500 microl injection volumes and flow-rates of 4.5 ml min(-1). For a carrier solution of 3.3 x 10(-3)M in sodium sulphate, Nernstian response was observed over the concentration range 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-2)M. Average slopes were about 59 mV decade(-1) and squared correlation coefficients were >0.9984. Slight hiper-Nernstian behaviour was observed in buffer solutions of 4.4 pH; average slopes were of 62.06 mV decade(-1). The electrode displayed a good selectivity for CPZ, with respect to, several foreign inorganic and organic species. The selective electrodes were successfully applied to the analysis of pure solutions and pharmaceutical preparations. Proposed method allows the analysis of 84 samples h(-1), producing wastewaters of low toxicity. The proposed method offers the advantage of simplicity, accuracy, applicability to coloured and turbid samples, and automation feasibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Goreti F Sales
- CEQUP, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Department of Chemical Engineering, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Idris AM, Assubaie FN, Sultan SM. Chemometric optimization of a SIA promethazine hydrochloride assay method. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
67
|
Qiu P, Ni Y, Kokot S. Multicomponent Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Grain Samples by Linear Sweep Stripping Voltammetry and Multivariate Calibration. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600723890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
68
|
Wójciak-Kosior M, Skalska A, Matysik A. Determination of phenothiazine derivatives by high performance thin-layer chromatography combined with densitometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:286-9. [PMID: 16321493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method combined with densitometry for determination of phenothiazine derivatives is described. Quantitation was performed in reflectance mode by using a computer-controlled densitometer Desaga CD 60. Established calibration curve (r > 0.999), precision (RDS values: 0.95-2.53%), detection limits as well as recovery values (101.1-102.8%) were found to be satisfactory. The presented method is rapid, precise and sensitive, and may be alternative to traditionally used HPLC. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Planar Chromatography, Medical Academy, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Niu W, Feng N, Nie F, Lu J. Investigating the post-chemiluminescence behavior of phenothiazine medications in the luminol–potassium ferricyanide system: molecular imprinting–post-chemiluminescence method for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:153-60. [PMID: 16547741 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new post-chemiluminescence (PCL) phenomenon was observed when phenothiazine medications were injected into the reaction mixture after the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol and potassium ferricyanide had finished. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on studies of the kinetic characteristics of the CL, CL spectra, fluorescence spectra, and on other experiments. The feasibility of determining various phenothiazine medications by utilizing these PCL reactions was examined. A molecular imprinting-post-chemiluminescence (MI-PCL) method was established for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride using a chlorpromazine hydrochloride-imprinted polymer (MIP) as the recognition material. The method displayed high selectivity and high sensitivity. The linear range of the method was 1.0 x 10(-8) approximately 1.0 x 10(-6), with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9985. The detection limit was 3 x 10(-9) g/ml chlorpromazine hydrochloride, and the relative standard deviation for a 1.0 x 10(-7) g/ml chlorpromazine hydrochloride solution was 4.0% (n = 11). The method has been applied to the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in urine and animal drinking water with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Escandar GM, Damiani PC, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. A review of multivariate calibration methods applied to biomedical analysis. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
72
|
An L, Liu S, Liu Z, Kong L, Hu X. Resonance Rayleigh Scattering for the Determination of Chlorpromazine and Promethazine. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and promethazine (PZ) can react with potassium ferrioxalate (PF) to form 3:1 ion-association complexes, which can result in a significant enhancement of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity. The maximum scattering peaks are located at 368 nm for CPZ-PF and 370 nm for PZ-PF. The RRS spectroscopic characteristics, the optimum conditions of reactions, and influencing factors have been studied for CPZ-PF and PZ-PF. There is a linear relationship between the RRS intensity and the drug concentration in the range of 0.02–8.00 μg mL–1 for CPZ and 0.04–9.00 μg mL–1 for PZ, and the detection limits (3σ) are 6.6 ng mL–1 for CPZ and 10.6 ng mL–1 for PZ. The proposed method has been applied to determine CPZ in urine and serum samples with satisfactory results. Moreover, the reaction mechanism and the reasons for intensity enhancement of RRS have been discussed.
Collapse
|
73
|
El-Gindy A. HPLC and chemometric assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of diprophylline, phenobarbitone and papaverine hydrochloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:745-53. [PMID: 16023119 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three methods are developed for the simultaneous determination of diprophylline (DP), phenobarbitone (PH) and papaverine hydrochloride (PP). The chromatographic method depends on a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 3.5--acetonitrile (55:45 v/v). Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 210 nm based on peak area. The other two chemometric methods applied were principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS-1). These approaches were successfully applied to quantify the three drugs in the mixture using the information included in the UV absorption spectra of appropriate solutions in the range 215-245 nm with the intervals Delta lambda = 0.2 nm. The calibration PCR and PLS-1 models were evaluated by internal validation (prediction of compounds in its own designed training set of calibration), by cross-validation (obtaining statistical parameters that show the efficiency for a calibration fit model) and by external validation over laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations. The PCR and PLS-1 methods require neither any separation step, nor any priori graphical treatment of the overlapping spectra of the three drugs in a mixture. The results of PCR and PLS-1 methods were compared with HPLC method obtained in pharmaceutical formulation and a good agreement was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
El-Gindy A, Emara S, Mostafa A. HPLC and chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of atenolol, amiloride hydrochloride and chlorthalidone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:269-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
75
|
Madej K, Wo?niakiewicz M, Ka?a M. Method for Screening and Quantification of Seven Phenothiazines in Whole Blood Samples by Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
76
|
Daniel D, Gutz IGR. Spectroelectrochemical determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride by flow-injection analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:281-6. [PMID: 15708668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An original, simple and sensitive flow-injection spectroelectroanalytical method for the determination of chlorpromazine in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The method is based on the formation of a stable cationic radical by electro-oxidation in sulfuric acid medium (0.1 mol l(-1)), monitored in situ at lambda=524 nm. The determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations was explored, considering the amperometric and the absorptiometric signal. The association of these two signals enhanced the selectivity of the analysis and proved decisive when other electroactive compounds or excipients like ascorbic acid were present in the formulation. The analytical parameters have been evaluated and the results obtained using standard additions are in agreement with the reference methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Daniel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz H, Kuźmicka L, Karpińska J, Mielech-Lukasiewicz K. Efficient Oxidizing Agents for Determination of 2,10-Disubstituted Phenothiazines. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:1149-53. [PMID: 16270569 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
2,10-Disubstituted phenothiazines are the best drugs in psychiatry. Several methods for their analysis have been reported in the literature. The official methods are based on non-aqueous titration or spectrophotometry. Various oxidizing agents have been used for the spectrophotometric determination of 2,10-disubstituted phenothiazines, e.g. Ce(SO4)2, NH4VO3, K2S208, KIO4, KIO3, KBrO3, FeCl3, NaNO2, H2O2, chloramine T, p-benzoquinone, N-bromosuccinimide. Oxidation reactions of phenothiazines were also used for their determination by flow-injection methods.
Collapse
|
78
|
Abo-el-Maali N. Voltammetric analysis of drugs. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 64:99-107. [PMID: 15219253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A review on the voltammetric analysis of drugs is presented. The review includes a summary of the rules that must be considered for drug analysis and a survey of the use of voltammetry for drug analysis in the period from 1998 till 2002.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Abo-el-Maali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ni Y, Qiu P, Kokot S. Simultaneous determination of three organophosphorus pesticides by differential pulse stripping voltammetry and chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
80
|
Shams E, Abdollahi H, Yekehtaz M, Hajian R. H-point standard addition method in the analysis by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta 2004; 63:359-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2003] [Revised: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
81
|
Moreno L, Merkoçi A, Alegret S, Hernández-Cassou S, Saurina J. Analysis of amino acids in complex samples by using voltammetry and multivariate calibration methods. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
82
|
Voltammetric Determination of Prochlorperazine and Ethopropazine Using a Gold Electrode Modified with Decanethiol SAM. SENSORS 2003. [DOI: 10.3390/s31100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
83
|
Daniel D, Gutz IGR. Flow injection spectroelectroanalytical method for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
84
|
Aman T, Anwar J, Ahmad A, Latif L. Determination of Five Phenothiazines in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Vanadium Pentoxide as a Chromogenic Reagent. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120026414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|