51
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Nakajo S, Shimizu T, Shinkawa K, Nakaya K, Nakamura Y. Purification and partial characterization of two cyclic amp-independent protein kinases from AH-66 hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 113:1010-7. [PMID: 6307300 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two cyclic AMP-independent protein kinases (CK 1 and CK 2) in the cytosol fraction of AH-66 hepatoma cells have been purified to homogeneity. CK 1 and CK 2 had molecular weights of 36,000 and 340,000, respectively, as determined by gel filtration. CK 1 consists of a single polypeptide and CK 2 is composed of two subunits of 42,000 and 26,000 molecular weights. CK 1 and the 26,000 molecular weight subunit of CK 2 were autophosphorylated. Both enzymes catalyzed the phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins including those with molecular weights of 125,000, 95,000, 56,000, and 40,000.
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52
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Cochet C, Chambaz EM. Polyamine-mediated protein phosphorylations: a possible target for intracellular polyamine action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1983; 30:247-66. [PMID: 6190690 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(83)90062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are well-known ubiquitous components of living cells. Although these polycations have been implicated in the regulation of major cellular functions such as DNA, RNA and protein synthesis occurring during cellular proliferation and/or differentiation processes, their mechanism of action at the molecular level has remained obscure. On the other hand, protein phosphorylation has emerged as a regulatory process of prime importance in cellular regulation. Data have recently been presented suggesting that polyamines may express at least part of their biological action through an effect upon selective protein phosphorylation systems. Two types of polyamine-sensitive protein kinases have been characterized in the last few years. The best known in molecular terms is the widespread casein kinase G (also termed casein kinase II), which represents a multifunctional protein kinase, at present classified as a messenger-independent activity. The other is a polyamine-dependent nuclear ornithine decarboxylase kinase characterized in Physarum polycephalum and several mammalian tissues. Both protein kinases are activated by polyamines in vitro at concentrations compatible with a physiological role, by a mechanism which most likely also involves an effect through the protein substrate conformation. Preliminary evidence suggests that both kinases may be implicated in the regulation of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities, although several other potential substrates have been suggested for casein kinase G. Another suggestion is that these kinases may also participate in the post-translational regulation of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting step in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. A novel class of protein kinase activities may thus be defined as polyamine-mediated phosphorylation systems for which polyamines may function as intracellular messenger. Although their biological significance remains to be fully established, especially with regard to the definition of their specific intracellular target(s) and subsequent biological functions, these systems will be interesting to consider in future studies aimed at understanding the role of polyamines in cell regulation.
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53
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Cochet C, Feige JJ, Chambaz EM. Reversibility of the phosphate transfer between ATP and phosphoproteins catalysed by a cyclic nucleotide independent (G type) casein kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 744:147-54. [PMID: 6573205 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Purified casein kinase G was found able to catalyse the synthesis of [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of ADP, phosphocasein (previously 32P-labeled by the forward kinase reaction) and magnesium. Apparent Km values of approx. 0.5 mM for phosphocasein and 7.5 mM for ADP were calculated, these values indicating low affinities for the substrates as compared to those exhibited for casein and ATP in the forward reaction. The reverse casein kinase G activity appeared to prefer ADP and GDP as phosphate acceptors. Whereas the casein kinase G reverse reaction could be supported by casein, phosvitin and histone previously phosphorylated by the enzyme, the same proteins could not serve as a phosphate source when previously phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Forward and reverse casein kinase G reactions exhibited different optimal pH values (8.5 and 7.2, respectively) and a different sensitivity to Mg2+. Spermine, which activated the kinase activity, blocked the reverse reaction at millimolar concentrations. Although the biological significance of the casein kinase G reverse activity remains to be assessed in intact cell, the process may be useful as a tool in the characterization of phosphorylatable sites in phosphoproteins.
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54
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Feige JJ, Cochet C, Pirollet F, Chambaz EM. Identification of the catalytic subunit of an oligomeric casein kinase (G type). Affinity labeling of the nucleotide site using 5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine. Biochemistry 1983; 22:1452-9. [PMID: 6573204 DOI: 10.1021/bi00275a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the catalytic subunit of a G type [using guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) as well as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as phosphate donor], oligomeric, cyclic nucleotide independent casein kinase purified from bovine lung was carried out after reaction with 5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)-benzoyl]adenosine (FSBA) and isolation of the subunit components of the enzyme. FSBA exhibited the major characteristics of an affinity label reacting at the nucleotide (ATP, GTP) site of the casein kinase. FSBA acted as a competitive inhibitor of ATP (and GTP), led to complete inactivation of the enzyme in a reaction showing two kinetic steps, and became irreversibly bound to the protein. After being labeled with FSBA, the casein kinase (apparent molecular weight of 140 000) was separated into its two monomeric components of apparent molecular weights 38 000 (alpha) and 27 000 (beta), respectively, after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Use of radioactive FSBA showed that specific affinity labeling was limited to the alpha casein kinase subunit. This result was in agreement with the fact that casein kinase activity was found associated with the alpha monomer after electrophoretic separation of the alpha and beta subunits. It may thus be concluded that the largest (alpha) subunit contains the catalytic site of the casein kinase G. Electrophoretic analysis of purified protein kinase under denaturing conditions suggested an alpha 3 beta 2 combination for an apparent molecular weight of 130 000-140 000. However, a maximum of 2 mol of FSBA could be specifically bound to the alpha subunit per mol of enzyme, with a concomitant complete inactivation. These data would be in agreement with an alpha 2 beta 2 subunit composition for casein kinase G, as proposed by other research groups for a similar type of protein kinase of different sources. These observations suggest that the alpha subunits are functionally similar, each of them containing a nucleotide (ATP, GTP) binding site. The possible role of the beta subunit in the enzyme activity remains to be established.
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55
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Glover CV, Shelton ER, Brutlag DL. Purification and characterization of a type II casein kinase from Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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56
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Cochet C, Feige JJ, Chambaz EM. Catalytic and molecular properties of a highly purified G type casein kinase from bovine lung tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 743:1-12. [PMID: 6572070 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A preparation procedure has been worked out to obtain a highly purified G type (using GTP as well as ATP) casein kinase from large quantities of bovine lung tissue. It included ion-exchange (DEAE and phosphocellulose) and affinity (casein and ATP-Sepharose) chromatography combined with a flocculation step, and yielded an apparently homogeneous preparation with a 16% yield and a purification factor of more than 1400. The purified lung casein kinase used GTP (Km 16 microM) almost as well as ATP (Km 6.7 microM) and exhibited the major catalytic properties of the casein kinase G previously described in bovine adrenal cortex (Cochet, C., Job, D., Pirollet, F. and Chambaz, E.M. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 658, 191-201). Mg2+ (30-50 mM) and spermine (2 mM) were potent activators of lung casein kinase G activity, whereas the enzyme was inhibited by heparin and quercetin. The purified enzyme underwent self-phosphorylation in the presence of ATP or GTP, serine being the only target amino acid under these conditions, whereas both serine and threonine were phosphorylated by the enzyme in casein. Lung casein kinase G exhibited an apparent molecular weight between 140 000-160 000 upon gel filtration and appeared formed by the association of two different subunits upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two subunits of Mr 38 000 (alpha) and 27 000 (beta) exhibited a 2:1 ratio upon quantitative scanning, suggesting an alpha 3 beta 2 combination in the oligomeric native enzyme structure. Peptide mapping of the two isolated subunits following 125I-labeling and papain digestion did not disclose any common fragment. The casein kinase catalytic activity was found associated with the alpha (38 kDa) enzyme subunit after recovery from gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS, whereas the 27 kDa (beta) subunit was the major target of the enzyme self-phosphorylation reaction. alpha and beta subunits appeared strongly associated in the oligomeric enzyme and the possible role of the beta subunit in the casein kinase G activity remains to be examined. The purified casein kinase G, which can be obtained by the present procedure, should facilitate the study of the biological significance of this phosphorylation system in the intact cell.
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57
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Singh TJ, Akatsuka A, Blake KR, Huang KP. Phosphorylation of troponin and myosin light chain by cAMP-independent casein kinase-2 from rabbit skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 220:615-22. [PMID: 6297406 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase-2 from rabbit skeletal muscle was found to phosphorylate, in addition to glycogen synthase, troponin from skeletal muscle, and myosin light chain from smooth muscle. Troponin T and the 20,000 Mr myosin light chain are phosphorylated by casein kinase-2 at much greater rates than glycogen synthase. The V values for the phosphorylation of troponin and myosin light chain are nearly an order of magnitude greater than that of glycogen synthase; however, the Km values for these two substrates are greater than that for glycogen synthase. The kinase activities with the various protein substrates are stimulated approximately three- and fivefold by 5 mM spermidine and 3 mM spermine, respectively. Heparin is a potent inhibitor of the kinase when casein, glycogen synthase, or myosin light chain is the substrate. However, with troponin as substrate the kinase is relatively insensitive to inhibition by heparin. The amount of heparin required for 50% inhibition with troponin as substrate is at least 10 times greater than with casein as substrate. The phosphorylation of troponin by casein kinase-2 results in the incorporation of phosphate into two major tryptic peptides, which are different from those phosphorylated by casein kinase-1. The site in myosin light chain phosphorylated by casein kinase-2 is different from that phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase.
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58
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Goueli SA, Ahmed K. Fractionation and partial purification of rat liver nuclear protein kinases. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:1109-18. [PMID: 6311639 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(83)90225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have fractional and partially purified several rat liver nuclear protein kinases by utilizing endogenous (nonhistone proteins) and exogenous acidic (dephosphophosvitin) and basic (lysine-rich histone) protein substrates. Three enzymes were active towards endogenous substrates, two towards dephosphophosvitin and two towards lysine-rich histone. Of the latter only one was cAMP-dependent, however, only minimal cAMP binding activity was detected. Several features of these enzyme reactions are described revealing distinct differences in the characteristics of each of these enzymes.
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59
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Yutani Y, Tei Y, Yukioka M, Inoue A. Occurrence of NI and NII type protein kinases in the nuclei from various tissues of the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 218:409-20. [PMID: 7159094 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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60
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Hemmings BA, Aitken A, Cohen P, Rymond M, Hofmann F. Phosphorylation of the type-II regulatory subunit of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase by glycogen synthase kinase 3 and glycogen synthase kinase 5. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 127:473-81. [PMID: 6293815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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61
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DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Heparin inhibition and polyamine stimulation of a glycogen synthase kinase (PC0.7) from rabbit skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:305-11. [PMID: 6289752 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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62
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Sikorska M, Whitfield JF. Isolation and purification of a new 105 kDa protein kinase from rat liver nuclei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 703:171-9. [PMID: 7082680 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A protein kinase was purified from rat liver nuclei by affinity chromatography on poly(L-lysine)-agarose and protein kinase inhibitor-Sepharose 4B columns. The relative molecular weight of this protein kinase is 105000 (determined by 10% SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation). Its pH optimum is between 8.0 and 9.0. It is active over a wide range of mg2+ concentrations, and its activity is stimulated by several small acidic proteins (calmodulin, lactalbumin, parvalbumin, protein kinase inhibitor and troponin C). The enzyme phosphorylates a variety of substrates including casein, histones, protamine and the synthetic basic polypeptides, poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-lysine).
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63
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Cohen P, Yellowlees D, Aitken A, Donella-Deana A, Hemmings BA, Parker PJ. Separation and characterisation of glycogen synthase kinase 3, glycogen synthase kinase 4 and glycogen synthase kinase 5 from rabbit skeletal muscle. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 124:21-35. [PMID: 6282589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb05902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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64
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Ahmad Z, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Rabbit liver glycogen synthase kinases. Characterization of a protein kinase (PC0.7) able to phosphorylate glycogen synthase and phosvitin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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65
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Gowda S, Pillay DT. Cyclic AMP independent protein kinases from soybean cotyledons (Glycine max, L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(82)90206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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66
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Huang KP, Itarte E, Singh TJ, Akatsuka A. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by cyclic AMP-independent casein kinase-2 from rabbit skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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67
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Flockhart DA, Corbin JD. Regulatory mechanisms in the control of protein kinases. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 12:133-86. [PMID: 7039969 DOI: 10.3109/10409238209108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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68
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Purification and ATP substrate site of a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase (NI) from porcine liver nuclei. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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69
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Meggio F, Deana A, Pinna L. Endogenous phosphate acceptor proteins for rat liver cytosolic casein kinases. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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70
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DePaoli-Roach AA, Ahmad Z, Roach PJ. Characterization of a rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase (PC0.7) able to phosphorylate glycogen synthase and phosvitin. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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71
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Modulation of nuclear protein kinase activity and phosphorylation of histone H1 subspecies during the prereplicative phase of rat liver regeneration. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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72
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73
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Rose K, Bell L, Siefken D, Jacob S. A heparin-sensitive nuclear protein kinase. Purification, properties, and increased activity in rat hepatoma relative to liver. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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74
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Hoppe J, Baydoun H. Substrate specificity of the nuclear protein kinase NII from porcine liver. Studies with casein variants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 117:585-9. [PMID: 7285906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of the nuclear protein kinase NII from pig liver was studied using purified casein variants alpha s1B and beta A2 both in the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated form. Chymotryptic peptides of the phosphorylated casein were analyzed by ascending thin-layer chromatography followed by thin-layer electrophoresis. Phosphorylated peptides were detected by autoradiography. The determination of a phosphorylated site in a cluster of three serinees was performed by solid phase Edman degradation of the whole beta A2 casein. Phosphorylated beta A2 casein was by far the best substrate. A threonine at position 41 in the amino acid sequence was found to be predominantly phosphorylated. Dephosphorylated beta A2 casein became rephosphorylated at serine-17 whereas phosphorylated at threonine-41 was greatly reduced. In both sites acidic amino acid side chains are present at the C-terminal side though at different positions suggesting that acidic residues in the vicinity of the serin or threonine residue to be phosphorylated play an important role in the recognition by the nuclear protein kinase NII.
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75
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Cochet C, Job D, Pirollet F, Chambaz EM. Cyclic nucleotide independent casein kinase (G type) in bovine adrenal cortex: purification and properties of two molecular forms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 658:191-201. [PMID: 6941814 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two soluble cyclic nucleotide independent protein kinase (ATP: protein-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activities have been purified from bovine adrenal cortex cytosol. Both purified enzymes exhibit the best affinity for acidic substrates such as casein and can use GTP as well as ATP as phosphoryl donor. They can thus be classified as casein kinase of the G type as previously proposed (Cochet C. et al., (1980) Endocrinology 106, 750-757). Whereas the two moieties could be separated using their different affinities toward a phosphocellulose resin, both purified enzymes appeared indistinguishable on the basis of several molecular and catalytic properties. Both G type casein kinase moieties have an identical sedimentation behavior (5.5 S in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl), yield similar patterns upon electrophoresis under denaturing conditions with three major protein components (42 000, 38 000 and 27 000), and show an ability to undergo self-phosphorylation mostly on the 27 000 component. Both enzymes have the same protein and nucleotide (ATP and GTP) substrate specificity, show similar increases in activity in the presence of polyamines and Mg2+ (optimum at 50 mM) and similar inhibition by NaCl above 0.2 M. The only difference between the two forms of casein kinase (i.e., affinity for phosphocellulose) could not be explained by a different degree of self-phosphorylation or by a limited proteolytic process during handling and purification. These results suggest that the two active moieties may represent isoenzymatic forms of the G type casein kinase activity in bovine adrenal cortex cytosol.
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76
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Baydoun H, Hoppe J, Freist W, Wagner KG. The ATP substrate site of a cyclic-nucleotide-independent protein kinase from porcine liver nuclei. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 115:385-9. [PMID: 6263628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ATP substrate site of a second messenger-independent protein kinase of the type NII from porcine liver nuclei was mapped using a series of 30 ATP derivatives with modifications at the base, ribose or triphosphate moiety. Ki values for these derivatives were determined by competition with [gamma-32P]ATP; they range from 4 microM to 1.5 mM. For a comparison with data previously reported for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I from rabbit skeletal muscle, the Ki values were transformed into delta delta values. These values are related to the Ki value of unsubstituted ATP and indicate the decrease of affinity caused by the different substitutions. With both enzymes the major binding affinity is derived from the interaction of the adenine base. The contributions of the two ribosyl OH groups are marginal and the triphosphate moiety interacts most strongly with its beta-phosphoryl group. Between the two enzymes the most striking differences, however, were observed for the specificity of the nucleobase interaction. While an unmodified N-6 amino group is required in the case of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, the nuclear enzyme seems to tolerate extensive modification at this position, such as the introduction of a keto group or a bulky benzyl residue. Obviously, the ATP site of the nuclear kinase has an open cleft next to the N-6 of the adenine and binding of the adenine occurs by hydrophobic interaction without the formation of hydrogen bonds to any of the adenine nitrogens.
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79
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80
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Hasuma T, Yukioka M, Nakajima S, Morisawa S, Inoue A. Preferential phosphorylation of basic non-histone proteins by nuclear protein kinase NII from rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 109:349-57. [PMID: 7408886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver nuclear protein kinase NII, which is independent of cyclic nucleotides, phosphorylated both the acidic protein casein and the basic histone preparation, soluble in 0.25 M HCl, which was extracted from the cell nuclei. When the isolated nuclei were incubated with [32P]ATP in the presence of protein kinase NII, more than 95% of the 32P-labelled proteins was recovered in the 0.25 M HCl extract. In order to analyze the substrate proteins of protein kinase NII, a histone preparation free from the endogenous protein kinase activities was used as substrate. The results demonstrated that histones were not phosphorylated, except for a faint 32P incorporation into the H3 fraction. Instead, multiple non-histone proteins were highly phosphorylated, which were present in a minor quantity in the histone preparation. The molecular weights of the main phosphorylated proteins were 72000, 68000, 56000, 47000, 46000, 43000, 38000 and 32000. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated the basic nature of the phosphorylated proteins, and as much as 72% of 32P radioactivity was distributed in the pH region higher than 7.0. Furthermore, many proteins phosphorylated in the isolated nuclei with added protein kinase NII were also found to be basic non-histone proteins. These results indicate that protein kinase NII preferentially phosphorylates in vitro a set of nuclear basic non-histone proteins.
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81
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82
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A non-histone chromatin protein that is a specific phosphate acceptor of nuclear cAMP-independent protein kinase from mouse spleen cells. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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83
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84
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Thornburg W, Gamo S, O'Malley AF, Lindell TJ. Properties of rat liver nuclear protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 571:35-44. [PMID: 227467 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) have been purified to homogeneity from rat liver nuclei. While these enzymes have many similar catalytic properties (preference for acid rather than basic proteins), they differ in molecular weight and subunit composition. Protein kinase NII will utilize ATP and GTP as phosphate donors while protein kinase NI will only effectively use ATP. Both enzymes reveal an unusual activation by Fe2+.
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85
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Dabauvalle MC, Meggio F, Creuzet C, Loeb JE. Phosphorylation of most non-histone proteins of chromatin of rat liver by an ATP-GTP-type protein kinase. FEBS Lett 1979; 107:193-7. [PMID: 499540 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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86
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Neumann JR, Owens BB, Ingram VM. Nucleosome-associated protein kinases in murine erythroleukemia cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:447-53. [PMID: 292355 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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87
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Thomson JA, Mon MJ, Stein JL, Duval KA, Kleinsmith LJ, Stein GS. Partial fractionation and characterization of nuclear protein kinases in HeLaS3 cells. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1979; 8:305-21. [PMID: 228862 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(79)90006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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88
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Tuazon PT, Bingham EW, Traugh JA. Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes. Site-specific phosphorylation of casein variants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 94:497-504. [PMID: 218819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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89
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Hathaway G, Traugh J. Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes. Purification of casein kinases. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hathaway GM, Lundak TS, Tahara SM, Traugh JA. Isolation of protein kinases from reticulocytes and phosphorylation of initiation factors. Methods Enzymol 1979; 60:495-511. [PMID: 459914 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(79)60047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Thornburg W, Kieras R, Lindell TJ. Selective binding of rat liver nuclear enzymes to histones, phosvitin and casein coupled to sepharose. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 8:133-46. [PMID: 714875 DOI: 10.1080/00327487808069055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jungmann RA, Kranias EG. Nuclear phosphoprotein kinases and the regulation of gene transcription. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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