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Ahsan N, Rao RSP, Wilson RS, Punyamurtula U, Salvato F, Petersen M, Ahmed MK, Abid MR, Verburgt JC, Kihara D, Yang Z, Fornelli L, Foster SB, Ramratnam B. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic platforms for better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 induced pathogenesis and potential diagnostic approaches. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000279. [PMID: 33860983 PMCID: PMC8250252 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While protein–protein interaction is the first step of the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, recent comparative proteomic profiling enabled the identification of over 11,000 protein dynamics, thus providing a comprehensive reflection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular system in response to viral infection. Here we summarize and rationalize the results obtained by various mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomic approaches applied to the functional characterization of proteins and pathways associated with SARS‐CoV‐2‐mediated infections in humans. Comparative analysis of cell‐lines versus tissue samples indicates that our knowledge in proteome profile alternation in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is still incomplete and the tissue‐specific response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can probably not be recapitulated efficiently by in vitro experiments. However, regardless of the viral infection period, sample types, and experimental strategies, a thorough cross‐comparison of the recently published proteome, phosphoproteome, and interactome datasets led to the identification of a common set of proteins and kinases associated with PI3K‐Akt, EGFR, MAPK, Rap1, and AMPK signaling pathways. Ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2) was identified by 11 studies including all proteomic platforms, suggesting it as a potential future target for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies. We further discuss the potentials of future proteomics strategies for identifying prognostic SARS‐CoV‐2 responsive age‐, gender‐dependent, tissue‐specific protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| | - R. Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics DivisionYenepoya Research CenterYenepoya UniversityMangaluruIndia
| | - Rashaun S. Wilson
- Keck Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics ResourceYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Ujwal Punyamurtula
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research DevelopmentProteomics Core FacilityRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Max Petersen
- Signal Transduction Lab, Division of Hematology/OncologyRhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Mohammad Kabir Ahmed
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine PerakIpohPerakMalaysia
| | - M. Ruhul Abid
- Department of SurgeryCardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Jacob C. Verburgt
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| | - Steven B. Foster
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| | - Bharat Ramratnam
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research DevelopmentProteomics Core FacilityRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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Zheng Y, Huang C, Lu L, Yu K, Zhao J, Chen M, Liu L, Sun Q, Lin Z, Zheng J, Chen J, Zhang J. STOML2 potentiates metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting PINK1-mediated mitophagy and regulates sensitivity to lenvatinib. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33446239 PMCID: PMC7807703 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of both mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy is critical to sustain oncogenic signaling pathways. However, the mechanism of mitophagy in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance and biological involvement of mitochondrial inner membrane protein STOML2 in HCC. METHODS STOML2 was identified by gene expression profiles of HCC tissues and was measured in tissue microarray and cell lines. Gain/loss-of-function experiment was applied to study the biological function of STOML2 in HCC. Flow cytometry, Western blotting, laser confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to detect and analyze mitophagy. ChIP and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to evaluate the relationship between STOML2 and HIF-1α. The sensitivity to lenvatinib was assessed in HCC both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Increased expression of STOML2 was found in HCC compared with paired peritumoral tissues. It was more significant in HCC with metastasis and correlated with worse overall survival and higher probability of recurrence after hepatectomy. Upregulation of STOML2 accelerated HCC cells colony formation, migration and invasion. Mechanically, TCGA dataset-based analysis showed enrichment of autophagy-related pathways in STOML2 highly-expressed HCC. Next, STOML2 was demonstrated to interact and stabilize PINK1 under cellular stress, amplify PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy and then promote HCC growth and metastasis. Most interestingly, HIF-1α was upregulated and transcriptionally increased STOML2 expression in HCC cells under the treatment of lenvatinib. Furthermore, higher sensitivity to lenvatinib was found in HCC cells when STOML2 was downregulated. Combination therapy with lenvatinib and mitophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine obtained best efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that STOML2 could amplify mitophagy through interacting and stabilizing PINK1, which promote HCC metastasis and modulate the response of HCC to lenvatinib. Combinations of pharmacologic inhibitors that concurrently block both angiogenesis and mitophagy may serve as an effective treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kangkang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mingquan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, 325200, China
| | - Zhifei Lin
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jubo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Center of Liver Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Heidaryan F, Bamehr H, Babaabasi B, Emamvirdizadeh A, Mohammadzadeh N, Khalili A. The Trend of ripk1/ripk3 and mlkl Mediated Necroptosis Pathway in Patients with Different Stages of Prostate Cancer as Promising Progression Biomarkers. Clin Lab 2020; 66. [PMID: 32162861 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.190439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis. Necroptosis, as well as apoptosis, has been considered as another form of regulated cell death which can be used as an effective way to overcome apoptosis-resistant tumor tissue growth. The aim of present study was to test whether or not ripk1, ripk3, or mlkl expression levels, as the key necroptotic modulators in different stages of prostate tumor growth. METHODS Sixty-seven prostate tissues representing histologically confirmed cancer were selected. The cancer samples were categorized into 4 different stages based on cellular differentiation, tumor growth rate, and extra tissue expansion to regional lymph nodes, average PSA levels, and tumor volume. RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and quantitative real time PCR were done based on standard guidelines. RESULTS No statistically significant changes in ripk1 expression showed in all three stages (stage II to IV). The expression pattern of ripk3 represented a remarkable elevation in early stage, while, predominantly repressed in final cancer stage (IV). Also, there has been a significant negative correlation between ripk3 gene expression and tumor size and PSA levels. CONCLUSIONS We cannot exclude the importance of the key regulator proteins in development and progression of prevalent lethal disease like prostate cancer. The ripk1/ripk3 mediated necroptosis pathway is more activated in early stages of prostate cancer via induced ripk3 expression, while repressed during prostate cancer final stages. Also, the repression of ripk3 is related to elevation of both PSA levels and tumor volume which represented the tumor progression in final stages.
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Liu Y, Xu F, Jiang P. Effect of sitagliptin on expression of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α and irisin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519885569. [PMID: 32364035 PMCID: PMC7218978 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519885569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on skeletal muscle expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), irisin, and phosphoadenylated adenylate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A high-fat diet/streptozotocin T2DM rat model was established. Rats were divided into T2DM, low-dose sitagliptin (ST1), high-dose sitagliptin (ST2), and normal control groups (NC). PGC-1α, irisin, and p-AMPK protein levels in skeletal muscle were measured by western blot, and PCG-1α and Fndc5 mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIns), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly up-regulated in the T2DM compared with the other groups, and FPG, FIns, total cholesterol, triglycerides, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR were significantly down-regulated in the ST2 compared with the ST1 group. PGC-1α, irisin, and p-AMPK expression levels decreased successively in the ST2, ST1, and DM groups compared with the NC, and were all significantly up-regulated in the ST2 compared with the ST1 group. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of PGC-1α and irisin in skeletal muscle may be involved in T2DM. Sitagliptin can dose-dependently up-regulate PCG-1α and irisin, potentially improving insulin resistance and glycolipid metabolism and inhibiting inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Fibronectins/analysis
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/analysis
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/analysis
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Sitagliptin Phosphate/administration & dosage
- Streptozocin/toxicity
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The Second Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Medical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The Second Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Allard CAH, Opalko HE, Moseley JB. Stable Pom1 clusters form a glucose-modulated concentration gradient that regulates mitotic entry. eLife 2019; 8:e46003. [PMID: 31050341 PMCID: PMC6524964 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell size requires molecular size sensors that are coupled to the cell cycle. Rod-shaped fission yeast cells divide at a threshold size partly due to Cdr2 kinase, which forms nodes at the medial cell cortex where it inhibits the Cdk1-inhibitor Wee1. Pom1 kinase phosphorylates and inhibits Cdr2, and forms cortical concentration gradients from cell poles. Pom1 inhibits Cdr2 signaling to Wee1 specifically in small cells, but the time and place of their regulatory interactions were unclear. We show that Pom1 forms stable oligomeric clusters that dynamically sample the cell cortex. Binding frequency is patterned into a concentration gradient by the polarity landmarks Tea1 and Tea4. Pom1 clusters colocalize with Cdr2 nodes, forming a glucose-modulated inhibitory threshold against node activation. Our work reveals how Pom1-Cdr2-Wee1 operates in multiprotein clusters at the cortex to promote mitotic entry at a cell size that can be modified by nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A H Allard
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyThe Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - Hannah E Opalko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyThe Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyThe Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
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Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, Nathenson M, Doebele RC, Farago AF, Pappo AS, Turpin B, Dowlati A, Brose MS, Mascarenhas L, Federman N, Berlin J, El-Deiry WS, Baik C, Deeken J, Boni V, Nagasubramanian R, Taylor M, Rudzinski ER, Meric-Bernstam F, Sohal DPS, Ma PC, Raez LE, Hechtman JF, Benayed R, Ladanyi M, Tuch BB, Ebata K, Cruickshank S, Ku NC, Cox MC, Hawkins DS, Hong DS, Hyman DM. Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion-Positive Cancers in Adults and Children. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:731-739. [PMID: 29466156 PMCID: PMC5857389 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1675] [Impact Index Per Article: 279.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusions involving one of three tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) occur in diverse cancers in children and adults. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of larotrectinib, a highly selective TRK inhibitor, in adults and children who had tumors with these fusions. METHODS We enrolled patients with consecutively and prospectively identified TRK fusion-positive cancers, detected by molecular profiling as routinely performed at each site, into one of three protocols: a phase 1 study involving adults, a phase 1-2 study involving children, or a phase 2 study involving adolescents and adults. The primary end point for the combined analysis was the overall response rate according to independent review. Secondary end points included duration of response, progression-free survival, and safety. RESULTS A total of 55 patients, ranging in age from 4 months to 76 years, were enrolled and treated. Patients had 17 unique TRK fusion-positive tumor types. The overall response rate was 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61 to 85) according to independent review and 80% (95% CI, 67 to 90) according to investigator assessment. At 1 year, 71% of the responses were ongoing and 55% of the patients remained progression-free. The median duration of response and progression-free survival had not been reached. At a median follow-up of 9.4 months, 86% of the patients with a response (38 of 44 patients) were continuing treatment or had undergone surgery that was intended to be curative. Adverse events were predominantly of grade 1, and no adverse event of grade 3 or 4 that was considered by the investigators to be related to larotrectinib occurred in more than 5% of patients. No patient discontinued larotrectinib owing to drug-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Larotrectinib had marked and durable antitumor activity in patients with TRK fusion-positive cancer, regardless of the age of the patient or of the tumor type. (Funded by Loxo Oncology and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02122913 , NCT02637687 , and NCT02576431 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Drilon
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Theodore W Laetsch
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Steven G DuBois
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Ulrik N Lassen
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - George D Demetri
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Michael Nathenson
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Robert C Doebele
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Anna F Farago
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Brian Turpin
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Marcia S Brose
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Noah Federman
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Jordan Berlin
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Christina Baik
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - John Deeken
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Valentina Boni
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Ramamoorthy Nagasubramanian
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Matthew Taylor
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Davendra P S Sohal
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Patrick C Ma
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Luis E Raez
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Jaclyn F Hechtman
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Ryma Benayed
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Brian B Tuch
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Kevin Ebata
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Scott Cruickshank
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Nora C Ku
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Michael C Cox
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - David S Hong
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
| | - David M Hyman
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (A. Drilon, J.F.H., R.B., M.L., D.M.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (A. Drilon, D.M.H.), New York; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Children's Health, Dallas (T.W.L.); Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (S.K.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (L.M.), and UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine (N.F.), Los Angeles, and Loxo Oncology, South San Francisco (B.B.T., K.E., S.C., N.C.K., M.C.C.) - all in California; Dana-Farber-Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (S.G.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.D.D., M.N.), Ludwig Center at Harvard (G.D.D.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.F.F.) - all in Boston; the Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (U.N.L.); University of Colorado, Aurora (R.C.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.S.P.), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville (J.B.) - both in Tennessee; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (B.T.); University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center (A. Dowlati) and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.P.S.S.), Cleveland; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, and the Abramson Cancer Center (M.S.B.), and Fox Chase Cancer Center (W.S.E.-D.), Philadelphia; University of Washington-Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (C.B.), Seattle Children's Hospital (E.R.R.), and Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (D.S. Hawkins), Seattle; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (F.M.-B., D.S. Hong); Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA (J.D.); START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid (V.B.); Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando (R.N.), and Memorial Cancer Institute-Florida International University, Miami (L.E.R.) - both in Florida; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.T.); and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown (P.C.M.)
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Sun K, Chang Y, Zhou B, Wang X, Liu L. Gold nanoparticles-based electrochemical method for the detection of protein kinase with a peptide-like inhibitor as the bioreceptor. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1905-1915. [PMID: 28331314 PMCID: PMC5352234 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s127957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a general method for the detection of protein kinase with a peptide-like kinase inhibitor as the bioreceptor, and it was done by converting gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based colorimetric assay into sensitive electrochemical analysis. In the colorimetric assay, the kinase-specific aptameric peptide triggered the aggregation of AuNPs in solution. However, the specific binding of peptide to the target protein (kinase) inhibited its ability to trigger the assembly of AuNPs. In the electrochemical analysis, peptides immobilized on a gold electrode and presented as solution triggered together the in situ formation of AuNPs-based network architecture on the electrode surface. Nevertheless, the formation of peptide-kinase complex on the electrode surface made the peptide-triggered AuNPs assembly difficult. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the change in surface property in the binding events. When a ferrocene-labeled peptide (Fc-peptide) was used in this design, the network of AuNPs/Fc-peptide produced a good voltammetric signal. The competitive assay allowed for the detection of protein kinase A with a detection limit of 20 mU/mL. This work should be valuable for designing novel optical or electronic biosensors and likely lead to many detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Chang
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28262094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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9
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Werth EG, McConnell EW, Gilbert TSK, Couso Lianez I, Perez CA, Manley CK, Graves LM, Umen JG, Hicks LM. Probing the global kinome and phosphoproteome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii via sequential enrichment and quantitative proteomics. Plant J 2017; 89:416-426. [PMID: 27671103 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of dynamic protein phosphorylation events is critical for understanding kinase/phosphatase-regulated signaling pathways. To date, protein phosphorylation and kinase expression have been examined independently in photosynthetic organisms. Here we present a method to study the global kinome and phosphoproteome in tandem in a model photosynthetic organism, the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas), using mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. A dual enrichment strategy targets intact protein kinases via capture on immobilized multiplexed inhibitor beads with subsequent proteolytic digestion of unbound proteins and peptide-based phosphorylation enrichment. To increase depth of coverage, both data-dependent and data-independent (via SWATH, Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra) mass spectrometric acquisitions were performed to obtain a more than 50% increase in coverage of the enriched Chlamydomonas kinome over coverage found with no enrichment. The quantitative phosphoproteomic dataset yielded 2250 phosphopeptides and 1314 localized phosphosites with excellent reproducibility across biological replicates (90% of quantified sites with coefficient of variation below 11%). This approach enables simultaneous investigation of kinases and phosphorylation events at the global level to facilitate understanding of kinase networks and their influence in cell signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 2759934, USA
| | - Evan W McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 2759934, USA
| | - Thomas S Karim Gilbert
- The Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Carlos A Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 2759934, USA
| | - Cherrel K Manley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 2759934, USA
| | - Lee M Graves
- The Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 2759934, USA
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Abstract
In this study, we developed a capacitive sensor for the one-step and label-free detection of protein kinase A (PKA) enzyme. Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) and electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) are a simple electronic transducer, which allows efficient detection of the target analyte. For this reason, we performed a comparative sensing of PKA on the MIS and EIS capacitive sensor. The PKA-specific aptamer was used for the one-step detection. For the immobilization of thiolated aptamer, the MIS sensor contained a thin gold layer, whereas the EIS sensor had a self-aligned monolayer of gold nanoparticles. The interaction of aptamer and PKA changed the charge and density of the sensor surface. The quantitative detection of PKA was performed by analyzing the capacitance-voltage curve after the aptamer-PKA interaction. The MIS and EIS sensor showed a detection limit of 5 U/mL and 1 U/mL, respectively, for the detection of PKA. This study suggests valuable sensing platforms for the rapid and sensitive biochemical diagnosis.
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Abstract
A sensing approach is applied to encode quantitative enzymatic activity information into DNA sequence populations. The method utilizes DNA-linked peptide substrates as activity probes. Signal detection involves chemical manipulation of a probe population downstream of sample exposure and application of purifying, selective pressure for enzyme products. Selection-induced changes in DNA abundance indicate sample activity. The detection of protein kinase, protease, and farnesyltransferase activities is demonstrated. The assays were employed to measure enzyme inhibition by small molecules and activity in cell lysates using parallel DNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. This strategy will allow the extensive infrastructure for genetic analysis to be applied to proteomic assays, which has a number of advantages in throughput, sensitivity, and sample multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael R Jetson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47905, USA
| | - Casey J Krusemark
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47905, USA.
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Zheng S, Bai X, Tian S, Wang G, Zhai G, Guo Z, Bi W, Shen L, Zhang K. Identification of hydroxylation at aromatic amino acid residues in yeast kinase using mass spectrometry with affinity enrichment. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30 Suppl 1:185-189. [PMID: 27539436 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein kinases represent the key elements in phosphorylation-based signal transmission. Recent studies suggest that hydroxylation may mediate activities of protein kinases. This paper aims to examine the hydroxylation in protein kinases for improving our understanding of the protein modification. METHODS We combined affinity-based protein purification with MS analysis for identification of novel hydroxylation at aromatic amino acid residues in yeast kinases. RESULTS We identified 17 hydroxylation at aromatic amino acid residues (10 at Phe, 1 at Tyr and 6 at Trp) using MS analysis. We further characterized the localization and studied the potential significance of these modifications. CONCLUSIONS This is a new report on the identification of hydroxylation at aromatic amino acid residues in yeast kinases. This study expands the catalog of hydroxylation in kinases and suggests the potential function of hydroxylation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guojuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guijin Zhai
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhenchang Guo
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenjing Bi
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lijin Shen
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Sun CH, Zhang QY, Sun MH, Hu DG. MdSOS2L1 forms a complex with MdMYB1 to control vacuolar pH by transcriptionally regulating MdVHA-B1 in apples. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1146846. [PMID: 26910596 PMCID: PMC4883882 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1146846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar pH is important and involves in many different physiological processes in plants. A recent paper published in Plant Physiology reveals that MdMYB1 regulates vacuolar pH by directly transcriptionally regulating proton pump genes and malate transporters genes, such as V-ATPase subunit gene MdVHA-B1. Here, we found that MdSOS2L1 in vitro did not directly interact with MdMYB1, however, in vivo formed a complex with MdMYB1 in the nucleus to regulate MdVHA-B1-mediated vacuolar acidification. This finding shed light on the role of MdSOS2L1 in transcriptionally regulating MdVHA-B1 in addition to its post-modified function in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Mei-Hong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
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Zegzouti H, Goueli SA. Preface. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1360:v. [PMID: 26798855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Fiocco U, Martini V, Accordi B, Caso F, Costa L, Oliviero F, Scanu A, Felicetti M, Frallonardo P, Facco M, Boso D, Molena B, Zambello R, Ramonda R, Cozzi F, Scarpa R, Basso G, Semenzato G, Dayer JM, Doria A, Punzi L. Ex Vivo Signaling Protein Mapping in T Lymphocytes in the Psoriatic Arthritis Joints. J Rheumatol Suppl 2015; 93:48-52. [PMID: 26523057 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We assessed signaling protein mapping in total T cells, to analyze the proportions of T regulatory (Treg) and TCD4+ effector (Teff) cell phenotypes, and the respective interleukin 6Rα (IL-6Rα) expression in the inflammatory microenvironment of synovial fluid (SF) of patients with sustained psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Our approach was to measure the IL-6 level in SF using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Reverse-phase protein array was used to assess Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK2, extra-cellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), signal transducer and activator and transcription (STAT) 1, STAT3, and STAT5 phosphoproteins in total T cell lysates from SF of patients with PsA. Frequencies of CD4+IL-17A-F+IL-23+ CD4+ Th cells producing IL-17A and IL-17F (Th17) and CD4+CD25high intracellular forkhead box transcription factor+ (FOXP3+) phenotypes, and the percentage of Treg- and Teff- cells were quantified in SF and matched peripheral blood (PB) of patients with PsA and PB of healthy controls (HC) by flow cytometry. Our results were the following: In PsA SF samples, a coordinate increase of JAK1, ERK1/2, STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 phosphoproteins was found in total T cells in SF of PsA; where IL-6 levels were higher than in PB from HC. Expanded CD4+IL-17A-F+IL-23+ Th17, CD4+ CD25- Teff- and CD4+CD25(high) FoxP3+Treg subsets, showing similar levels of enhanced IL-6Rδ expression, were confined to PsA joints. In our studies, the transcriptional network profile identified by ex vivo signaling protein mapping in T lymphocytes in PsA joints revealed the complex interplay between IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 signaling and differentiation of Th17 cells and CD4+Tregs in sustained joint inflammation in PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Fiocco
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Veronica Martini
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Benedetta Accordi
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Francesco Caso
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Luisa Costa
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Francesca Oliviero
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Anna Scanu
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Mara Felicetti
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Paola Frallonardo
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Monica Facco
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Daniele Boso
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Beatrice Molena
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Renato Zambello
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Franco Cozzi
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Jean-Michel Dayer
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Andrea Doria
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- From the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; and Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.U. Fiocco, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; V. Martini, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Accordi, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; F. Caso, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; L. Costa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; F. Oliviero, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; A. Scanu, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Felicetti, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; P. Frallonardo, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; M. Facco, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; D. Boso, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; B. Molena, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Zambello, MD, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua; R. Ramonda, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; F. Cozzi, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua; R. Scarpa, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II; G. Basso, MD, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua; G. Semenzato
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Ruan J, Mei L, Zhu Q, Shi G, Wang H. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein is a prognostic biomarker for cervical squamous cell cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:15035-15038. [PMID: 26823841 PMCID: PMC4713627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) has recently been identified as a key RIP3 (receptor interacting protein 3) downstream component of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necroptosis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of MLKL in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS The expression of MLKL in 54 cervical squamous carcinoma samples was detected by immuneohistochemical method. Chi-square, correlation analysis and kaplan-Meier method were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The MLKL expression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in normal cervical tissues (P = 0.004). The MLKL expression was negatively correlated with histological grade, lymphatic metastasis (P<0.05). Survival analysis showed the low expression of MLKL indicated poor prognosis. CONCLUSION MLKL was a prognostic biomarker for cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Ruan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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Kasamatsu C, Kimura S, Kagawa M, Hatae K. Identification of High Molecular Weight Proteins in Squid Muscle by Western Blotting Analysis and Postmortem Rheological Changes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1119-24. [PMID: 15170118 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight protein connectin (also called titin) in Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) mantle muscle was identified by western blotting analysis with 3B9, the mouse anti-chicken skeletal muscle connectin monoclonal antibody. Similarly to vertebrate samples, there exists connectin in invertebrate squid mantle muscle, and the amino acid sequences are assumed to resemble those present in the A band of vertebrate connectin, judging by the specificity of 3B9. Moreover, the connectin in squid muscle migrated in this study as a closely spaced doublet of alpha and beta (titins 1 and 2). Between 5 and 7 h post-mortem, the SDS PAGE patterns of the squid sample indicated a change of the doublet bands into a single beta-connectin band. Simultaneously, the rheological properties of the squid muscle changed substantially. This degradation of alpha-connectin into beta-connectin in the muscle can explain the critical change that occurs during the post-mortem tenderization of squid muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kasamatsu
- School of Human Life and Environmental Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Voráĉ A, Sedo O, Havliš J, Zdráhal Z. A simplified method for peptide de novo sequencing using (18)O labeling. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2014; 20:255-260. [PMID: 24892296 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of an (18)O atom into a peptide C-terminus by proteolytic cleavage in the presence of H2(18)O is one of the most effective ways of enhancing tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based de novo sequencing. Incorporation is usually accomplished by procedures including vacuum-assisted drying of tryptic peptides extracted from gels, their subsequent reconstitution in a H2(16)O/H2(18)O mixture and re-treatment with trypsin. In the present work, we propose a simplified procedure for (18)O incorporation into tryptic peptides by adding H2(18)O and trypsin to the original digest solution. In comparison to published methods, the proposed protocol for peptide de novo sequencing brings significant advantages in analysis and workflow with no deterioration in method performance. We show that labeling by this simplified method leads to a highlighting of the y-ion fragment series in the peptide matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)- MS/MS data, which facilitates MS/MS data interpretation. We also prove that eliminating acid extraction of peptides from gels does not result in a decrease in sequence coverage or a qualitative loss of particular peptides detectable by MALDI-MS. The method was examined by MALDI-MS/MS on bovine serum albumin and recombinant histidine kinase CKI1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and was verified by de novo sequencing of tryptic peptides originating from Apodemus sylvaticus salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Voráĉ
- Research Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Sedo
- Research Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Havliš
- Research Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Research Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sawasaki T, Takeda H, Takahashi H, Nemoto K. [Cell-free based protein array technology for analyses of protein kinases and ubiquitin ligases]. Seikagaku 2013; 85:438-446. [PMID: 23875471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Beck M, Zhou J, Faulkner C, MacLean D, Robatzek S. Spatio-temporal cellular dynamics of the Arabidopsis flagellin receptor reveal activation status-dependent endosomal sorting. Plant Cell 2012; 24:4205-19. [PMID: 23085733 PMCID: PMC3516521 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The activity of surface receptors is location specific, dependent upon the dynamic membrane trafficking network and receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). Therefore, the spatio-temporal dynamics of RME are critical to receptor function. The plasma membrane receptor flagellin sensing2 (FLS2) confers immunity against bacterial infection through perception of flagellin (flg22). Following elicitation, FLS2 is internalized into vesicles. To resolve FLS2 trafficking, we exploited quantitative confocal imaging for colocalization studies and chemical interference. FLS2 localizes to bona fide endosomes via two distinct endocytic trafficking routes depending on its activation status. FLS2 receptors constitutively recycle in a Brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive manner, while flg22-activated receptors traffic via ARA7/Rab F2b- and ARA6/Rab F1-positive endosomes insensitive to BFA. FLS2 endocytosis required a functional Rab5 GTPase pathway as revealed by dominant-negative ARA7/Rab F2b. Flg22-induced FLS2 endosomal numbers were increased by Concanamycin A treatment but reduced by Wortmannin, indicating that activated FLS2 receptors are targeted to late endosomes. RME inhibitors Tyrphostin A23 and Endosidin 1 altered but did not block induced FLS2 endocytosis. Additional inhibitor studies imply the involvement of the actin-myosin system in FLS2 internalization and trafficking. Altogether, we report a dynamic pattern of subcellular trafficking for FLS2 and reveal a defined framework for ligand-dependent endocytosis of this receptor.
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Saunders TE, Pan KZ, Angel A, Guan Y, Shah JV, Howard M, Chang F. Noise reduction in the intracellular pom1p gradient by a dynamic clustering mechanism. Dev Cell 2012; 22:558-72. [PMID: 22342545 PMCID: PMC3312004 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical gradients can generate pattern formation in biological systems. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a cortical gradient of pom1p (a DYRK-type protein kinase) functions to position sites of cytokinesis and cell polarity and to control cell length. Here, using quantitative imaging, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and mathematical modeling, we study how its gradient distribution is formed. Pom1p gradients exhibit large cell-to-cell variability, as well as dynamic fluctuations in each individual gradient. Our data lead to a two-state model for gradient formation in which pom1p molecules associate with the plasma membrane at cell tips and then diffuse on the membrane while aggregating into and fragmenting from clusters, before disassociating from the membrane. In contrast to a classical one-component gradient, this two-state gradient buffers against cell-to-cell variations in protein concentration. This buffering mechanism, together with time averaging to reduce intrinsic noise, allows the pom1p gradient to specify positional information in a robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Saunders
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kally Z. Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Angel
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Yinghua Guan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Howard
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Chang W, Fu G, Chen X, Zhu J, Zhang Z. Biochemical characterization of a calcium-sensitive protein kinase LeCPK2 from tomato. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2011; 48:148-153. [PMID: 21793304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
LeCPK2 (GenBank GQ205414), a versatile calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK or CPK) gene was isolated from tomato in our previous study. In this study, the biochemical properties of LeCPK2 were further investigated. To examine the role of the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain (CLD) of LeCPK2 with respect to Ca2+ activation, the kinase activities of recombinant full-length and truncated LeCPK2 were measured by Kinase-Glo Luminescent kinase assay (Promega). The results showed that LeCPK2 activity was Ca(2+)-dependent and the C-terminal CLD of 161 residues was essential for the activation of LeCPK2. The activity of LeCPK2 was sharply stimulated by Ca2+ with K0.5 (concentration of Ca2+ for half-maximal activity) of 48.8 and 45.5 nM with substrate histone IIIs and syntide 2, respectively. The optimal concentration of Mg2+ for LeCPK2 activity was 20 and 10 mM for substrate histone IIIs and syntide 2, respectively. The K(m) value of LeCPK2 towards histone IIIs and syntide 2 was 44.9 microg/ml and 89.52 microM, respectively. The determination of biochemical properties of LeCPK2 would provide some clues on how its activity was regulated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Kameshita I, Sueyoshi N. [Application of multi-PK antibody that detects a wide variety of protein kinases]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:330-335. [PMID: 21626889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Abstract
Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by kinases plays crucial regulatory roles in intracellular signal transduction. With the increasing number of experimental phosphorylation sites that has been identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics, the desire to explore the networks of protein kinases and substrates is motivated. Manning et al. have identified 518 human kinase genes, which provide a starting point for comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation networks. In this study, a knowledgebase is developed to integrate experimentally verified protein phosphorylation data and protein-protein interaction data for constructing the protein kinase-substrate phosphorylation networks in human. A total of 21,110 experimental verified phosphorylation sites within 5092 human proteins are collected. However, only 4138 phosphorylation sites (∼20%) have the annotation of catalytic kinases from public domain. In order to fully investigate how protein kinases regulate the intracellular processes, a published kinase-specific phosphorylation site prediction tool, named KinasePhos is incorporated for assigning the potential kinase. The web-based system, RegPhos, can let users input a group of human proteins; consequently, the phosphorylation network associated with the protein subcellular localization can be explored. Additionally, time-coursed microarray expression data is subsequently used to represent the degree of similarity in the expression profiles of network members. A case study demonstrates that the proposed scheme not only identify the correct network of insulin signaling but also detect a novel signaling pathway that may cross-talk with insulin signaling network. This effective system is now freely available at http://RegPhos.mbc.nctu.edu.tw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Yi Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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d'Amora M, Angelini C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Kitada T, Vallarino M. Expression of PINK1 in the brain, eye and ear of mouse during embryonic development. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 41:73-85. [PMID: 21126574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PINK1 is a 581 amino acid protein with a serine/threonine kinase domain and an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting motif. The enzyme is expressed in the brain as well as in several tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, pancreas and testis. In the present study, we have investigated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry the presence and distribution of PINK1 in the brain, eye and inner ear of mouse during embryonic development. In the brain we detected two PINK1 molecular isoforms of 55 kDa and 66 kDa. Immunoreactive perikarya first appeared at stage E15 in the diencephalon within the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the periventricular layers of the third ventricle and in the rhombencephalon at level of the pons. Subsequently, new PINK1-positive neurons were found in the midbrain within the floor and the periventricular layers of the ventral wall of the mesencephalic vesicle (stage E17) as well as in the neopallial cortex, the tegmentum of the midbrain and the periventricular region of the caudal part of the rhombencephalon (stage E19). At P0, PINK1-immunoreactive cells appeared in the striatum, the mantle layer and caudal part of the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. The spatio-temporal expression of PINK1 and its heterogeneous distribution suggest that the enzyme might be involved in neuroregulatory processes during embryogenesis. In the eye, PINK1-immunoreactivity was found in the lens and in the cornea, whereas in the inner ear the enzyme was expressed in the ependymal and subependymal cells of the saccule and in the semicircular canals indicating that PINK1 plays a role in the development of these sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta d'Amora
- Department of Biology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Ahmad S, Rai TS, Khullar M, Bahl A, Saikia UN, Thungapathra M, Kumar RM, Mahajan R, Talwar KK. Decreased myocardial expression of dystrophin and titin mRNA and protein in dilated cardiomyopathy: possibly an adverse effect of TNF-alpha. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:520-30. [PMID: 20373002 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While the molecular basis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains uncertain, concrete evidence is emerging that sarcomeric and cytoskeleton gene expression of myocardium isolated from failing versus non-failing patients differ dramatically. The central aim to this work was to find out the possible role of dystrophin and titin along with the TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS mRNA levels and protein expression of a cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin and a sarcomeric protein, titin in endomyocardial biopsies of DCM patients were examined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Further, we examined the effect of TNF-alpha on myocardial expression of titin and dystrophin in vitro in rat cardiac myoblast cell line (H9c2). RESULTS We observed significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of dystrophin and titin in endomyocardial biopsy of DCM patients as compared to control group. The decreased levels of these proteins correlated with the severity of the disease. Plasma levels of both TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 were found to be significantly higher in patients as compared to control group. Treatment of H9c2 cells with TNF-alpha resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in mRNA levels of dystrophin and titin. Pretreatment of these cells with MG132, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway, abolished TNF-alpha-induced reduction in mRNA levels of dystrophin and titin. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that reduced expression of dystrophin and titin is associated with the pathophysiology of DCM, and TNF-alpha may modulate the expression of these proteins via NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Ahmad
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Vikhliantsev IM, Terent'eva AV, Baltina TV, Podlubnaia ZA. [Effect of vibrostimulation on support zones of rat's feet, and support loading on titin N2A-isoform and T2-fragment in m. soleus under the conditions of simulated microgravity]. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 2010; 44:45-49. [PMID: 20799659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Effects of daily 3-hr vibrostimulation of foot support zone and 3 hrs. of usual locomotion on titin N2A-isoform and proteolytic T2-fragment were studied in m. soleus of rats during 7-d suspension. Besides, effects of single one-hour support loading following 7-d weight-deprivation on titin N2A- and T2-forms were also evaluated in the muscle. Relative N2A content in m. soleus of the suspended group was noted to reduce approximately 25% as compared with the group of control. In the meantime, relative T2 content grew 2-3 times. Along with other changes in the muscle apparatus, N2A reduction contributes to the decline of m. soleus contractility in suspended rats, and development of the "hypogravity muscular syndrome" The daily 3-hr vibrostimulation of the foot support zones substantially (almost twice) decreased N2A disintegration with parallel reduction in approximately 1.5 times relative T2 content comparing with the Suspension group. Three hours of locomotion a day during suspension did not appear to decrease the relative N2A content in m. soleus. However, in this group of animals the relative T2 content in m. soleus was twice as high as in the control. Single-time presentation of support load for one hour soon after 7-d suspension resulted in more significant (approximately 30%) reduction in relative N2A content and twofold fall of relative T2 content as compared with m. soleus of the rats in group Suspension. These data attest to the leading role of support stimulation in maintaining the structural and functional properties of the musculoskeletal system, specifically the titin N2A-isoform content in m. soleus of rat deprived of gravitational loading. Besides, it was also shown that tracking changes in titin makes possible to follow the course of hypogravitational muscle syndrome and to evaluate effectiveness of preventive methods.
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Arroyo JA, Brown LD, Galan HL. Placental mammalian target of rapamycin and related signaling pathways in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201:616.e1-7. [PMID: 19800600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both phosphorylated (p) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K) are known to regulate protein synthesis and are affected during intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We studied the mTOR pathway during hyperthermia (HT)-induced IUGR in sheep. STUDY DESIGN Beginning at 40 days gestational age, 4 ewes were exposed to HT for 55 days and 4 were exposed for 80 days to induce IUGR. Western blot analyses were performed for mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-binding protein 1, extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK), and AKT. RESULTS HT animals showed: smaller fetuses and placentas near term; reduced placental weight at midgestation; increased p-mTOR, p-ERK, and p-AKT; decreased p70S6K in the near-term cotyledons; decreased p- p70S6K; and increased p-ERK in the caruncles (maternal) near term. CONCLUSION Near-term IUGR ovine cotyledons showed up-regulation of p-mTOR, whereas p70S6K was decreased. This suggests that the changes in placental mTOR signaling proteins could be driven by the fetal stress observed near term in this model of IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Arroyo
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Geisler A, Klysner R, Andersen PH. Influence of lithium in vitro and in vivo on the catecholamine-sensitive cerebral adenylate cyclase systems. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 56 Suppl 1:80-97. [PMID: 2984894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1985.tb02501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Kanzaki H, Saitoh H, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Ito A, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. NbLRK1, a lectin-like receptor kinase protein of Nicotiana benthamiana, interacts with Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin and mediates INF1-induced cell death. Planta 2008; 228:977-87. [PMID: 18682978 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin causes the hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana (Kamoun et al. in Plant Cell 10:1413-1425, 1998). To identify N. benthamiana proteins that interact with INF1, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen. This screen resulted in the isolation of a gene NbLRK1 coding for a novel lectin-like receptor kinase. NbLRK1 interacted with INF1 through its VIb kinase subdomain. Purified INF1 and NbLRK1 proteins also interacted in vitro. INF1 treatment of N. benthamiana leaves induced autophosphorylation of NbLRK1. Most importantly, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbLRK1 delayed INF1-mediated HR in N. benthamiana. These data suggest that NbLRK1 is a component of the N. benthamiana protein complex that recognizes INF1 elicitor and transduces the HR signal.
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Tam CW, Chan KW, Liu VWS, Pang B, Yao KM, Shiu SYW. Melatonin as a negative mitogenic hormonal regulator of human prostate epithelial cell growth: potential mechanisms and clinical significance. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:403-12. [PMID: 18637986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circannual variation in the human serum levels of prostate-specific antigen, a growth marker of the prostate gland, has been reported recently. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of the photoperiodic hormone melatonin (MLT) and its membrane receptors in the modulation of human prostate growth. Expression of MT(1) and MT(2) receptors was detected in benign human prostatic epithelial tissues and RWPE-1 cells. MLT and 2-iodomelatonin inhibited RWPE-1 cell proliferation and up-regulated p27(Kip1) gene and protein expression in the cells. The effects of MLT were blocked by the nonselective MT(1)/MT(2) receptor antagonist luzindole, but were not affected by the selective MT(2) receptor antagonist 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline. Of note, the antiproliferative action of MLT on benign prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells was effected via increased p27(Kip1) gene transcription through MT(1) receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in parallel, a signaling process which has previously been demonstrated in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Taken together, the demonstration of the MT(1)/PKA+PKC/p27(Kip1) antiproliferative pathway in benign and malignant prostate epithelial cell lines indicated the potential importance of this MLT receptor-mediated signaling mechanism in growth regulation of the human prostate gland in health and disease. Collectively, our data support the hypothesis that MLT may function as a negative mitogenic hormonal regulator of human prostate epithelial cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun W Tam
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Li W, Tan D, Zhang Z, Liang JJ, Brown RE. Activation of Akt-mTOR-p70S6K pathway in angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2008; 20:713-719. [PMID: 18813808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Akt-mTOR-p70S6K signal pathway has been recognized for its roles in regulating neoangiogenesis. The role of activation of the pathway in HCC progression is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the phosphorylated forms of the three key constituent proteins (Akt, mTOR and p70S6K) of the Akt-mTOR-p70S6K signal pathway in HCC and non-HCC tissue. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 51 HCC, 9 hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), 48 cirrhotic nodules (CN) and 17 normal liver tissues (NLT) were immunostained for p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K. The number of p-Akt and p-p70S6K-positive sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and the intensity of immunostaining were significantly increased in HCC compared with HA, CN and NLT (p<0.01). p-mTOR in SEC tended to have an increased expression in SEC in HCC versus non-HCC tissue (p>0.05). There was a significant correlation between a high p-Akt and p-p70S6K expression, and a venous and capsular invasion of HCC. Our results suggest that activation of the Akt-mTOR-p70S6K pathway plays a significant role in HCC progression by promoting neoangiogenesis. Molecular strategies aimed at inhibiting this signal pathway may be of therapeutic use for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Samuel MA, Mudgil Y, Salt JN, Delmas F, Ramachandran S, Chilelli A, Goring DR. Interactions between the S-domain receptor kinases and AtPUB-ARM E3 ubiquitin ligases suggest a conserved signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2008; 147:2084-95. [PMID: 18552232 PMCID: PMC2492606 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encompasses multiple receptor kinase families with highly variable extracellular domains. Despite their large numbers, the various ligands and the downstream interacting partners for these kinases have been deciphered only for a few members. One such member, the S-receptor kinase, is known to mediate the self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica. S-receptor kinase has been shown to interact and phosphorylate a U-box/ARM-repeat-containing E3 ligase, ARC1, which, in turn, acts as a positive regulator of the SI response. In an effort to identify conserved signaling pathways in Arabidopsis, we performed yeast two-hybrid analyses of various S-domain receptor kinase family members with representative Arabidopsis plant U-box/ARM-repeat (AtPUB-ARM) E3 ligases. The kinase domains from S-domain receptor kinases were found to interact with ARM-repeat domains from AtPUB-ARM proteins. These kinase domains, along with M-locus protein kinase, a positive regulator of SI response, were also able to phosphorylate the ARM-repeat domains in in vitro phosphorylation assays. Subcellular localization patterns were investigated using transient expression assays in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells and changes were detected in the presence of interacting kinases. Finally, potential links to the involvement of these interacting modules to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated. Interestingly, AtPUB9 displayed redistribution to the plasma membrane of BY-2 cells when either treated with ABA or coexpressed with the active kinase domain of ARK1. As well, T-DNA insertion mutants for ARK1 and AtPUB9 lines were altered in their ABA sensitivity during germination and acted at or upstream of ABI3, indicating potential involvement of these proteins in ABA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved proteins that participate in a wide variety of cellular processes. Mounting evidence suggests that 14-3-3 proteins have a role in human cancers, however their role in tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we report that over-expression of 14-3-3 gamma protein in human lung cancer cell line H322 results in abnormal DNA replication and polyploidization. Cells that overexpress 14-3-3 gamma are resistant to microtubule inhibitors and can reenter the cell cycle in the absence of mitosis suggesting that elevated levels of 14-3-3 gamma may enable cells to bypass the mitotic checkpoint. Taken together, our data indicate that 14-3-3gamma may contribute to tumorigenesis by promoting genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Qi
- Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Chesnel F, Bazile F, Pascal A, Kubiak JZ. Cyclin B2/cyclin-dependent kinase1 dissociation precedes CDK1 Thr-161 dephosphorylation upon M-phase promoting factor inactivation in Xenopus laevis cell-free extract. Int J Dev Biol 2007; 51:297-305. [PMID: 17554681 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.072292fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is the enzymatic subunit of M-phase Promoting Factor (MPF). It is positively regulated by phosphorylation on Thr-161 and association with a cyclin B molecule. The role of Thr-161 dephosphorylation upon MPF inactivation remains unclear; nevertheless, degradation of cyclin B is thought to be a direct cause of MPF inactivation. However, MPF inactivation actually precedes cyclin B degradation in Xenopus cell-free extracts. Here we study in details the temporal relationship between histone H1 kinase (reflecting MPF activity) inactivation, Thr-161 dephosphorylation, CDK1-cyclin B2 dissociation and cyclin B2 proteolysis in such extracts. We show an asynchrony between inactivation of histone H1 kinase and degradation of cyclin B2. CDK1 dephosphorylation on Thr 161 is an even later event than cyclin B2 degradation, reinforcing the hypothesis that cyclin B dissociation from CDK1 is the key event inactivating MPF. Cyclins synthesized along with MPF inactivation could deliver shortly living active MPF molecules, potentially increasing the asynchrony between histone H1 kinase inactivation and cyclin B2 degradation. We confirm this by showing that in the absence of protein synthesis, such a tendency is lower, but nevertheless, still detectable. Finally, to characterise better CDK1/cyclin B dissociation, we show that CDK1 begins to dissociate from cyclin B2 before the very beginning of cyclin B2 degradation and that the diminution in CDK1-associated cyclin B2 is faster than the decline of its total pool. Thus, neither cyclin B2 degradation nor Thr-161 dephosphorylation participates directly in CDK1 inactivation as measured by histone H1 kinase decline upon the exit from mitotic M-phase in Xenopus embryo extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chesnel
- Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS-UMR 6061, Mitosis and Meiosis Group, IFR140 GFAS, University of Rennes 1, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
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Umezawa N, Higuchi T. [Fluorescent detection of protein kinase activity: methodology to visualize "phosphate"]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2007; 52:1601-1607. [PMID: 18051386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Susor A, Ellederova Z, Jelinkova L, Halada P, Kavan D, Kubelka M, Kovarova H. Proteomic analysis of porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation reveals essential role for the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1. Reproduction 2007; 134:559-68. [PMID: 17890291 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we performed proteomic analysis of porcine oocytes duringin vitromaturation. Comparison of oocytes at the initial and final stages of meiotic division characterized candidate proteins that were differentially synthesized duringin vitromaturation. While the biosynthesis of many of these proteins was significantly decreased, we found four proteins with increased biosynthetic rate, which are supposed to play an essential role in meiosis. Among them, the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) was identified by mass spectrometry. To study the regulatory role of UCH-L1 in the process of meiosis in pig model, we used a specific inhibitor of this enzyme, marked C30, belonging to the class of isatinO-acyl oximes. When germinal vesicle (GV) stage cumulus-enclosed oocytes were treated with C30, GV breakdown was inhibited after 28 h of culture, and most of the oocytes were arrested at the first meiosis after 44 h. The block of metaphase I–anaphase transition was not completely reversible. In addition, the inhibition of UCH-L1 resulted in elevated histone H1 kinase activity, corresponding to cyclin–dependent kinase(CDK1)–cyclin B1 complex, and a low level of monoubiquitin. These results supported the hypothesis that UCH-L1 might play a role in metaphase I–anaphase transition by regulating ubiquitin-dependent proteasome mechanisms. In summary, a proteomic approach coupled with protein verification study revealed an essential role of UCH-L1 in the completion of the first meiosis and its transition to anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Susor
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburska str. 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
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Herberger B, Puhalla H, Lehnert M, Wrba F, Novak S, Brandstetter A, Gruenberger B, Gruenberger T, Pirker R, Filipits M. Activated mammalian target of rapamycin is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with biliary tract adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4795-9. [PMID: 17699857 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that plays a key role in cellular growth and homeostasis. Because its regulation is frequently altered in tumors, mTOR is currently under investigation as a potential target for anticancer therapy. The purpose of our study was to determine the prognostic value of activated mTOR (p-mTOR) in patients with biliary tract adenocarcinoma (BTA), in order to strengthen the rationale for targeted therapy of BTA using mTOR inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined expression of p-mTOR in paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of BTA by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody to phosphorylated mTOR. Overall survival was analyzed with a Cox model adjusted for clinical and pathologic factors. RESULTS Immunostaining for p-mTOR was positive in 56 of 88 (64%) tumors. Activated mTOR was not associated with any of the clinical or pathologic variables of the patients but predicted overall survival of the patients. Overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with p-mTOR-positive tumors as compared with patients with p-mTOR-negative tumors (hazard ratio for death 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-4.89; P = 0.004). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses identified p-mTOR to be an independent prognostic factor for death (adjusted hazard ratio for death, 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-4.80; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with BTA and p-mTOR-positive tumors have a significantly shorter overall survival than patients with p-mTOR-negative tumors and may benefit from targeted therapy with mTOR inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Herberger
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhou M, Meng Z, Jobson AG, Pommier Y, Veenstra TD. Detection of in vitro kinase generated protein phosphorylation sites using gamma[18O4]-ATP and mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7603-10. [PMID: 17877366 DOI: 10.1021/ac071584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel stable-isotope labeling approach for identification of phosphopeptides that utilizes adenosine triphosphate, in which four oxygen-16 atoms attached to the terminal phosphate group are substituted with oxygen-18 [gamma((18)O4)-ATP], has been developed. The ability to use gamma((18)O4)-ATP to monitor phosphorylation modification within various proteins was conducted by performing in vitro kinase reactions in the presence of a 1:1 mixture of gamma((18)O4)-ATP and normal isotopic abundance ATP (ATP). After tryptic digestion, the peptides were analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS). Phosphorylated peptides are easily recognized within the MS spectrum owing to the presence of doublets separated by 6.01 Da; representing versions of the peptide modified by ATP and gamma((18)O4)-ATP. Standard peptides phosphorylated using gamma((18)O4)-ATP via in vitro kinase reactions showed no exchange loss of (18)O with (16)O. The identity of these doublets as phosphorylated peptides could be readily confirmed using tandem MS. The method described here provides the first direct stable-isotope labeling method to definitely detect phosphorylation sites within proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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Kim YP, Oh E, Oh YH, Moon DW, Lee TG, Kim HS. Protein Kinase Assay on Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles by Using Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometric Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6816-9. [PMID: 17665386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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Mascher H, Andersson H, Nilsson PA, Ekblom B, Blomstrand E. Changes in signalling pathways regulating protein synthesis in human muscle in the recovery period after endurance exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 191:67-75. [PMID: 17488244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Exercise induced alterations in the rate of muscle protein synthesis may be related to activity changes in signalling pathways involved in protein synthesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether such changes in enzyme phosphorylation occur after endurance exercise. METHODS Six male subjects performed ergometer cycling exercise for 1 h at 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake. Muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis were taken before, immediately after, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h after exercise for the determination of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), glycogen synthase 3 kinase (GSK-3), p70S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) phosphorylation. RESULTS The phosphorylation of Akt was unchanged directly after exercise, but two- to fourfold increased 1 and 2 h after the exercise, whereas GSK-3alpha and beta phosphorylation were two- to fourfold elevated throughout most of the 3-h recovery period. Phosphorylation of mTOR was elevated threefold directly after, 30 min and 2 h after exercise and eEF2 phosphorylation was decreased by 35-75% from 30 min to 3 h-recovery. Exercise led to a five- to eightfold increase in Ser(424)/Thr(421) phosphorylation of p70(S6k) up to 30 min after exercise, but no change in Thr(389) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The marked decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation suggests an activation of translation elongation and possibly protein synthesis in the recovery period after sustained endurance exercise. The lack of p70(S6k) activation suggests that translation initiation is activated via alternative pathways, possibly via the activation of eukaryotic initiating factor 2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mascher
- Astrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Health and Sport Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Morimoto N, Nagai M, Ohta Y, Miyazaki K, Kurata T, Morimoto M, Murakami T, Takehisa Y, Ikeda Y, Kamiya T, Abe K. Increased autophagy in transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene. Brain Res 2007; 1167:112-7. [PMID: 17689501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, like the ubiquitin-proteasome system, is considered to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Rat microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) is important for autophagy, and the conversion from LC3-I into LC3-II is accepted as a simple method for monitoring autophagy. We examined a SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to consider a possible relationship between autophagy and ALS. In our study we analyzed LC3 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a suppressor of autophagy, by immunoassays. The level of LC3-II, which is known to be correlated with the extent of autophagosome formation, was increased in SOD1G93A transgenic mice at symptomatic stage compared with non-transgenic or human wild-type SOD1 transgenic animals. Moreover, the ratio of phosphorylated mTOR/Ser2448 immunopositive motor neurons to total motor neurons was decreased in SOD1G93A-Tg mice. The present data show the possibility of increased autophagy in an animal model for ALS. And autophagy may be partially regulated by an mTOR signaling pathway in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Cen L, Arnoczky KJ, Hsieh FC, Lin HJ, Qualman SJ, Yu S, Xiang H, Lin J. Phosphorylation profiles of protein kinases in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:936-46. [PMID: 17585318 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma, which includes two major subtypes, alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The mechanism of its oncogenesis is largely unknown. However, the oncogenic process of rhabdomyosarcoma involves multi-stages of signaling protein dysregulation characterized by prolonged activation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. To better understand this protein dysregulation, we evaluated the phosphorylation profiles of multiple tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases to identify whether these protein kinases are activated in rhabdomyosarcoma. We applied immunohistochemistry with phospho-specific antibodies to examine phosphorylation levels of selected receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70S6K, and protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes on alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tissue microarray slides. Our results showed that the phosphorylation levels of these kinases are elevated in some rhabdomyosarcoma tissues compared to normal tissues. Phosphorylation levels of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases are elevated between 26 and 68% in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and between 24 and 71% in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively, compared to normal tissues. In addition, phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream targets, p70S6K, S6, and 4EBP1, are increased between 50 and 72% in both subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma. Further, phosphorylation levels of PKCalpha, PKCdelta, PKCtheta, and PKCzeta/lambda are upregulated between 57 and 69% in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and between 43 and 72% in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. This is the first report to create a phosphorylation profile of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases involved in the mTOR and PKC pathways of alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. These protein kinases may play roles in the development or tumor progression of rhabdomyosarcomas and thus may serve as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer, Columbus Children's Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Lim MK, Kawamura T, Ohsawa Y, Ohtsubo M, Asakawa S, Takayanagi A, Shimizu N. Parkin interacts with LIM Kinase 1 and reduces its cofilin-phosphorylation activity via ubiquitination. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2858-74. [PMID: 17512523 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PARKIN (PARK2) gene have been found in the majority of early-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (ARJP). Parkin protein functions as an ubiquitin (E3) ligase that targets specific proteins for degradation in the 26S proteasome. Here, based on a mass spectrometry analysis of the human dopaminergic neuroblastoma-derived cell line SH-SY5Y that over-expresses parkin, we found that parkin may suppress cofilin phosphorylation. LIM Kinase 1 (LIMK1) is the upstream protein that phosphorylates cofilin, an actin depolymerizing protein. Thus, we postulated a possible connection between parkin and LIMK1. Our studies in other cell lines, using co-transfection assays, demonstrated that LIMK1 and parkin bind each other. LIMK1 also interacted with previously known parkin interactors Hsp70 and CHIP. Parkin enhanced LIMK1-ubiquitination in the human neuroblastoma-derived BE(2)-M17 cell line, but not in the human embryonic kidney-derived HEK293 cell line. In fact, parkin-over-expression reduced the level of LIMK1-induced phosphocofilin in the BE(2)-M17 cells but not in the HEK293 cells. Additionally, in simian kidney-derived COS-7 cells, parkin-over-expression reduced LIMK1-induced actin filament accumulation. LIMK1 in cultured cells regulates parkin reversibly: LIMK1 did not phosphorylate parkin but LIMK1 overexpression reduced parkin self-ubiquitination in vitro and in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, in the cells co-transfected with parkin and p38, LIMK1 significantly decreased p38-ubiquitination by parkin. These findings demonstrate a cell-type dependent functional interaction between parkin and LIMK1 and provide new evidence that links parkin and LIMK1 in the pathogenesis of familial PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng K Lim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
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Shults MD, Kozlov IA, Nelson N, Kermani BG, Melnyk PC, Shevchenko V, Srinivasan A, Musmacker J, Hachmann JP, Barker DL, Lebl M, Zhao C. A multiplexed protein kinase assay. Chembiochem 2007; 8:933-42. [PMID: 17471478 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel protein kinase assay designed for high-throughput detection of one or many kinases in a complex mixture. A solution-phase phosphorylation reaction is performed on 900 different peptide substrates, each covalently linked to an oligonucleotide tag. After incubation, phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine are chemically labeled, and the substrates are hybridized to a microarray with oligonucleotides complementary to the tags to read out the phosphorylation state of each peptide. Because protein kinases act on more than one peptide sequence, each kinase can be characterized by a unique signature of phosphorylation activity on multiple substrates. Using this method, we determined signatures for 26 purified kinases and demonstrated that enzyme mixtures can be screened for activity and selectivity of inhibition.
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Du MR, Zhou WH, Yan FT, Zhu XY, He YY, Yang JY, Li DJ. Cyclosporine A induces titin expression via MAPK/ERK signalling and improves proliferative and invasive potential of human trophoblast cells. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2528-37. [PMID: 17636278 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressive that has been widely used to prevent organ rejection and to treat certain autoimmune diseases. Our previous study showed that CsA at low concentrations could promote proliferation and invasion, and inhibit apoptosis, of human first trimester trophoblasts. In the present study, we further explored the potential mechanism and signal pathway. METHODS After treatment of JAR cells with CsA, we screened the differentially expressed genes by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), and characterized the differentially expressed gene, titin, in human first-trimester trophoblasts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS CsA stimulated proliferation and invasion of human trophoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, and this appeared to be positive correlated with titin transcription, suggesting that CsA regulates biological functions of human trophoblast by inducing titin expression. Furthermore, the CsA treatment increased the MAPK activity, and blocking of the signaling pathway by Mitogen-activated protein MAPK (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, inhibited CsA-induced titin transcription in trophoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that titin expression is induced by CsA via activation of MAPK pathways and this may possibly be involved in promoting human trophoblast growth and invasiveness, which is beneficial to embryo viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Rong Du
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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Rapkiewicz A, Espina V, Zujewski JA, Lebowitz PF, Filie A, Wulfkuhle J, Camphausen K, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Abati A. The needle in the haystack: application of breast fine-needle aspirate samples to quantitative protein microarray technology. Cancer 2007; 111:173-84. [PMID: 17487852 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unmet clinical need for economic, minimally invasive procedures that use a limited number of cells for the molecular profiling of tumors in individual patients. Reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPM) technology has been applied successfully to the quantitative analysis of breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers using frozen surgical specimens. METHODS For this report, the authors investigated the novel use of RPPM technology for the analysis of both archival cytology aspirate smears and frozen fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples. RPPMs were printed with 63 breast FNA samples that were obtained before, during, and after treatment from 21 patients who were enrolled in a Phase II trial of neoadjuvant capecitabine and docetaxel therapy for breast cancer. RESULTS Based on an MCF7 cell line model of breast adenocarcinoma, the sensitivity of the RPPM detection method was in the femtomolar range with a coefficient of variance <13.5% for the most dilute sample. Assay linearity was noted from 1.0 microg/microL to 7.8 ng/microL total protein/array spot (R(2) = 0.9887) for a membrane receptor protein (epidermal growth factor receptor; R(2) = 0.9935). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicated that low-abundance analytes and phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated proteins in specimens that consist of a few thousand cells obtained through FNA can be quantified with RPPM technology. The ability to monitor the in vivo state of cell-signaling proteins before and after treatment potentially will augment the ability to design individualized therapy regimens through the mapping of aberrant cell-signaling phenotypes. The mapping of these protein pathways will further the development of rational drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rapkiewicz
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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An HJ, Cho NH, Yang HS, Kwak KB, Kim NK, Oh DY, Lee SW, Kim HO, Koh JJ. Targeted RNA interference of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110-beta induces apoptosis and proliferation arrest in endometrial carcinoma cells. J Pathol 2007; 212:161-9. [PMID: 17427168 DOI: 10.1002/path.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling plays a pivotal role in intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth, cellular transformation, and tumourigenesis. PI3K is overexpressed in many human cancers, including endometrial carcinomas, one of the most common female genital tract malignancies. Here, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to PI3K p110-beta to determine whether inhibition of the beta isoform could be a potential therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma. In this study, treatment of HEC-1B endometrial cancer cells with PI3K p110-beta-specific siRNA resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased tumour cell proliferation. Depletion of PI3K p110-beta decreased the protein levels of AKT1, AKT2, pAKT, and mTOR-downstream targets of PI3K. Knock-down of PI3K p110-beta by siRNA also induced decreased expression of cyclin E and Bcl-2, suggesting that PI3K p110-beta stimulates tumour growth, at least in part by regulating cyclin E and Bcl-2. Thus, our results indicate that siRNA-mediated gene silencing of PI3K p110-beta may be a useful therapeutic strategy for endometrial cancers overexpressing PI3K p110-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J An
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, 463-712, Korea
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Abstract
Cyclin B is the key regulatory protein controlling mitosis in all eukaryotes, where it binds cyclin-dependent kinase, cdk1, forming a complex which initiates the mitotic program through phosphorylation of select proteins. Cyclin B regulates the activation, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity of cdk1, and destruction of cyclin B is necessary for mitotic exit. Overexpression of human cyclin B1 has been found in numerous cancers and has been associated with tumor aggressiveness. Here we report the crystal structure of human cyclin B1 to 2.9 A. Comparison of the structure with cyclin A and cyclin E reveals remarkably similar N-terminal cyclin box motifs but significant differences among the C-terminal cyclin box lobes. Divergence in sequence gives rise to unique interaction surfaces at the proposed cyclin B/cdk1 interface as well as the 'RxL' motif substrate binding site on cyclin B. Examination of the structure provides insight into the molecular basis for differential affinities of protein based cyclin/cdk inhibitors such as p27, substrate recognition, and cdk interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Petri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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50
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Abstract
Understanding the role of DNA damage checkpoint kinases in the cellular response to genotoxic stress requires the knowledge of their substrates. Here, we report the use of quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify in vivo kinase substrates of the yeast DNA damage checkpoint kinases Mec1, Tel1, and Rad53 (orthologs of human ATR, ATM, and CHK2, respectively). By analyzing 2,689 phosphorylation sites in wild-type and various kinase-null cells, 62 phosphorylation sites from 55 proteins were found to be controlled by the DNA damage checkpoint. Examination of the dependency of each phosphorylation on Mec1 and Tel1 or Rad53, combined with sequence and biochemical analysis, revealed that many of the identified targets are likely direct substrates of these kinases. In addition to several known targets, 50 previously undescribed targets of the DNA damage checkpoint were identified, suggesting that a wide range of cellular processes is likely regulated by Mec1, Tel1, and Rad53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus B. Smolka
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653; and
| | - Claudio P. Albuquerque
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653; and
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Sheng-hong Chen
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653; and
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653
| | - Huilin Zhou
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653; and
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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