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Zhu L, Pan J, Mou W, Deng L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Pareek G, Hyams E, Carneiro BA, Hadfield MJ, El-Deiry WS, Yang T, Tan T, Tong T, Ta N, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Lai Y, Cheng L, Chen R, Xue W. Harnessing artificial intelligence for prostate cancer management. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101506. [PMID: 38593808 PMCID: PMC11031422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignancy in males. The pathology review of PCa is crucial for clinical decision-making, but traditional pathology review is labor intensive and subjective to some extent. Digital pathology and whole-slide imaging enable the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in pathology. This review highlights the success of AI in detecting and grading PCa, predicting patient outcomes, and identifying molecular subtypes. We propose that AI-based methods could collaborate with pathologists to reduce workload and assist clinicians in formulating treatment recommendations. We also introduce the general process and challenges in developing AI pathology models for PCa. Importantly, we summarize publicly available datasets and open-source codes to facilitate the utilization of existing data and the comparison of the performance of different models to improve future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weiming Mou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longxin Deng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gyan Pareek
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elias Hyams
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew J Hadfield
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Address: R. de Luís Gonzaga Gomes, Macao, China
| | - Tong Tong
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yisha Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yancheng Lai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgery (Urology), Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Lifespan Health, and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Cimadamore A, Franzese C, Di Loreto C, Blanca A, Lopez-Beltran A, Crestani A, Giannarini G, Tan PH, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS, Montironi R, Cheng L. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers in urological tumours. Pathology 2024; 56:228-238. [PMID: 38199927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in cutting-edge molecular profiling techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic analytic tools, have allowed researchers to examine tumour biology in detail and stratify patients based on factors linked with clinical outcome and response to therapy. This manuscript highlights the most relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers in kidney, bladder, prostate and testicular cancers with recognised impact in clinical practice. In bladder and prostate cancer, new genetic acquisitions concerning the biology of tumours have modified the therapeutic scenario and led to the approval of target directed therapies, increasing the quality of patient care. Thus, it has become of paramount importance to choose adequate molecular tests, i.e., FGFR screening for urothelial cancer and BRCA1-2 alterations for prostate cancer, to guide the treatment plan for patients. While no tissue or blood-based biomarkers are currently used in routine clinical practice for renal cell carcinoma and testicular cancers, the field is quickly expanding. In kidney tumours, gene expression signatures might be the key to identify patients who will respond better to immunotherapy or anti-angiogenic drugs. In testicular germ cell tumours, the use of microRNA has outperformed conventional serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of primary tumours, prediction of chemoresistance, follow-up monitoring, and relapse prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medicine (DAME), Udine University, Udine, Italy.
| | - Carmine Franzese
- Department of Urology, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medicine (DAME), Udine University, Udine, Italy
| | - Ana Blanca
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Department of Urology, University Hospital of Reina Sofia, UCO, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alessandro Crestani
- Department of Urology, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giannarini
- Department of Urology, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Benedito A Carneiro
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Molecular Medicine and Cell Therapy Foundation, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
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3
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Zorko NA, Makovec A, Elliott A, Kellen S, Lozada JR, Arafa AT, Felices M, Shackelford M, Barata P, Zakharia Y, Narayan V, Stein MN, Zarrabi KK, Patniak A, Bilen MA, Radovich M, Sledge G, El-Deiry WS, Heath EI, Hoon DSB, Nabhan C, Miller JS, Hwang JH, Antonarakis ES. Natural Killer Cell Infiltration in Prostate Cancers Predict Improved Patient Outcomes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00797-0. [PMID: 38418892 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are non-antigen specific innate immune cells that can be redirected to targets of interest using multiple strategies, although none are currently FDA-approved. We sought to evaluate NK cell infiltration into tumors to develop an improved understanding of which histologies may be most amenable to NK cell-based therapies currently in the developmental pipeline. METHODS DNA (targeted/whole-exome) and RNA (whole-transcriptome) sequencing was performed from tumors from 45 cancer types (N = 90,916 for all cancers and N = 3365 for prostate cancer) submitted to Caris Life Sciences. NK cell fractions and immune deconvolution were inferred from RNA-seq data using quanTIseq. Real-world overall survival (OS) and treatment status was determined and Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated. Statistical significance was determined using X2 and Mann-Whitney U tests, with corrections for multiple comparisons where appropriate. RESULTS In both a pan-tumor and prostate cancer (PCa) -specific setting, we demonstrated that NK cells represent a substantial proportion of the total cellular infiltrate (median range 2-9% for all tumors). Higher NK cell infiltration was associated with improved OS in 28 of 45 cancer types, including (PCa). NK cell infiltration was negatively correlated with common driver mutations and androgen receptor variants (AR-V7) in primary prostate biopsies, while positively correlated with negative immune regulators. Higher levels of NK cell infiltration were associated with patterns consistent with a compensatory anti-inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Using the largest available dataset to date, we demonstrated that NK cells infiltrate a broad range of tumors, including both primary and metastatic PCa. NK cell infiltration is associated with improved PCa patient outcomes. This study demonstrates that NK cells are capable of trafficking to both primary and metastatic PCa and are a viable option for immunotherapy approaches moving forward. Future development of strategies to enhance tumor-infiltrating NK cell-mediated cytolytic activity and activation while limiting inhibitory pathways will be key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Zorko
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Allison Makovec
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Samuel Kellen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John R Lozada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ali T Arafa
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Martin Felices
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madison Shackelford
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pedro Barata
- University Hospital Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Vivek Narayan
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark N Stein
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin K Zarrabi
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Akash Patniak
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet A Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dave S B Hoon
- Saint John's Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center PHS, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justin H Hwang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Scalia P, Marino IR, Asero S, Pandini G, Grimberg A, El-Deiry WS, Williams SJ. Autocrine IGF-II-Associated Cancers: From a Rare Paraneoplastic Event to a Hallmark in Malignancy. Biomedicines 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 38255147 PMCID: PMC10813354 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The paraneoplastic syndrome referred in the literature as non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and extra-pancreatic tumor hypoglycemia (EPTH) was first reported almost a century ago, and the role of cancer-secreted IGF-II in causing this blood glucose-lowering condition has been widely established. The landscape emerging in the last few decades, based on molecular and cellular findings, supports a broader role for IGF-II in cancer biology beyond its involvement in the paraneoplastic syndrome. In particular, a few key findings are constantly observed during tumorigenesis, (a) a relative and absolute increase in fetal insulin receptor isoform (IRA) content, with (b) an increase in IGF-II high-molecular weight cancer-variants (big-IGF-II), and (c) a stage-progressive increase in the IGF-II autocrine signal in the cancer cell, mostly during the transition from benign to malignant growth. An increasing and still under-exploited combinatorial pattern of the IGF-II signal in cancer is shaping up in the literature with respect to its transducing receptorial system and effector intracellular network. Interestingly, while surgical and clinical reports have traditionally restricted IGF-II secretion to a small number of solid malignancies displaying paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, a retrospective literature analysis, along with publicly available expression data from patient-derived cancer cell lines conveyed in the present perspective, clearly suggests that IGF-II expression in cancer is a much more common event, especially in overt malignancy. These findings strengthen the view that (1) IGF-II expression/secretion in solid tumor-derived cancer cell lines and tissues is a broader and more common event compared to the reported IGF-II association to paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, and (2) IGF-II associates to the commonly observed autocrine loops in cancer cells while IGF-I cancer-promoting effects may be linked to its paracrine effects in the tumor microenvironment. Based on these evidence-centered considerations, making the autocrine IGF-II loop a hallmark for malignant cancer growth, we here propose the functional name of IGF-II secreting tumors (IGF-IIsT) to overcome the view that IGF-II secretion and pro-tumorigenic actions affect only a clinical sub-group of rare tumors with associated hypoglycemic symptoms. The proposed scenario provides an updated logical frame towards biologically sound therapeutic strategies and personalized therapeutic interventions for currently unaccounted IGF-II-producing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- The ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Ignazio R. Marino
- Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Salvatore Asero
- The ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- ARNAS Garibaldi, UOC Chirurgia Oncologica, Nesima, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- The ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Stephen J. Williams
- The ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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5
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Chang WI, Honeyman JN, Zhang J, Lin C, Sharma A, Zhou L, Oliveira J, Tapinos N, Lulla RR, Prabhu VV, El-Deiry WS. Novel combination of imipridones and histone deacetylase inhibitors demonstrate cytotoxic effect through integrated stress response in pediatric solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:6241-6255. [PMID: 38187038 PMCID: PMC10767354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a demonstrated need for new chemotherapy options in pediatric oncology, as pediatric solid tumors continue to plateau at 60% with event-free survival. Imipridones, a novel class of small molecules, represent a potential new therapeutic option, with promising pre-clinical data and emerging clinical trial data in adult malignancies. ONC201, ONC206, and ONC212 are imipridones showing pro-apoptotic anti-cancer response. Using cell viability assays, and protein immunoblotting, we were able to demonstrate single-agent efficacy of all 3 imipridones inducing cell death in pediatric solid tumor cell lines, including osteosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, Ewing sarcoma (EWS), and neuroblastoma. ONC201 displayed IC50 values for non-H3K27M-mutated EWS cell lines ranging from 0.86 µM (SK-N-MC) to 2.76 µM (RD-ES), which were comparable to the range of IC50 values for H3K27M-mutated DIPG cells lines (range 1.06 to 1.56 µM). ONC212 demonstrated the highest potency in single-agent cell killing, followed by ONC206, and ONC201. Additionally, pediatric solid tumor cells were treated with single-agent therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) vorinostat, entinostat, and panobinostat, showing cell killing with all 3 HDACi drugs, with panobinostat showing the greatest potency. We demonstrate that dual-agent therapy with combinations of imipridones and HDACi lead to synergistic cell killing and apoptosis in all pediatric solid tumor cell lines tested, with ONC212 and panobinostat combinations demonstrating maximal potency. The imipridones induced the integrated stress response with ATF4 and TRAIL receptor upregulation, as well as reduced expression of ClpX. Hyperacetylation of H3K27 was associated with synergistic killing of tumor cells following exposure to imipridone plus HDAC inhibitor therapies. Our results introduce a novel class of small molecules to treat pediatric solid tumors in a precision medicine framework. Use of impridones in pediatric oncology is novel and shows promising pre-clinical efficacy in pediatric solid tumors, including in combination with HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Chang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Joshua N Honeyman
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Claire Lin
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Janice Oliveira
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Nikos Tapinos
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Rishi R Lulla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | | | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan and Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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6
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Parker CS, Zhou L, Prabhu VV, Lee S, Miner TJ, Ross EA, El-Deiry WS. ONC201/TIC10 plus TLY012 anti-cancer effects via apoptosis inhibitor downregulation, stimulation of integrated stress response and death receptor DR5 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:6290-6312. [PMID: 38187068 PMCID: PMC10767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma typically presents with advanced stage when inoperable. Chemotherapy options include non-targeted and toxic agents, leading to poor 5-year patient survival outcomes. Small molecule ONC201/TIC10 (TRAIL-Inducing Compound #10) induces cancer cell death via ClpP-dependent activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) and up-regulation of the TRAIL pathway. We previously found in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and endometrial cancer that ONC201 primes tumor cells for TRAIL-mediated cell death through ISR-dependent upregulation of ATF4, CHOP and TRAIL death receptor DR5. We investigated the ability of ONC201 to induce apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma cells in combination with recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) or PEGylated trimeric TRAIL (TLY012). AGS (caspase 8-, KRAS-, PIK3CA-mutant, HER2-amplified), SNU-1 (KRAS-, MLH1-mutant, microsatellite unstable), SNU-5 (p53-mutant) and SNU-16 (p53-mutant) gastric adenocarcinoma cells were treated with ONC201 and TRAIL both in cell culture and in vivo. Gastric cancer cells showed synergy following dual therapy with ONC201 and rhTRAIL/TLY012 (combination indices < 0.6 at doses that were non-toxic towards normal fibroblasts). Synergy was observed with increased cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle with dual ONC201 plus TRAIL therapy. Increased PARP, caspase 8 and caspase 3 cleavage after ONC201 plus TRAIL further documented apoptosis. Increased cell surface expression of DR5 with ONC201 therapy was observed by flow cytometry, and immunoblotting revealed ONC201 upregulation of the ISR, ATF4, and CHOP. We observed downregulation of anti-apoptotic cIAP-1 and XIAP in all cells except AGS, and cFLIP in all cells except SNU-16. We tested the regimen in an organoid model of human gastric cancer, and in murine sub-cutaneous xenografts using AGS and SNU-1 cells. Our results suggest that ONC201 in combination with TRAIL may be an effective and non-toxic option for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma by inducing apoptosis via activation of the ISR, increased cell surface expression of DR5 and down-regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis. Our results demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor effects of ONC201 plus TLY012 against gastric cancer that could be further investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra S Parker
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | | | - Seulki Lee
- D&D Pharmatech Inc.Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Thomas J Miner
- Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Eric A Ross
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan and Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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7
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Punyamurtula U, Brown TW, Zhang S, George A, El-Deiry WS. Cancer cell seeding density as a mechanism of chemotherapy resistance: a novel cancer cell density index based on IC50-Seeding Density Slope (ISDS) to assess chemosensitivity. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:5914-5933. [PMID: 38187067 PMCID: PMC10767358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) is a commonly used measurement of chemosensitivity in cancer cells, it has been known to vary with the density of the treated cells (in that more densely seeded cells are more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents). Indeed, density-dependent chemoresistance may be a significant independent mechanism of therapy resistance. We examine the nature of cell density-dependent chemoresistance and explore possible underlying mechanisms. CellTiter-Glo assays and ethidium homodimer staining revealed that response to chemotherapy is density-dependent in all cancer cell lines tested. Our results prompted us to develop a novel cancer cell seeding density index of chemosensitivity, the ISDS (IC50-Seeding Density Slope), which we propose can serve as an improved method of analyzing how cancer cells respond to chemotherapeutic treatment compared to the widely-used IC50. Furthermore, western blot analysis suggests that levels of autophagy and apoptotic markers are modulated by cancer cell density. Cell viability experiments using the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine showed that chloroquine's efficacy was reduced at higher cell densities and that chloroquine and cisplatin exhibited synergy at both higher and lower cell densities in TOV-21G cells. We discuss alternative mechanisms of density-dependent chemoresistance and in vivo/clinical applications, including challenges of adjuvant chemotherapy and minimal residual disease. Taken together, our findings show that cell density is a significant contributor in shaping cancer chemosensitivity, that the ISDS (aka the Ujwal Punyamurtula/Wafik El-Deiry or Ujwal-WAF Index) can be used to effectively assess cell viability and that this phenomenon of density-dependent chemoresistance may be leveraged for a variety of biologic and cancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwal Punyamurtula
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Brown
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew George
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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8
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Tummala T, Sevilla Uruchurtu AS, Cruz ADL, Huntington KE, George A, Liguori NR, Zhang L, Zhou L, Abbas AE, Azzoli CG, El-Deiry WS. Preclinical Synergistic Combination Therapy of Lurbinectedin with Irinotecan and 5-Fluorouracil in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:9611-9626. [PMID: 37999116 PMCID: PMC10670398 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Novel chemotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer have shown limited success, illustrating the urgent need for new treatments. Lurbinectedin (PM01183; LY-01017) received FDA approval in 2020 for metastatic small cell lung cancer on or after platinum-based chemotherapy and is currently undergoing clinical trials in a variety of tumor types. Lurbinectedin stalls and degrades RNA Polymerase II and introduces breaks in DNA, causing subsequent apoptosis. We now demonstrate lurbinectedin's highly efficient killing of human-derived pancreatic tumor cell lines PANC-1, BxPC-3, and HPAF-II as a single agent. We further demonstrate that a combination of lurbinectedin and irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor with FDA approval for advanced pancreatic cancer, results in the synergistic killing of pancreatic tumor cells. Western blot analysis of combination therapy indicates an upregulation of γH2AX, a DNA damage marker, and the Chk1/ATR pathway, which is involved in replicative stress and DNA damage response. We further demonstrate that the triple combination between lurbinectedin, irinotecan, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) results in a highly efficient killing of tumor cells. Our results are developing insights regarding molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of a novel combination drug treatment for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Tummala
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Ashley Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Kelsey E. Huntington
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Nicholas R. Liguori
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Abbas E. Abbas
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Christopher G. Azzoli
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (T.T.); (A.S.S.U.); (A.D.L.C.); (K.E.H.); (A.G.); (N.R.L.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (A.E.A.); (C.G.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Carlsen L, Zhang S, Tian X, De La Cruz A, George A, Arnoff TE, El-Deiry WS. The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1148389. [PMID: 37602328 PMCID: PMC10434531 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1148389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression. p53 mutations mediate tumorigenesis and occur in approximately 50% of human cancers. p53 regulates hundreds of target genes that induce various cell fates including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair. p53 also plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity by regulating TRAIL, DR5, TLRs, Fas, PKR, ULBP1/2, and CCL2; T-cell inhibitory ligand PD-L1; pro-inflammatory cytokines; immune cell activation state; and antigen presentation. Genetic alteration of p53 can contribute to immune evasion by influencing immune cell recruitment to the tumor, cytokine secretion in the TME, and inflammatory signaling pathways. In some contexts, p53 mutations increase neoantigen load which improves response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Therapeutic restoration of mutated p53 can restore anti-cancer immune cell infiltration and ameliorate pro-tumor signaling to induce tumor regression. Indeed, there is clinical evidence to suggest that restoring p53 can induce an anti-cancer immune response in immunologically cold tumors. Clinical trials investigating the combination of p53-restoring compounds or p53-based vaccines with immunotherapy have demonstrated anti-tumor immune activation and tumor regression with heterogeneity across cancer type. In this Review, we discuss the impact of wild-type and mutant p53 on the anti-tumor immune response, outline clinical progress as far as activating p53 to induce an immune response across a variety of cancer types, and highlight open questions limiting effective clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Taylor E. Arnoff
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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10
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Verschleiser B, MacDonald W, Carlsen L, Huntington KE, Zhou L, El-Deiry WS. Pan-integrin inhibitor GLPG-0187 promotes T-cell killing of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer cells by suppression of SMAD/TGF-β signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2878-2885. [PMID: 37559992 PMCID: PMC10408466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and the third most common cause of cancer. As the five-year survival with advanced metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is 14%, new treatment strategies are needed. Immune checkpoint blockade, which takes advantage of an individual's immune system to fight cancer, has an impact in the clinic; however, for CRC, it is only effective and approved for treating mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancer. Moreover, long-term outcomes in MMR-deficient mCRC suggest that most patients are not cured and eventually develop therapy resistance. We hypothesized that targeting TGF-β signaling may enhance immune-mediated T-cell killing by MMR-deficient CRC cells. Using GLPG-0187, an inhibitor of multiple integrin receptors and TGF-β, we demonstrate minimal cytotoxicity against MMR-deficient HCT116 or p53null HCT116 human CRC cells. GLPG-0187 promoted significant immune cell killing of the CRC cells by TALL-104 T lymphoblast cells and reduced phosphoSMAD2 in HCT116 p53-null cells either in the absence or presence of exogenous TGF-β. We observed a reduction in CCL20, CXCL5, prolactin, and TRAIL-R3, while GDF-15 was increased in TALL-104 cells treated with a T-cell activating dose of GLPG-0187 (4 µM). Our results suggest that TGF-β signaling inhibition by a general integrin receptor inhibitor may boost T-cell killing of MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells and suggest that a combination of anti-GDF-15 in combination with TGF-β blockade be further investigated in the treatment of MMR-deficient mCRC. Our results support the development of a novel immune-based therapeutic strategy to treat colorectal cancer by targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway through integrin receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Verschleiser
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - William MacDonald
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Kelsey E Huntington
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
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11
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MacDonald WJ, Verschleiser B, Carlsen L, Huntington KE, Zhou L, El-Deiry WS. Broad spectrum integrin inhibitor GLPG-0187 bypasses immune evasion in colorectal cancer by TGF-β signaling mediated downregulation of PD-L1. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2938-2947. [PMID: 37559982 PMCID: PMC10408492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin receptors have long posed as a potentially attractive target for disrupting cancer hallmarks. Promising preliminary findings with integrin inhibition as an adjuvant to chemotherapy have not translated to clinical success. However, the effect of integrin inhibition on tumor-immune cell interactions remains largely unexplored. Further investigation could shed light on a connection between integrin signaling and immune checkpoint expression, opening the path for using integrin inhibitors to sensitize otherwise resistant tumors to immunotherapy. Fluorescently labeled wild-type HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells and TALL-104 T-cells were co-cultured and treated with GLPG-0187, a small molecule integrin inhibitor, at various doses. This assay revealed dose dependent cancer cell killing, indicating that integrin inhibition may be sensitizing cancer cells to immune cells. The hypothesized mechanism involves TGF-β-mediated PD-L1 upregulation in cancer cells. To investigate this mechanism, both WT and p53-/- HCT-116 cells were pre-treated with GLPG-0187 and subsequently with latent-TGF-β. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the addition of latent-TGF-β increased the expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells. Additionally, a low dose of integrin inhibitor rescued these effects, returning PD-L1 expression back to control levels. This indicates that the immunostimulatory effects of integrin inhibition may be due to downregulation of immune checkpoint PD-L1 on cancer cells. It must be noted that the higher dose of the drug did not reduce PD-L1 expression. This could potentially be due to off-target effects conflicting with the proposed pathway; however, these findings are still under active investigation. Ongoing proteomic experiments will include a larger range of both drug and latent-TGF-β doses. Probing for additional downstream markers of TGF-β and up-stream markers of PD-L1 will help to further elucidate this mechanism. Further co-culture experiments will also include anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 therapy to investigate the viability of integrin inhibition as an adjuvant to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Brooke Verschleiser
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Kelsey E Huntington
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
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12
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Zimmer K, Kocher F, Untergasser G, Kircher B, Amann A, Baca Y, Xiu J, Korn WM, Berger MD, Lenz HJ, Puccini A, Fontana E, Shields AF, Marshall JL, Hall M, El-Deiry WS, Hsiehchen D, Macarulla T, Tabernero J, Pichler R, Khushman M, Manne U, Lou E, Wolf D, Sokolova V, Schnaiter S, Zeimet AG, Gulhati P, Widmann G, Seeber A. PBRM1 mutations might render a subtype of biliary tract cancers sensitive to drugs targeting the DNA damage repair system. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:64. [PMID: 37400502 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) loss of function mutations are present in a fraction of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). PBRM1, a subunit of the PBAF chromatin-remodeling complex, is involved in DNA damage repair. Herein, we aimed to decipher the molecular landscape of PBRM1 mutated (mut) BTCs and to define potential translational aspects. Totally, 1848 BTC samples were analyzed using next-generation DNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). siRNA-mediated knockdown of PBRM1 was performed in the BTC cell line EGI1 to assess the therapeutic vulnerabilities of ATR and PARP inhibitors in vitro. PBRM1 mutations were identified in 8.1% (n = 150) of BTCs and were more prevalent in intrahepatic BTCs (9.9%) compared to gallbladder cancers (6.0%) or extrahepatic BTCs (4.5%). Higher rates of co-mutations in chromatin-remodeling genes (e.g., ARID1A 31% vs. 16%) and DNA damage repair genes (e.g., ATRX 4.4% vs. 0.3%) were detected in PBRM1-mutated (mut) vs. PBRM1-wildtype (wt) BTCs. No difference in real-world overall survival was observed between PBRM1-mut and PBRM1-wt patients (HR 1.043, 95% CI 0.821-1.325, p = 0.731). In vitro, experiments suggested that PARP ± ATR inhibitors induce synthetic lethality in the PBRM1 knockdown BTC model. Our findings served as the scientific rationale for PARP inhibition in a heavily pretreated PBRM1-mut BTC patient, which induced disease control. This study represents the largest and most extensive molecular profiling study of PBRM1-mut BTCs, which in vitro sensitizes to DNA damage repair inhibiting compounds. Our findings might serve as a rationale for future testing of PARP/ATR inhibitors in PBRM1-mut BTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zimmer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kocher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerold Untergasser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arno Amann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Martin D Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Fontana
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, Marylebone, London, UK
| | - Anthony F Shields
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- Ruesch Center for The Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Hall
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David Hsiehchen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), IOB-Quiron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), IOB-Quiron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renate Pichler
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Moh'd Khushman
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktorija Sokolova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Provincial Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical Private University, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Simon Schnaiter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alain G Zeimet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pat Gulhati
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gerlig Widmann
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria.
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13
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Huntington KE, Louie AD, Srinivasan PR, Schorl C, Lu S, Silverberg D, Newhouse D, Wu Z, Zhou L, Borden BA, Giles FJ, Dooner M, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. GSK-3 Inhibitor Elraglusib Enhances Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cell Activation in Tumor Biopsies and Synergizes with Anti-PD-L1 in a Murine Model of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10870. [PMID: 37446056 PMCID: PMC10342141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been implicated in numerous oncogenic processes. GSK-3 inhibitor elraglusib (9-ING-41) has shown promising preclinical and clinical antitumor activity across multiple tumor types. Despite promising early-phase clinical trial results, there have been limited efforts to characterize the potential immunomodulatory properties of elraglusib. We report that elraglusib promotes immune cell-mediated tumor cell killing of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Mechanistically, elraglusib sensitized CRC cells to immune-mediated cytotoxicity and enhanced immune cell effector function. Using western blots, we found that elraglusib decreased CRC cell expression of NF-κB p65 and several survival proteins. Using microarrays, we discovered that elraglusib upregulated the expression of proapoptotic and antiproliferative genes and downregulated the expression of cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, metastasis, TGFβ signaling, and anti-apoptotic genes in CRC cells. Elraglusib reduced CRC cell production of immunosuppressive molecules such as VEGF, GDF-15, and sPD-L1. Elraglusib increased immune cell IFN-γ secretion, which upregulated CRC cell gasdermin B expression to potentially enhance pyroptosis. Elraglusib enhanced immune effector function resulting in augmented granzyme B, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TRAIL production. Using a syngeneic, immunocompetent murine model of microsatellite stable CRC, we evaluated elraglusib as a single agent or combined with immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1/L1) and observed improved survival in the elraglusib and anti-PD-L1 group. Murine responders had increased tumor-infiltrating T cells, augmented granzyme B expression, and fewer regulatory T cells. Murine responders had reduced immunosuppressive (VEGF, VEGFR2) and elevated immunostimulatory (GM-CSF, IL-12p70) cytokine plasma concentrations. To determine the clinical significance, we then utilized elraglusib-treated patient plasma samples and found that reduced VEGF and BAFF and elevated IL-1 beta, CCL22, and CCL4 concentrations correlated with improved survival. Using paired tumor biopsies, we found that tumor-infiltrating immune cells had a reduced expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints (VISTA, PD-1, PD-L2) and an elevated expression of T-cell activation markers (CTLA-4, OX40L) after elraglusib treatment. These results address a significant gap in knowledge concerning the immunomodulatory mechanisms of GSK-3 inhibitor elraglusib, provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of elraglusib in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, and are expected to have an impact on additional tumor types, besides CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Huntington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Anna D. Louie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Surgery, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Praveen R. Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Genomics Core Facility, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - David Silverberg
- Molecular Pathology Core Facility, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | | - Zhijin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Brittany A. Borden
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | | - Mark Dooner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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14
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Baker SD, Bates SE, Brooks GA, Dahut WL, Diasio RB, El-Deiry WS, Evans WE, Figg WD, Hertz DL, Hicks JK, Kamath S, Kasi PM, Knepper TC, McLeod HL, O'Donnell PH, Relling MV, Rudek MA, Sissung TM, Smith DM, Sparreboom A, Swain SM, Walko CM. DPYD Testing: Time to Put Patient Safety First. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:2701-2705. [PMID: 36821823 PMCID: PMC10414691 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn D. Baker
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Susan E. Bates
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William D. Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dan L. Hertz
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J. Kevin Hicks
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Suneel Kamath
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Todd C. Knepper
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - D. Max Smith
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and MedStar Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sandra M. Swain
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and MedStar Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Christine M. Walko
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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15
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Vitale I, Pietrocola F, Guilbaud E, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostini M, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Aqeilan RI, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Balachandran S, Bano D, Barlev NA, Bartek J, Bazan NG, Becker C, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi ME, Blagosklonny MV, Blander JM, Blandino G, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bortner CD, Bove P, Boya P, Brenner C, Broz P, Brunner T, Damgaard RB, Calin GA, Campanella M, Candi E, Carbone M, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chen GQ, Chen Q, Chen YH, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Ciliberto G, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Daugaard M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Maria R, De Strooper B, Debatin KM, Deberardinis RJ, Degterev A, Del Sal G, Deshmukh M, Di Virgilio F, Diederich M, Dixon SJ, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Engeland K, Fimia GM, Galassi C, Ganini C, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Gerlic M, Ghosh S, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Häcker G, Hajnóczky G, Hardwick JM, Haupt Y, He S, Heery DM, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Hildeman DA, Ichijo H, Inoue S, Jäättelä M, Janic A, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kanneganti TD, Karin M, Kashkar H, Kaufmann T, Kelly GL, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Kluck R, Krysko DV, Kulms D, Kumar S, Lavandero S, Lavrik IN, Lemasters JJ, Liccardi G, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Luedde T, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malorni W, Manic G, Mantovani R, Marchi S, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Mastroberardino PG, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino G, Melino S, Miao EA, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Murphy DJ, Niklison-Chirou MV, Novelli F, Núñez G, Oberst A, Ofengeim D, Opferman JT, Oren M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pentimalli F, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Pinton P, Porta G, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rajalingam K, Ravichandran KS, Rehm M, Ricci JE, Rizzuto R, Robinson N, Rodrigues CMP, Rotblat B, Rothlin CV, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Rufini A, Ryan KM, Sarosiek KA, Sawa A, Sayan E, Schroder K, Scorrano L, Sesti F, Shao F, Shi Y, Sica GS, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stephanou A, Stockwell BR, Strapazzon F, Strasser A, Sun L, Sun E, Sun Q, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Troy CM, Turk B, Urbano N, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vander Heiden MG, Vanderluit JL, Verkhratsky A, Villunger A, von Karstedt S, Voss AK, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Vuri D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang R, Wang Y, Weber A, Wood W, Yamazaki T, Yang HT, Zakeri Z, Zawacka-Pankau JE, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhivotovsky B, Zhou W, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1097-1154. [PMID: 37100955 PMCID: PMC10130819 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- BIOGEM, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division of Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Lautenberg Center for Immunology & Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Bano
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy and Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- State Key Lab of Oncogene and its related gene, Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Munich, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J Deberardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park-Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- CECAD, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR, 1231, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Anti-cancer Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Oncology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ygal Haupt
- VITTAIL Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudan He
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Janic
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Lab, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- IFOM-ETS The AIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Flavia Novelli
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
- ISEP, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The NIBN, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- University of Leicester, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutics Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Flavie Strapazzon
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carol M Troy
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Department of Oncohaematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Vuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Achim Weber
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biophysics and p53 protein biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Cristofano FRD, Zhang S, Huntington KE, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 5840: Normal fibroblasts, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and their senescent counterparts exert varying effects on tumorigenic potential and ABT-263 sensitivity of gastric cancer cells. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that cancer is not a tumor cell-centric disease. Elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including fibroblasts and senescent cells, have been shown to contribute to tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and therapy resistance, and are therefore major contributors to disease progression. However, this has been complicated by accumulating evidence suggesting that the function of fibroblasts is heterogeneous, with normal fibroblasts (NFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) both promoting or suppressing tumorigenesis and drug sensitivity within different contexts. Moreover, although senescent fibroblasts have been shown to accelerate tumor growth and contribute to therapy resistance, whether phenotypic differences exist between different senescent fibroblasts remains poorly understood. It is clear that additional work must be done to unravel the precise mechanisms by which NFs, CAFs, and their senescent counterparts interact within the tumor microenvironment to modulate tumor cell growth and sensitivity to therapy. Here, we show different NF and CAF lines exert varying effects on AGS gastric cancer cells. We found that when AGS cells are co-cultured with IMR90 lung fibroblasts, they form fewer and smaller colonies (total colony area = 5.14E3 pixels^2) than when cultured alone (total colony area = 2.57E4 pixels^2). On the other hand, colony formation ability is enhanced when AGS cells are co-cultured with GF1 primary gastric fibroblasts (total colony area = 3.56E4 pixels^2), and to a greater extent when cultured with CK4520 (total colony area = 4.59E4 pixels^2) and CK8612 (total colony area = 4.88E4 pixels^2) primary gastric CAFs. We next sought to determine whether these cells modulate AGS sensitivity to ABT-263, a BH3 mimetic that activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by targeting and inhibiting Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. We treated AGS cells with ABT-263 with or without the addition of fibroblast-conditioned medium. We showed that IMR90 cells sensitize AGS cells to ABT-263, with an IC50 shift from 109 nM to 54 nM in AGS cells treated with IMR90-conditioned medium. On the other hand, AGS cells were more resistant to ABT-263 when treated with GF1, CK4520, or CK8612-conditioned medium, with IC50s of 270 nM, 520 nM, and 540 nM, respectively. Ongoing efforts involve expanding these experiments to senescent fibroblasts and conducting cytokine profiles to begin investigating the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. These results contribute to our understanding of tumorigenesis and drug resistance.
Citation Format: Francesca R. Di Cristofano, Shengliang Zhang, Kelsey E. Huntington, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Normal fibroblasts, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and their senescent counterparts exert varying effects on tumorigenic potential and ABT-263 sensitivity of gastric cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5840.
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Xia Y, Zhou L, Zhao S, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3254: Combination of palbociclib, a potent CDK4/6 inhibitor, with anti-PD1 drug pembrolizumab treatment to promote T-cell mediated glioblastoma tumor cell death under hypoxia. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumor, which comprises 47.7% of all cases. The standard treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy using temozolomide. GBM is fast-growing, aggressive, and results in poor overall survival, approximately 40% in the first year and 17% in the second year. Hypoxia, the lack of sufficient oxygen in tissues, is the hallmark of GBM and can induce drug resistance and inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Previous studies show that CDK inhibitors can destabilize HIF1, a key regulator of hypoxia induced apoptosis and p53 stabilization. Palbociclib, a potent oral inhibitor of CD4/6, is undergoing clinical trials for GBM treatment. However, it was not an effective treatment for recurrent GBM when used as alone in a Phase II study. Thus, we are exploring the cytotoxicity of palbociclib in combination with an anti-PD1 drug pembrolizumab, which is proven to be highly effective in other cancer types. Preliminary studies use CellTitlerGLO viability assay to determine the IC50s for Palbociclib at 24, 48, and 72 hours in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Immune cell co-culture, comprising of GBM cell lines plus TALL104 human leukemia T cells, was used to determine the amount of tumor cell death with palbociclib, pembrolizumab and a combination at different time points in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Our results are providing insights into improving immune checkpoint therapy for GBM patients.
Citation Format: Yutong Xia, Lanlan Zhou, Shuai Zhao, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Combination of palbociclib, a potent CDK4/6 inhibitor, with anti-PD1 drug pembrolizumab treatment to promote T-cell mediated glioblastoma tumor cell death under hypoxia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3254.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Xia
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Shuai Zhao
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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MacDonald WJ, Lew S, Huntington KE, Lulla RR, DeNardo BD, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3251: The immunostimulatory effect of 9-ING-41, a small molecule GSK-3 inhibitor, in sarcomas. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the rarity and genomic disparity of soft tissue and bone sarcomas, actionable therapeutic targets have been elusive. However, inhibition of GSK-3β has emerged as a potentially promising therapy that could be of great benefit to pediatric and adult sarcoma patients. Saos-2 osteosarcoma and 93T449 liposarcoma cell lines were pretreated at IC5072 with small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor 9-ING-41 (elraglusib). The cells were harvested for western blot analysis after 48 hours of treatment. Additionally, both cancer cell lines as well as TALL-104 T-cells and NK-92 NK cells were treated with 0.5 μM 9-ING-41 for 24 hours and harvested for Luminex cytokine profiling. The western blots demonstrated an increase in cPARP, an apoptotic marker, in both cancer cell lines after 9-ING-41 treatment. Additionally, an increase in PD-L1 expression was observed. The cytokine analysis revealed stimulation of immune cell activity in response to 9-ING-41. Treated T-cells had an increase in CXCL11, which is associated with T-cell recruitment, as well as an increased level of IL-18, which is shown to induce increased IFN-γ in Th1 cells. Additionally, NK-92 cells demonstrated an increase in IL-8 chemokine and an increase in soluble TRAIL (TRAIL/TNFSF10). The cancer cell lines showed a homogenous increase in growth factor TGF-ɑ, however, only the Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line demonstrated an increase of IL-6. We are further validating the data with follow-up cytokine profiling. The increase in immunostimulatory cytokines as well as the increased expression of PD-L1 suggest a rationale for combining 9-ING-41 with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The potential synergistic effect of these two therapies is currently under investigation with co-culture experiments of sarcoma and immune cells. The treatment cohorts for these experiments include 9-ING-41 combined with either anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-1, or anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our results suggest a promising combination therapeutic strategy for patients with soft tissue and bone sarcomas and future work will strive to better elucidate the mechanisms of efficacy.
Citation Format: William J. MacDonald, Samuel Lew, Kelsey E. Huntington, Rishi R. Lulla, Bradley D. DeNardo, Wafik S. El-Deiry. The immunostimulatory effect of 9-ING-41, a small molecule GSK-3 inhibitor, in sarcomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3251.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Lew
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Tian X, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4959: TIC10/ONC201 activates ClpP to degrade ALAS1 while PG3 does not degrade ALAS1 in pathway to HRI, ATF4 and CHOP activation leading to tumor cell death. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TRAIL-inducing compound TIC10/ONC201 binds and activates mitochondrial protease ClpP leading to integrated stress response (ISR) and ATF4 transcription factor activation. Our lab previously reported that ONC201 activates HRI (heme-regulated inhibitor) kinase but does not signal eIF2-alpha phosphorylation through PERK or GCN2. However, the connection between ClpP activation of HRI remains unknown. PG3, a prodigiosin analog that bypasses a defective p53 pathway potently induces ATF4 and pro-apoptotic PUMA. Our data indicate that PG3 activates ATF4 through ISR via HRI as knockdown of HRI but not PKR blocked upregulation of ATF4 and CHOP in several tumor cell lines. We have been exploring how ClpP activation leads to HRI and ISR activation, and the mechanism by which PG3 leads to HRI activation. We find that activation of HRI by PG3 or ONC201 is not through the OMA1/DELE1◊HRI activation pathway. Moreover, ROS and NO are not responsible for ONC201- or PG3-induced HRI activation. ALAS1 (5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1) catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in heme (Iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. ONC201 treatment leads to potent downregulation and inhibition of ALAS1, indicating that ONC201 inhibits heme biosynthesis. It is well known that reduced heme results in activation of the HRI kinase. We show that an inhibitor of heme biosynthesis or knockdown of ALAS1 results in HRI activation, while knockdown of HRI blocks upregulation of ATF4 by ONC201. Knockdown of ClpP rescues ONC201-induced downregulation of ALAS1 which blocks ONC201-induced upregulation of CHOP. Our studies identify a novel link between ClpP activation induced by ONC201 treatment and ATF4 upregulation, via the ClpP/ALAS1◊HRI◊ATF4/CHOP pathway. However, PG3 does not inhibit ALAS1, reduce its expression or therefore signal through ClpP. PG3 treatment did not lead to degradation of ALAS1, indicating that PG3 does not activate ClpP as ALAS1 is a known ClpP direct substrate. We are further investigating the signaling pathway that leads to PG3-induced activation of HRI. Our results suggest that different small molecule inducers of the ISR such as ONC201 and PG3 can achieve an anti-tumor effect through different pathways involving kinase HRI ultimately leading to ATF4/CHOP activation and tumor cell death.
Citation Format: Xiaobing Tian, Wafik S. El-Deiry. TIC10/ONC201 activates ClpP to degrade ALAS1 while PG3 does not degrade ALAS1 in pathway to HRI, ATF4 and CHOP activation leading to tumor cell death. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4959.
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Uruchurtu ASS, Liguori N, Zhang L, Huntington K, Zhou L, Lee Y, Abbas AE, Azzoli CG, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4909: Molecular analysis of small cell lung cancer provides insights into mechanism of action underlying the novel drug combination of lurbinectedin and TIC10/ONC201. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously explored the combination of novel imipridone TIC10/ONC201 and small molecule RNA polymerase inhibitor lurbinectedin as a potentially effective treatment regimen for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Data from cell viability experiments demonstrated synergistic killing of SCLC cells with minimal death of healthy control cells. Analysis of intracellular proteins via Western blot indicated that combinatorial treatment induces the integrated stress response, DNA damage/cell cycle checkpoint responses, and increased apoptosis of tumor cells. We have utilized the Luminex 200 platform to perform analyses of cytokine levels in SCLC cell lines with various genetic alterations before and after ONC201 and lurbinectedin treatment. Our results revealed significant changes in cytokine levels following treatment indicating potential immunomodulatory and angioregulatory effects of ONC201 and lurbinectedin. CCL3, known to recruit and activate granulocytes, was found to be elevated by treatment with lurbinectedin, ONC201 and combination versus control. Angiopoietin 1, which contributes to blood vessel maturation, and angiopoietin 2, which promotes neovascularisation, were elevated by all drug treatments in H1882 SCLC cells. Our ongoing studies are further analysing the importance of specific cytokines in tumor vascularity and in recruitment and killing of SCLC cells by immune cells. Results from these experiments are helping to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SCLC, its immune landscape, and treatment response.
Citation Format: Ashley Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu, Nicholas Liguori, Leiqing Zhang, Kelsey Huntington, Lanlan Zhou, Young Lee, Abbas E. Abbas, Christopher G. Azzoli, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Molecular analysis of small cell lung cancer provides insights into mechanism of action underlying the novel drug combination of lurbinectedin and TIC10/ONC201. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4909.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leiqing Zhang
- 3Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- 3Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Tummala T, Cruz ADL, Uruchurtu A, Liguori NR, Abbas AE, Zhang L, Azzoli CG, Zhou L, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 2674: Synergistic combinations of lurbinectedin with irinotecan and ONC212 in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a five-year survival rate below 10% according to the American Cancer Society. Novel chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer have shown limited success, illustrating the urgent need for new treatments. Lurbinectedin is a chemotherapeutic synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid that inhibits active transcription by binding to guanine rich sequences in the minor groove of DNA. Lurbinectedin has been shown to reduce oncogenic transcription by stalling and degrading RNA Polymerase II while also inducing single- and double-stranded breaks to DNA, causing subsequent apoptosis. Lurbinectedin received accelerated FDA approval in 2020 for metastatic small cell lung cancer on or after platinum-based chemotherapy and is currently undergoing clinical trials in a variety of tumor types. We recently described a synergistic interaction between lurbinectedin and ONC201/TIC10, a compound that induces the TRAIL pathway, in killing SCLC cell lines associated with activation of p-Chk1 and the integrated stress response. We now demonstrate lurbinectedin’s efficient killing of pancreatic tumor cells as a single agent in PANC-1, BxPC-3, and HPAF-II cell lines, with IC-50s corresponding to sub-nanomolar concentrations. We also demonstrate that a combination of lurbinectedin and irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor with FDA approval for advanced pancreatic cancer, results in synergistic killing of pancreatic tumor cells in vitro. We further demonstrate a combination of lurbinectedin and ONC212, an imipridone, the same class of compounds as ONC201, also results in synergistic killing of pancreatic tumor cells. Cell viability was measured using the CellTiterGlo assay at varying drug concentrations. We hypothesize a combination therapy of lurbinectedin and irinotecan or ONC212 can enhance immune cell killing of pancreatic tumor cells. This is being explored by co-culturing CD8+ T lymphoblast cells with pancreatic tumor cells treated with lurbinectedin, irinotecan, ONC212, and combination, along with molecular mechanisms of cell death and effects on cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. Our results are developing insights regarding molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic efficacy of a novel combination drug treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Citation Format: Tej Tummala, Arielle De La Cruz, Ash Uruchurtu, Nicholas R. Liguori, Abbas E. Abbas, Leiqing Zhang, Christopher G. Azzoli, Lanlan Zhou, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Synergistic combinations of lurbinectedin with irinotecan and ONC212 in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Tummala
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Ash Uruchurtu
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Abbas E. Abbas
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Strandberg JR, Louie A, Hahn M, Srinivasan P, George A, Cruz ADL, Zhang L, Borrero LH, Huntington K, Azzoli C, Abbas AE, Zhou L, Lee S, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4457: Post exposure suppression of radiation pneumonitis by TRAIL pathway agonists TLY012 and ONC201. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Thoracic therapeutic ionizing radiation is limited by toxicities such as pneumonitis and fibrosis of the lungs. Such limitation restricts therapeutic doses and adversely affects patient quality of life while undergoing and following treatment. ONC201/TIC10 is a small-molecule anti-cancer drug that activates the integrated stress response (ISR) and drives the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathway. Pegylated recombinant long-acting TRAIL (TLY012) has been shown in preclinical models to induce the reversal of fibrosis and currently has orphan drug status for systemic sclerosis and chronic pancreatitis. We show a similar effect of both TLY012 and ONC201 in vivo in protecting from radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis of the lungs. WT and TRAIL-/- C57Bl/6 mice receiving a single 20 Gy thoracic radiation dose with shielding of other organs and treated with 10 mg/kg of TLY012 twice a week showed a significantly reduced alveolar wall thickness and lessened inflammation compared to controls and DR5-/- mice receiving the same treatment upon histological analysis of the lungs conducted 13 days post-irradiation. WT and TRAIL-/- C57Bl/6 mice treated with 100 mg/kg of ONC201 once a week showed similar effect to a lesser extent. Further analysis in C57Bl/6 WT mice bearing orthotopic mammary fat pad e0771 TNBC tumors similarly receiving a single 20 Gy thoracic radiation dose revealed the same pattern of protection from radiation pneumonitis upon TRAIL-pathway agonism through treatment with TLY012 and ONC201 both in combination and alone, while also showing a significant reduction in tumor burden at the experimental endpoint (day 9 post-irradiation) in the combination treated mice. Further, pulse oximetry readings of the hind paw revealed a notable reduction in oxygen saturation in all mice except those treated with TLY012. Cytokinomic profiling of mouse serum upon sacrifice revealed a significant reduction in CCL22/MDC levels in the TLY012 cohort. Additional post-hoc analysis including immunophenotyping, immunostaining, and bulk RNA analysis through Nanostring nCounter technologies is underway. Altogether, these findings suggest a role for TLY012, ONC201, or broader modulation of the TRAIL/DR5 pathway in mitigating adverse effects and outcomes of therapeutic radiation, and may serve as a foundation for safer use of radiation in the clinic.
Citation Format: Jillian R. Strandberg, Anna Louie, Marina Hahn, Praveen Srinivasan, Andrew George, Arielle De La Cruz, Leiqing Zhang, Liz Hernandez Borrero, Kelsey Huntington, Christopher Azzoli, Abbas E. Abbas, Lanlan Zhou, Seulki Lee, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Post exposure suppression of radiation pneumonitis by TRAIL pathway agonists TLY012 and ONC201. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4457.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Louie
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Marina Hahn
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Andrew George
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Leiqing Zhang
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | | | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Cruz ADL, Srinivasan PR, George A, Prabhu VV, Pinho-Schwermann MP, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4786: Imipridones induce lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Colorectal and pancreatic cancer collectively comprise 20% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States. Despite therapeutic advancements, the current standard of care often results in significant toxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficacious novel therapies. The imipridones, ONC201/TIC10, ONC206, and ONC212, are novel small-molecules that bind mitochondrial ClpP and induce activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling, and oxidative stress. Each has previously demonstrated antitumor effects in a variety of preclinical in vitro and in vivo cancer subtypes, including colorectal cancer, with limited toxicity. Reactive oxidation species (ROS) are natural biproducts of cellular oxidative metabolism and play important roles in the modulation of cell death pathways, differentiation, and immune response. Using varying doses of ONC201, ONC206, and ONC212, we observed increased lipid peroxidation in several colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines using the C-11 BODIPY assay which measures lipid-specific peroxides. Lipid peroxidation was reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1, suggesting that in addition to inducing apoptosis, imipridones may be involved in ferroptosis induction. Future directions include mechanistic work, investigation of the effect of imipridone-induced lipid peroxidation on immune cell cytotoxicity, and understanding the relative importance of lipid peroxidation in the clinical efficacy of imipridones.
Citation Format: Arielle De La Cruz, Praveen R. Srinivasan, Andrew George, Varun V. Prabhu, Maximilian P. Pinho-Schwermann, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Imipridones induce lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in gastrointestinal malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4786.
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Zhou L, Zhang L, Carlsen L, Huntington KE, Tajiknia V, George A, De La Cruz A, Navaraj A, Srinivasan P, Schwermann M, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 6706: Co-culture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)-derived 3D organoids and autologous cytotoxic CD8+ T cells: A new functional precision oncology platform. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Greater than 10 million patients succumb to cancer each year. Cancer metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of all cancer-associated deaths due to treatment resistance and increased tumor burden. As a seed for metastases, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) present a new dimension and horizon for clinical doctors in diagnosis, prognosis prediction, treatment monitoring, disease mechanism, and drug development. CTCs could gradually replace tissue biopsies which are painful and may be difficult to obtain depending on tumor location. CTC isolation is feasible after minimally invasive liquid biopsy and provides the basis for a multitude of ex vivo and in vivo studies including establishment of CTCs-derived 2D and 3D cultures. Organoids are miniscule models of tissues that grow in a 3D semisolid extracellular matrix medium with specific growth factors supplied. CTCs-derived 3D organoids play a vital role in precision oncology because they can preserve tumor heterogeneity, imitate the tumor microenvironment (TME), mimic cancer hypoxia in the TME, and maintain cancer and metastasis phenotypes. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are the most powerful effectors in the anticancer immune response. We hypothesized that co-culture of CTCs-derived 3D organoids and autologous cytotoxic CD8+ T cells could maximize patient-relevance of laboratory assessment of cancer-treatment immune-system interactions to facilitate precision oncology practice. TellBio’s novel TellDx CTC technology allows for isolation of viable and intact CTCs in liquid biopsies, regardless of cancer type. Unlabeled CTCs were cultured in growth factor reduced Matrigel with organoid culture WENRAS medium. Magnetic beads labeled white blood cells (WBCs) were cultured with T cell culture medium - WBCs and magnetic beads usually separate in three days - cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were isolated with the EasySep™ Human CD8+ T Cell Isolation Kit. CTCs-derived 3D organoids and autologous cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were co-cultured with or without different drug treatments - cytotoxicity was measured with CellTiterGlo® 3D Cell Viability Assay and imaging, and further mechanistic studies were feasible. Our co-culture platform enables us to utilize a patient's peripheral blood or pleural effusions to create a patient-specific, in vivo-like TME and immune microenvironment to model and assess ex vivo responses to investigational and FDA-cleared cancer therapies, and potentially provide oncologists with insights to improve clinical outcomes.
Citation Format: Lanlan Zhou, Leiqing Zhang, Lindsey Carlsen, Kelsey E. Huntington, Vida Tajiknia, Andrew George, Arielle De La Cruz, Arunasalam Navaraj, Praveen Srinivasan, Maximilian Schwermann, Benedito A. Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Co-culture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)-derived 3D organoids and autologous cytotoxic CD8+ T cells: A new functional precision oncology platform [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhou
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Vida Tajiknia
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Andrew George
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Huntington KE, Schorl C, Lu S, Newhouse D, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 5636: Multiplex digital spatial profiling (DSP) of proteins in the tumor microenvironment in response to GSK-3 inhibition by 9-ING-41 (elraglusib) correlates with novel immunostimulatory effects observed in vivo. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase with key roles in myriad biological processes such as tumor progression, and inhibition of GSK-3 using the small molecule elraglusib has shown promising preclinical antitumor activity in multiple tumor types. Our preclinical experiments showed that elraglusib treatment increased tumor cell PD-L1 expression, downregulated angiogenic and immunosuppressive signaling pathways, and increased anti-tumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent studies showed that several circulating factors were predictive of response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and GSK-3 inhibition in a murine model of colorectal cancer. To determine the translational relevance of our prior results we evaluated tumor biopsies and plasma samples from patients with refractory solid tumors of multiple tissue origins enrolled in a Phase 1 clinical trial investigating elraglusib (NCT03678883). Plasma samples were collected from patients at baseline and 24 hours post-IV administration of elraglusib and were analyzed using Luminex technology. Paired FFPE tumor biopsies from patients with colorectal or pancreatic cancer before and after treatment were selected to analyze the tumor microenvironment using NanoString GeoMx DSP technology. The region of interest (ROI) selection strategy focused on mixed tumor and immune cell segments and ROIs were segmented using panCK+ and CD45+ morphology stains. Cytokine analysis revealed that elevated baseline plasma levels of IL-1 beta and reduced levels of VEGF correlated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). PFS was also found to be positively correlated with elevated plasma levels of immunostimulatory analytes such as Granzyme B, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 at 24 hours post-treatment with elraglusib. CD45+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells had lower expression of VISTA, PD-1, and IDO-1 inhibitory checkpoint proteins and higher expression of OX40L and B7-H3 stimulatory checkpoint proteins in post-treatment biopsies as compared to pre-treatment biopsies. Moreover, time-on-study length negatively correlated with CD39 expression in PanCK+ segments and positively correlated with CD163 expression in CD45+ segments. This ongoing study, to our knowledge, represents the first digital spatial analysis of tumor biopsies from patients treated with elraglusib. These novel circulating biomarkers of response to GSK-3 inhibition could provide significant clinical utility and the spatial proteomics data may give us insights into the immunomodulatory mechanisms of GSK-3 inhibition.
Citation Format: Kelsey E. Huntington, Christoph Schorl, Shaolei Lu, Daniel Newhouse, Benedito A. Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Multiplex digital spatial profiling (DSP) of proteins in the tumor microenvironment in response to GSK-3 inhibition by 9-ING-41 (elraglusib) correlates with novel immunostimulatory effects observed in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5636.
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Cruz ADL, George A, Cruz PDL, Pinho-Schwermann MP, Meza KS, Arnoff T, Sahin I, Graff SL, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3952: Preclinical anti-tumor effects of MDM4/MDMX inhibitor XI-006 in breast cancer and prostate cancer cell lines mediated through reduced tumor cell migration. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4/MDMX have emerged as potential mediators of tumor progression, organ-specific metastasis, and hyper-progression after immune checkpoint blockade therapy. While there are currently a number of MDM2 inhibitors in clinical trials, we found no pure MDM4/MDMX inhibitors under clinical investigation. Because hormone-resistant cancers pose a significant challenge for clinical intervention, the identification of translatable novel therapeutic targets remains an important goal. Analysis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) reveals overexpression of p53 negative regulator MDM4/MDMX as a frequent alteration in these cancers. There is an urgent need to study and target MDM4/MDMX in cancer therapy and this may ultimately include dual MDM2 and MDM4/MDMX inhibitors. However, it is clear that MDM4/MDMX is a primary oncogenic driver that requires specific therapeutic targeting. As metastasis is often observed clinically in patients diagnosed with breast and prostate cancer, we sought to expand our understanding of the metastasis reduction potential of a previously described preclinical MDM4/MDMX inhibitor, a 4-nitrobenzofuroxan derivative, XI-006 (NSC207895). In a scratch assay using breast and prostate cancer cell lines, increasing doses of XI-006 decreased tumor cell migration in a time and dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the benefit of MDMX inhibition in preventing the induction of tumor cell migration. The exact mechanism of this result remains unclear, and further investigation is needed to elucidate the impact of XI-006 on TNBC and CRPC cell proliferation and migration. Our future directions include identifying the synergistic potential of combining MDM4/MDMX inhibitor XI-006 with other cancer therapies, assessing the impact of XI-006 on immune responses in co-culture studies, and testing therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
Citation Format: Arielle De La Cruz, Andrew George, Payton De La Cruz, Maximilian P. Pinho-Schwermann, Kimberly S. Meza, Taylor Arnoff, Ilyas Sahin, Stephanie L. Graff, Benedito A. Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Preclinical anti-tumor effects of MDM4/MDMX inhibitor XI-006 in breast cancer and prostate cancer cell lines mediated through reduced tumor cell migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3952.
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El-Deiry WS. Targeting Mutated p53: Naivete and Enthusiasm to Attempt the Impossible. Cancer Res 2023; 83:979-982. [PMID: 37014041 PMCID: PMC10071817 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor TP53 is an important gene in human cancer because it is mutated in the majority of tumors, leading to loss-of-function or gain-of-function phenotypes. Mutated TP53 acts like an oncogene, driving cancer progression and causing poor patient outcomes. The role of mutated p53 in cancer has been known for over three decades, yet there is no FDA-approved drug to address the problem. This brief historical perspective highlights some of the insightful advances as well as challenges in therapeutic targeting of p53, especially the mutated forms. The article focuses on a functional p53 pathway restoration approach to drug discovery that years ago was not mainstream, encouraged by anyone, taught in textbooks, or embraced by medicinal chemists. With some knowledge, a clinician scientist's interest, and motivation, the author pursued a unique line of investigation leading to insights for functional bypass of TP53 mutations in human cancer. Like mutated Ras proteins, mutant p53 is fundamentally important as a therapeutic target in cancer and probably deserves a "p53 initiative" like the NCI's "Ras initiative." There is a link between naivete and enthusiasm for pursuing difficult problems, but important solutions are discovered through hard work and persistence. Hopefully, some benefit comes to patients with cancer from such drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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El-Deiry WS, George A, Cristofano FD, Srinivasan P, Carlsen L, Huntington KE, Cruz ADL, Zhang L, Hahn M, Zhao S, Seyhan A, DeNardo BD, Maxwell AW, Kim DH, Raufi A, Khan H, Graff SL, Dizon DS, Azzoli C, Abbas AE, Wood R, Lulla RR, Safran HP, Carneiro BA, Navaraj A, Tian X, Zhang S, Zhou L. Abstract 4185: Inclusive basic and advanced translational laboratory research competencies for research in cancer biology and therapeutics. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Our Laboratory was established in 1994 at Univ. of Pennsylvania. Lab members demonstrated initial competencies by performing cell culture, western blots, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry showing induction of p53/p21(WAF1) in cells treated with chemotherapy. Years later, our Laboratory of Translational Oncology & Experimental Cancer Therapeutics moved to Penn State Univ., Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple Univ. and then Brown Univ. By 2020, with desire for inclusiveness (everyone succeeds), scientific rigor/reproducibility mandated by NIH, and as a training and mentoring activity (lab scientists/trainees/students mentoring others at High School level and beyond), we established a process for onboarding and training new cancer researchers. By Fall of 2022, there were 17 current Brown University undergraduate students (10 receiving research credit and 7 not receiving credit), HS students, 7 graduate students (PhD, masters, MD/PhD), and 6 medical students working with collaborating faculty at our laboratory at Brown’s Legorreta Cancer Center. After completion of biosafety training, and required trainings such as by IACUC, new lab members complete basic competencies in cell culture, cell viability, and western blot analysis that include technical, presentation quality output, and quantitative/statistical rigor to satisfy current standards for journal publication. For cell culture this includes pathogen free conditions, authentication, attention to details of routine procedures, documentation of morphology, freezing, thawing, passaging, seeding density, and managing cell populations to not run out of cells. Cell viability assessment includes attention to culture conditions, synergy analysis, data robustness, and presentation, and for western blots attention to quality of blots, protein quantification, loading, labeling, antibody specificity and sensitivity controls, presentation at 2022 standards, conventions for splicing, and issues with reproducibility including biological replicates, and generalizability. Additional and advanced competencies include RT-PCR, long-term colony assays, 3-D cultures (spheroids, organoids), transfection (overexpression, knockdown, CRISPR), co-culture and triculture with immune cells and fibroblasts, cytokine profiling, in vivo studies, in vivo imaging, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, single cell techniques, viral infection, circulating tumor cell isolation, blood immune and cytokine analysis, and work with transgenic organoids and inducible cancer predisposing alleles. Modeling the tumor microenvironment, relevance to human cancer and translational directions are emphasized. Shared online lab resources, protocols, practices, videos, and manuscripts are available for lab members. The framework herein may be of interest to others involved in similar training programs.
Citation Format: Wafik S. El-Deiry, Andrew George, Francesca Di Cristofano, Praveen Srinivasan, Lindsey Carlsen, Kelsey E. Huntington, Arielle De La Cruz, Leiqing Zhang, Marina Hahn, Shuai Zhao, Attila Seyhan, Bradley D. DeNardo, Aaron W. Maxwell, Dae Hee Kim, Alex Raufi, Hina Khan, Stephanie L. Graff, Don S. Dizon, Christopher Azzoli, Abbas E. Abbas, Roxanne Wood, Rishi R. Lulla, Howard P. Safran, Benedito A. Carneiro, Arunasalam Navaraj, Xiaobing Tian, Shengliang Zhang, Lanlan Zhou. Inclusive basic and advanced translational laboratory research competencies for research in cancer biology and therapeutics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4185.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew George
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Lindsey Carlsen
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Leiqing Zhang
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Marina Hahn
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Shuai Zhao
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Attila Seyhan
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Dae Hee Kim
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alex Raufi
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Hina Khan
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Don S. Dizon
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Abbas E. Abbas
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Roxanne Wood
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Rishi R. Lulla
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | | | - Xiaobing Tian
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Srinivasan PR, Zhang S, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4070: Engineering TRAIL-expressing immune cells to target GI malignancies. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While adoptive cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have had promising results in hematologic malignancies, their translation to solid tumors has been mostly unsuccessful. A significant limitation to use of adoptive cell therapy in solid tumors has been life-threatening off-target toxicities, including acute respiratory toxicity and cytokine release syndrome. The native T cell program releases a diverse range of toxic proteins upon activation, including interferons, interleukins, perforins, and granzymes. Rather than activate the native T-cell program, selective expression of tumor-targeting agents may be advantageous. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to selectively target tumor cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. We therefore engineered Jurkat (a human CD4+ T cell leukemia cell line) and THP-1 (a human monocytic leukemia cell line) cells to constitutively express wild-type TRAIL using a third-generation lentivirus system. These cells killed multiple cell lines across colorectal and pancreatic cancer, thus representing a possible therapeutic strategy to target GI malignancies. Furthermore, the addition of the ferroptosis induced erastin enhanced cytotoxicity of TRAIL-engineered cells, suggesting that targeting ferroptosis in addition to apoptosis is a promising strategy for enhancing immune killing. Future work will focus on overcoming TRAIL resistance, tumor trafficking, and alteration of the tumor microenvironment.
Citation Format: Praveen R. Srinivasan, Shengliang Zhang, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Engineering TRAIL-expressing immune cells to target GI malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4070.
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George A, Cruz ADL, Zhang S, Sahin I, Srinivasan P, Schwermann M, Turcotte M, Arnoff T, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3929: MDMX overexpression in cancer cells confers significant resistance to MDMX inhibitor XI-006 and may modulate chemosensitivity through suppressing p53 activation of pro-apoptotic factors. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MDM2 inhibition has gained popularity in recent years as a therapeutic strategy in targeting both solid tumors and hematological malignancies, and several small molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 binding interface have progressed into clinical trials in recent years. Alongside direct stabilization of p53, MDM2 has further been identified to have immune implications in terms of CD8+ T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity and checkpoint-blockade therapies. However, little work has been done to explore the therapeutic targeting potential of related protein MDMX (MDM4). Pan-cancer analyses conducted by our lab (in part presented at the ASCO 2022 Annual Meeting) identify an important role of MDMX in several tumor types. Particularly, MDMX amplification is associated with a higher risk of brain and liver metastasis, and MDMX amplification itself also presents with significant frequency (10%) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Notably, MDMX amplification also served as a better predictor of reduced overall survival in NSCLC following checkpoint-blockade. We have also previously reported on associations between MDMX amplification and CDKN2A deep deletions in melanoma, a predictor of favorable response to checkpoint blockade. Such findings establish the need for further exploration to be done and the role of MDMX both in cell phenotype and potential immune regulation to be better characterized. Preliminary data acquired from transient overexpression experiments using lipofection of MDMX cDNA and MDMX inhibitor XI-006 (NSC207895) alone and in combination with chemotherapy further supports the viability of MDMX-inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in several cell lines. Overexpression of MDMX in HCT116 p53WT cells demonstrably confers remarkable resistance to MDMX inhibitor XI-006 at a 72-hour timepoint (IC50 of 104.75 uM in overexpressing cells versus 29.03 uM in WT), and treatment with oxaliplatin reveals both reduced basal and post-treatment expression of p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). Further mechanistic workup of this phenomenon is underway, particularly with an emphasis on immuno-oncological therapeutic translations. Altogether, initial findings ultimately establish the need for further investigation into the mechanistic basis of MDMX-correlated clinical outcomes and the therapeutic potential of MDMX inhibition.
Citation Format: Andrew George, Arielle De La Cruz, Shengliang Zhang, Ilyas Sahin, Praveen Srinivasan, Maximilian Schwermann, Morgan Turcotte, Taylor Arnoff, Wafik S. El-Deiry. MDMX overexpression in cancer cells confers significant resistance to MDMX inhibitor XI-006 and may modulate chemosensitivity through suppressing p53 activation of pro-apoptotic factors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3929.
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Zhang L, Carlsen L, Zhou L, Borrero LH, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 165: Establishment and characterization of Vogelgram-mimic colorectal cancer organoids as a laboratory tool. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a deadly disease with a 14% five-year survival rate once it metastasizes. The development of colorectal cancer involves a stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations in APC, KRAS, DCC, and p53 that is often described as a “Vogelgram,” named after the Vogelstein laboratory which laid the groundwork for our understanding of the molecular events leading to colorectal cancer. Organoids are a highly physiologically relevant laboratory tool that can provide valuable information regarding the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe ex vivo establishment of APC fl/fl, CRE+, KRAS G12D +/-, P53 fl/fl colorectal organoids, which behave normally before tamoxifen treatment but acquire malignant behaviors after tamoxifen-induced loss of APC and p53. Colonic crypts from mice with colon-specific expression of APC fl/fl, CRE+, KRAS G12D +/-, P53 fl/fl were isolated and grown in Matrigel and WENRAS medium following the Organoid Core Facility protocol of the Legorreta Cancer Center. Western blot was used to measure levels of KRAS, KRAS G12D, APC, and p53 after 12 days of tamoxifen treatment and images were taken after 6 days of tamoxifen treatment. The organoid growth medium was collected after 3-4 days of incubation and run on the Luminex 200 platform to measure the levels of 50+ cytokines. Organoids were embedded in OCT and cryosectioned for IF staining with p53, p21, Ki67 and Lgr5 antibodies. IF stained organoid slides were imaged by confocal microscope at 40X magnification. Tamoxifen treatment (12 days) induces overexpression of KRAD G12D protein, reduces expression of APC, and abolishes p53 expression. At day 6, distinct morphological changes indicate malignant transformation. This transformation was accompanied by a trend toward decreased BAFF and CCL20. H&E staining revealed clearly visible intra-organoid structures and florescent labeling of Ki67, Lgr5, and p21 visualized by confocal microscope revealed distinct localization of these proteins within the organoid structures. Here, we describe Vogelgram-mimicking organoids that may be used as a valuable laboratory tool to study the processes involved in the stepwise transformation into colorectal cancer. We plan to use this validated system to evaluate drug sensitivity, cytokine secretion, and immune cell interactions along colorectal cancer progression. We also plan to characterize cell populations with single-cell RNA-seq, establish triangulated cultures, and conduct in vivo studies using this transgenic mouse model.
Citation Format: Leiqing Zhang, Lindsey Carlsen, Lanlan Zhou, Liz Hernandez Borrero, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Establishment and characterization of Vogelgram-mimic colorectal cancer organoids as a laboratory tool [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 165.
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Xia Y, Schwermann MP, George A, Ochsner A, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 1070: The anti-tumor efficacy of combining oral ATR kinase inhibitor ceralasertib with TIC10/ONC201, an oral Akt/ERK inhibitor, TRAIL pathway and integrated stress response inducer, in prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. There are 268,490 estimated new cases and 34,500 estimated deaths in 2022 according to the NIH. Patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have a poor prognosis and the current treatment options show limited efficacy. From the TRAP trial, 20% of mCRPC patients are reported to bear DNA repair defects. Ceralasertib, formerly known as AZD6738, is a potent and selective orally bioavailable inhibitor of the ataxia tenlangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, which is involved in DNA repair in response to DNA damage and replication stress. Ceralasertib’s antitumor activity as a monotherapy in treating prostate cancer is moderate. Thus, we investigated a combination therapy of ceralasertib with ONC201, a potent and cytotoxic orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Upon administration, ONC201 can induce tumor cell apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and activate integrated stress response (IRS). Preliminary results demonstrate synergistic activity with the combination therapy in vitro using CellTiterGLO viability assay 72 hours in a 96 well plate post treatment. Ongoing studies using western blotting and cytokine profiling are intended to illustrate the mechanism behind the proven synergy. Our results aim to solve the overarching need in developing novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance in current prostate cancer treatments.
Citation Format: Yutong Xia, Maximilian P. Schwermann, Andrew George, Anna Ochsner, Benedito A. Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. The anti-tumor efficacy of combining oral ATR kinase inhibitor ceralasertib with TIC10/ONC201, an oral Akt/ERK inhibitor, TRAIL pathway and integrated stress response inducer, in prostate cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1070.
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Zhang Y, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 2671: Imipridones ONC201 and ONC206 reduce expression of neogenin and EZH1/2 which correlate with synergy following their combination with EZH1/2 or HDAC inhibitors in treatment of DMG and other tumors. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Imipridones are a family of small molecule compounds including ONC201, ONC206 and ONC212 with anti-cancer activity mediated in part through activation of the integrated stress response, induction of TRAIL and its receptor, DR5, and activation of mitochondrial caseinolytic protease ClpP with consequent impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. Early clinical data have indicated that ONC201 provides clinical benefit in a subset of patients with histone H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline glioma (DMG). The H3K27M mutation prevents the function of EZH2 in methylating H3K27 on the mutated protein. This phenomenon implicates H3K27M and EZH2 in the mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of ONC201. EZH1 is a homolog of EZH2 and forms an alternative for EZH2 in assembling the PRC2 complex. We investigated the effects of ONC201, ONC206 or ONC212 on EZH1/2 by treating DMG cells and a panel of other solid tumor cells including GBM, DMG, CRC, PDAC, SCLC, prostate cancer, HCC and breast cancer cells with ONC201, ONC206 or ONC212. We observed that imipridones inhibit expression of both EZH1 and EZH2 in these tumors. RNA-seq analysis and RT-PCR showed no regulation of EZH1/2 at the level of transcription after ONC201 treatment. Linear regression revealed a correlation between extent of EZH1/2 inhibition and extent of cell viability suppression by ONC201 thereby providing further rationale for the combination of ONC201 and EZH1/2 inhibitors or HDAC inhibitors. We combined ONC201 or ONC206 or ONC212 plus a dual EZH1/2 inhibitor or the triple combination of ONC201, EZH2i and HDACi in DMG, GBM, prostate cancer and SCLC cells for 72 hours, performed a CellTiterGlo assay and observed synergies. The effective combination index (CI) of ONC201 plus tazemetostat ranges 0.04-0.64 in SU-DIPG-25 and 0.55-0.84 in SU-DIPG-13 DMG cells. The effective CI of ONC206 plus tazemetostat and panobinostat ranges 0.27-0.77 in U251 GBM and 0.11-0.71 in SU-DIPG-13 DMG cells. The effective CI of ONC201 plus dual EZH1/2 inhibitor, valemetostat, ranges 0.44-0.89 in H1048 SCLC cells, 0.14-0.90 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and 0.13-0.79 in SNB19 GBM cells. The effective CI of ONC212 plus valemetostat ranges 0.33-0.83 in 22Rv1. The synergy in inducing apoptosis was demonstrated by immunoblotting of cleaved-PARP. We also observed that ONC201 or ONC206 inhibit neogenin which is associated with invasion of DMG in SU-DIPG-13 cells. We conclude that ONC201 inhibits EZH1/2 in tumor cells and also neogenin in DMG cells. Inhibition of these proteins may play roles in the anti-cancer effect of ONC201. The synergies between ONC201 and EZH1/2 or HDAC inhibitors provide clues for developing novel therapy for the mentioned tumors. Overexpression of EZH2 is in process to elucidate the role of EZH2 in the mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of ONC201.
Citation Format: Yiqun Zhang, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Imipridones ONC201 and ONC206 reduce expression of neogenin and EZH1/2 which correlate with synergy following their combination with EZH1/2 or HDAC inhibitors in treatment of DMG and other tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2671.
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Ghandali M, Huntington KE, Srinivasan P, Dizon DS, Graff SL, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 1066: PARP inhibitor rucaparib in combination with imipridones ONC201 or ONC212 demonstrates preclinical synergy against BRCA1/2-deficient breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BRCA1/2 genes encode proteins that mediate homologous recombination and repair (HRR). BRCA1/2 mutations increase risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and other cancers. BRCA1/2 mutated tumor cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi), that cause DNA replication fork to collapse. Approximately 40% of patients develop PARPi resistance through different mechanisms. One of the mechanisms of PARPi resistance is through P13k/Akt pathway activation. Imipridones are TRAIL-inducing compounds which are PERK-independent activators of the integrated stress response, and dual inhibitors of Akt/ERK. We hypothesized that combining imipridones with PARPi would overcome PARPi resistance due to Akt activation. PARPi also sensitize various solid tumors to recombinant TRAIL and DR5 agonist antibodies thereby further suggesting possible synergies between imipridones and PARPi. Our lab previously showed efficacy of imipridone ONC201 in BRCA-deficient cancer cells and potential synergy with olaparib (2017 AACR annual meeting abstract), without further investigating potential synergistic mechanisms. We explored combination drug synergy of rucaparib (PARP inhibitor) and imipridones (ONC212 and ONC201) in BRCA1/2-deficient breast, ovarian and prostate cancer cell lines. CellTiterGLO viability assays were performed after 72 hours to demonstrate synergistic effects of combination treatment. Western blots were performed to investigate the effect of combination treatment on the Akt pathway, as well as expression of cellular metabolic stress protein ATF4. Cytokine profiling using the Luminex 200 technology was used to study the effect of treatment on the tumor microenvironment. Combination treatment (rucaparib and ONC212, rucaparib and ONC201) in BRCA–deficient cell lines (HCC1937, PEO1, KURAMOCHI, 22RV1, LNCAP) showed synergistic reduction in cell viability. In the HCC 1937 cell line, combination studies of rucaparib-ONC212 and rucaparib-ONC201 showed a synergystic effect, as calculated by Compusyn software, combination indexes below one were observed at concentration of 0.29-37.5 of µM rucaparib with ONC201 at 1.25-5 µM and ONC212 6.25-50 nM with the best combination index of 0.7 for rucaparib-ONC201 combination and 0.31 for rucaparib-ONC212. We similarly observed synergy in other cell lines with combination treatment. Western blot analysis of rucaparib-ONC212 combination showed total Akt protein reduction and an increase in ATF4 consistent with the synergistic effects. Further studies are ongoing to characterize possible mechanisms and effects of PARP inhibitor-imipridone combination treatment on immune-mediated killing. Our findings identify novel PARP inhibitor-imipridone therapy combinations that can be further developed for treatment of BRCA1/2 deficient cancers.
Citation Format: Maryam Ghandali, Kelsey E. Huntington, praveen Srinivasan, Don S. Dizon, Stephanie L. Graff, Benedito A. Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. PARP inhibitor rucaparib in combination with imipridones ONC201 or ONC212 demonstrates preclinical synergy against BRCA1/2-deficient breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghandali
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Don S. Dizon
- 1Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Zhao S, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4812: Inhibition of Smurf2 E3 ubiquitin ligase by heclin and its analogues enhances HIF-1α expression and transcriptional activity in normoxia or hypoxia. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) act as transcription factors and play an essential role in cellular and systemic responses to low oxygen environments. HIF-1α expression is induced in acute hypoxia typically through failure of its ubiquitination and degradation mediated by Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). Previously we discovered a non-canonical mechanism where the SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (Smurf2) promotes the ubiquitination of HIF-1α and reduces HIF-1α level in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Smurf2 is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase known to interact with Smad proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Overexpression of Smurf2 decreased HIF-1α expression in HCT116 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells under hypoxia as well as in RCC4 VHL-deficient kidney renal clear cell carcinoma cells under normoxia. Treatment with MG132 at least partially rescued the expression of HIF-1α following Smurf2 overexpression, indicating involvement of proteasome-dependent degradation in Smurf2-mediated HIF-1α destabilization. Knockdown of SMURF2 increased HIF-1α expression under normoxia in HCT116 and RCC4 cells. To investigate the effect of Smurf2 inhibition, we tested a selective reversible inhibitor of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, heclin, along with its analogues, PYR-41, C646 and 4E1RCat. Treatment with heclin increased HIF-1α expression in HCT116 under hypoxia as well as in SW480 and RCC4 cells under normoxia in a dose-dependent manner. PYR-41 elevated the level of HIF-1α level in HCT116 cells under hypoxia, in RCC4 cells under normoxia and in SW480 cells under both normoxia and hypoxia. To examine the effect on HIF transcriptional activity, we performed luciferase reporter assay using plasmids containing the hypoxia response element (HRE) from the PGK1 promoter and the VEGF promoter, respectively. PYR-41 induced transcriptional activity on PGK1-HRE in both HCT116 and SW480 cells. 4E1RCat robustly activated transcription on both VEGF-HRE and PGK1-HRE in HCT116 and SW480 cells. In summary, Smurf2 targets HIF-1α for ubiquitination and degradation independently of oxygen concentration and inhibition of Smurf2 to stimulate HIF activity under normoxia or hypoxia may be beneficial in pathological circumstances featuring anemia and hypoxemia.
Citation Format: Shuai Zhao, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Inhibition of Smurf2 E3 ubiquitin ligase by heclin and its analogues enhances HIF-1α expression and transcriptional activity in normoxia or hypoxia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4812.
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Ding EC, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3734: Neuroendocrine differentiation (ND) in sensitivity of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cells to ONC201/TIC10 cancer therapeutic. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) harbor neuroendocrine differentiation (ND) with specific markers including protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and Chromogranin A (CgA). In prostate cancers (PC), ND is induced by BRN2/SOX2 transcription factors. NET-like cells with low or absent androgen receptor (AR) signaling cause hormone therapy resistance and poor prognosis in PC. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), a high-grade NET, presents with metastasis early and has poor survival. ONC201/TIC10 is a small molecule inducer of TRAIL signaling in clinical trials. ONC201 antagonizes dopamine D2 or D3 receptors (DRD2/DRD3) and is an agonist of mitochondrial caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) resulting in activation of DR5/TRAIL-dependent apoptosis involving the integrated stress response (ISR). ONC201 is active in various malignancies including H3K27M-mutated glioma and NETs expressing high levels of DRD2. We hypothesized that altered BRN2/SOX2 may impact NET apoptosis by ONC201 through the ISR and TRAIL/DR5. We analyzed the expression of neuroendocrine markers PGP9.5, CgA, SOX2, and BRN2, as well as markers of TRAIL signaling pathway markers ATF4, DR5, ClpP, ClpX, and DRD2/DRD3 in PC and SCLC cell lines (N=6) ± treatment with ONC201. Specifically, we compared pre-treatment protein expression levels with the IC50. Our results reveal that DU145 (IC50=3.11μM), PC3 (IC50=3.02μM), and LNCaP (IC50=1.33μM) are ONC201 sensitive. H1417 SCLC expresses CgA, unlike PC3 and DU145. PGP9.5 is expressed in these lines. PGP9.5 is expressed in PC3, DU145, H1417, and H1048 but not in LNCaP and 22RV1. BRN2 is expressed in PC3, H1417, and H1048 but not DU145, LNCaP, or 22RV1. ClpX is expressed in all 6 lines but at lower levels in SCLC. ClpP is expressed in the 6 lines. DR5 is expressed at higher levels in PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22RV1 PC versus H1417 and H1048 SCLC. SOX2 is expressed at high levels in H1417 cells. These results are establishing the landscape of ND in PC and SCLC lines for further experimentation and testing of our hypothesis. To characterize the association of BRN2 dysregulation with ONC201 sensitivity, we are performing BRN2/SOX2 knockdown experiments using siRNA and evaluating effects towards ONC201 sensitivity. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms of ND in PC and SCLC sensitivity to ONC201. We are also currently working to overexpress BRN2 and SOX2 in cell lines to analyze the impact on neuroendocrine differentiation and ONC201 sensitivity.
Citation Format: Elizabeth C. Ding, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Neuroendocrine differentiation (ND) in sensitivity of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cells to ONC201/TIC10 cancer therapeutic. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3734.
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Zhang Y, Huntington K, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 4898: Imipridones and EZH2 inhibitors induce similar changes in cytokines and regulated genes in GBM and DMG while vorinostat potentiates anti-tumor efficacy despite variability in cytokine profiles. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TIC10/ONC201 and ONC206 are small molecule imipridones with anti-cancer activity. ONC201, EZH2i and HDACi can modulate tumor microenvironment (TME) and antitumor immunity. We studied the impact of these drugs or their combinations on the TME or tumor immunity by investigating cytokine profiles. We treated U251 GBM and HCT116 CRC cells with vorinostat and found upregulation of CXCL11, CXCL14, INF-γ and TRAIL, and downregulation of prolactin, CXCL9, VEGF and CCL2 in U251. CXCL11 promotes anti-tumor immunity by increasing activated CD8+ T cells in tumors but was associated with metastasis of GBM. CXCL13 induces tertiary lymphoid structures and enhances infiltration of CD8+ T cells in tumors. INF-γ enhances antigen presentation and promotes activation of NK cells. Vorinostat upregulated the secretion of pro-immune cytokines and TRAIL which induces tumor apoptosis. Downregulated cytokines in U251 were prolactin, CXCL9 involved in tumor growth and metastasis, VEGF, and CCL2 involved in immunosuppression in GBM. Cytokines upregulated in HCT116 included IL-8 contributing to CRC progression, and CXCL13, and CXCL11 which correlates with anti-tumor immunity in colon cancer. Downregulated cytokines in HCT116 were soluble TRAIL R2 functioning as a decoy receptor for TRAIL, VEGF, and prolactin. We treated DMG, GBM and HCC cells with imipridones, EHZ2i tazemetostat or HDACi panobinostat alone or combination of imipridones plus tazemetostat or panobinostat or the triple combination of imipridone plus tazemetostat and panobinostat. We observed that cytokines impairing immunity were downregulated and cytokines promoting immunity were upregulated by individual drugs or combinations. Hep3B HCC cells showed the most robust changes among the mentioned tumors with respect to the changes of cytokine profile following the treatments. Imipridone or EZH2i treated cells showed similar cytokine profile changes in tumor cells. Imipridones downregulated EZH1 and EZH2 proteins in tumor cells. We RNA-seq to investigate gene expression profiles following treatment with ONC201 or tazemetostat. In GBM and DMG, ONC201 and tazemetostat shared similar top regulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed overlap of top regulated pathways between ONC201 and EZH2i treated cells. Shared regulated pathways in U251 included cell cycle arrest, cell adhesion, nervous system development, cell proliferation, negative regulation of proliferation, PERK-mediated unfolded protein response, extracellular matrix organization, regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, and cellular response to hypoxia pathways. We conclude that imipridones ONC201, ONC206, and ONC212 which reduce EZH1 and EZH2 proteins share similar cytokine alterations, gene expression targets and actions with EZH2 inhibitors.
Citation Format: Yiqun Zhang, Kelsey Huntington, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Imipridones and EZH2 inhibitors induce similar changes in cytokines and regulated genes in GBM and DMG while vorinostat potentiates anti-tumor efficacy despite variability in cytokine profiles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4898.
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Raufi AG, May MS, Hadfield MJ, Seyhan AA, El-Deiry WS. Advances in Liquid Biopsy Technology and Implications for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4238. [PMID: 36835649 PMCID: PMC9958987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a climbing incidence. The majority of cases are detected late, with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease. Even in individuals who undergo resection, recurrence is unfortunately very common. There is no universally accepted screening modality for the general population and diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response, and detection of recurrence relies primarily on the use of imaging. Identification of minimally invasive techniques to help diagnose, prognosticate, predict response or resistance to therapy, and detect recurrence are desperately needed. Liquid biopsies represent an emerging group of technologies which allow for non-invasive serial sampling of tumor material. Although not yet approved for routine use in pancreatic cancer, the increasing sensitivity and specificity of contemporary liquid biopsy platforms will likely change clinical practice in the near future. In this review, we discuss the recent technological advances in liquid biopsy, focusing on circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, microRNAs, and circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Raufi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michael S. May
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew J. Hadfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Attila A. Seyhan
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Huntington KE, Louie AD, Srinivasan PR, Schorl C, Lu S, Silverberg D, Newhouse D, Wu Z, Zhou L, Borden BA, Giles FJ, Dooner M, Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. GSK-3 inhibitor elraglusib enhances tumor-infiltrating immune cell activation in tumor biopsies and synergizes with anti-PD-L1 in a murine model of colorectal cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.07.527499. [PMID: 36798357 PMCID: PMC9934544 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of GSK-3 using small-molecule elraglusib has shown promising preclinical antitumor activity. Using in vitro systems, we found that elraglusib promotes immune cell-mediated tumor cell killing, enhances tumor cell pyroptosis, decreases tumor cell NF-κB-regulated survival protein expression, and increases immune cell effector molecule secretion. Using in vivo systems, we observed synergy between elraglusib and anti-PD-L1 in an immunocompetent murine model of colorectal cancer. Murine responders had more tumor-infiltrating T-cells, fewer tumor-infiltrating Tregs, lower tumorigenic circulating cytokine concentrations, and higher immunostimulatory circulating cytokine concentrations. To determine the clinical significance, we utilized human plasma samples from patients treated with elraglusib and correlated cytokine profiles with survival. Using paired tumor biopsies, we found that CD45+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells had lower expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and higher expression of T-cell activation markers in post-elraglusib patient biopsies. These results introduce several immunomodulatory mechanisms of GSK-3 inhibition using elraglusib, providing a rationale for the clinical evaluation of elraglusib in combination with immunotherapy. Statement of significance Pharmacologic inhibition of GSK-3 using elraglusib sensitizes tumor cells, activates immune cells for increased anti-tumor immunity, and synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. These results introduce novel biomarkers for correlations with response to therapy which could provide significant clinical utility and suggest that elraglusib, and other GSK-3 inhibitors, should be evaluated in combination with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Huntington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anna D. Louie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Department of Surgery, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Praveen R. Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Genomics Core Facility, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David Silverberg
- Molecular Pathology Core Facility, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Zhijin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brittany A. Borden
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Mark Dooner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Correspondence: ; 70 Ship Street, Box G-E5, Providence, RI; Phone Number: 401-863-9687; Fax Number: 401-863-9008
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Azar I, Gandhi N, Nagasaka M, Gong J, Nazha B, Choucair K, Khushman MM, Soares HP, El-Deiry WS, Philip PA, Lou E, Farrell AP, Swensen J, Oberley MJ, Abraham J, Nabhan C, Goel S, Korn WM, Shields AF, Azmi AS. Molecular characterization and clinical outcomes of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNENs) harboring PAK4-NAMPT alterations. J Clin Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.4_suppl.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
649 Background: The mTOR inhibitor, Everolimus (EVE), is FDA-approved for the treatment of advanced PNENs on the basis of delay of progression. The RADIANT-3 trial showed an increase in PFS from 4.6 to 11 months compared to placebo with an ORR of only 5%. Prior studies suggest that targeting the aberrant expression of mTOR regulators p21 activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in PNENs sensitizes these tumors to EVE. To further qualify these observations, we queried a large real-world dataset of PNENs, characterizing the molecular and immune landscapes, as well as the clinical outcomes associated with aberrant PAK4 and NAMPT expression. Methods: 294 cases of PNENs were analyzed using Next Generation Sequencing (NextSeq) and Whole Exome and Whole Transcriptome Sequencing (NovaSeq) at Caris Life Sciences (Phoenix, AZ). For our analyses, we stratified our study cohort into four groups based on the median expression of PAK4 and NAMPT: PAK4-low/NAMPT-low, PAK4-low/NAMPT-high, PAK4-high/NAMPT-low and PAK4-high/NAMPT-high. Significance was determined using chi-square, Fisher-Exact or Mann-Whitney U, and p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons (q < 0.05). Results: High prevalence of mutations in PTEN (10.71% vs 1.18%; p < 0.05, q > 0.05), a tumor suppressor of the mTOR pathway and high expression of genes activated in response to mTOR activation such as SLC2A1 (3.07-fold), PFKP (3.32-fold), SCD (2.70-fold), MVK (2.92-fold) and G6PD (2.58-fold) were observed in PAK4-high/NAMPT-high compared to the PAK4-low/NAMPT-low tumors (all q < 0.05). A congruent enrichment of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and glycolysis pathways by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was observed in these tumors (all q < 0.05). When querying the immune landscape, we observed enrichment in inflammatory response, IL6/JAK/STAT3, IL2/STAT5 signaling pathways and immune checkpoint genes such as PDCD1 (5.14-fold), CD274 (2.84-fold), PDCD1LG2 (2.44-fold), CD80 (3.00-fold), CD86 (2.82-fold), IDO1 (1.92-fold), LAG3 (3.09-fold), HAVCR2 (2.66-fold) and CTLA4 (4.49-fold) in the PAK4-high/NAMPT-high tumors (all q < 0.05). Immune cell infiltration estimates revealed an increase in Neutrophils, NK cells and Tregs in the PAK4-high/NAMPT-high tumors (p < 0.05, q > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that PAK4-high/NAMPT-high PNENs are associated with distinct molecular and immune profiles. While the dual blockade of PAK4 and NAMPT has been reported to enhance the efficacy of EVE in PNENs, whether such a blockade would enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutics warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishant Gandhi
- Caris Life Sciences Research and Development, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Jun Gong
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA
| | - Bassel Nazha
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Agop Philip
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, and SWOG, Detroit, MI
| | - Emil Lou
- Masonic Cancer Center/ University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sanjay Goel
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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Kim D, Elliott A, Walker P, Goel S, El-Deiry WS, Antonarakis ES, Lenz HJ, Xiu J, Swensen J, Oberley MJ, Spetzler D, Korn WM, Hall MJ. Characterizing colorectal cancer (CRC) carriers of the recessive MUTYH founders (G396D/Y179C) and the low-penetrance APC founder APC-I1307K mutation. J Clin Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.4_suppl.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
210 Background: The clinical significance of CRC risk imparted by prevalent recessive mutations MUTYH-G396D and Y179C (Caucasian carrier rate 1/50) and the low-penetrance APC-I1307K mutation (Ashkenazi Jewish carrier rate ~1/15) is debated. Evidence supporting differential mutational spectrum, immune biology, and clinical outcomes in tumors that arise in carriers could lend support to their relevance. We characterized CRC carriers of MUTYH-G396D/Y179C and APC-I1307K, as well as those with concurrent second-hit mutations, in comparison to MUTYH or APC wild-type (WT) tumors. Methods: Retrospective review of patient samples (n = 13,896) submitted to a CLIA-certified laboratory (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ) for next-generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA (592-gene or whole exome) and RNA (whole transcriptome). Deficient mismatch repair/high microsatellite instability (dMMR/MSI-H) was assessed by IHC/NGS. PD-L1 expression was tested by IHC (SP142; positive (+): ≥2+, ≥%5). Immune cell infiltration was estimated by RNA deconvolution using quanTIseq (Finotello, 2019). Presumed monoallelic (mMut) and biallelic mutations (bMut) included those with or without, respectively, a mutation or variant allele frequency ≥60%. Statistical significance determined by Fisher’s-Exact/Mann Whitney/X2 tests. *indicates raw p-value that was not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Real world overall survival was obtained from insurance claims data, with Kaplan-Meier estimates used for comparison. Results: MUTYH-G396D/Y179C (119, 26 bMut) and APC-I1307K (11 mMut, ) alterations were identified, with all 3 founders being more common among male patients and associated with slightly increased median age at time of biopsy. MUTYH bMut had higher rates of genomic vs mMut 6.0%, p=0.02*; WT 11.0%, p=0.05*), and increased dendritic cell (p=0.04) and CD4 T-cell (p=0.007) proportions. APC bMut tumors were less frequently dMMR/MSI-H (2.6% vs mMut 18.%, p=0.11*; WT 15.5%, p=0.03*), TMB-H (2.6% vs mMut 27.3%, p=0.03*; WT 17.3%, p=0.02*), and PD-L1+ (0% vs mMut 18.2%, p=0.05*; WT 9.4%, p=0.04*), with enrichment of the canonical CMS2 subtype (44% vs 9% mMut, p<0.01; WT 11%, p<0.0001). In pMMR/MSS CRC, the prognosis of MUTYH founder carriers was superior to MUTYH WT tumors (HR 0.44, CI 0.25-0.78, p=0.004), with a non-significant trend toward greater sensitivity (HR 0.50, CI 0.21-1.2, p=0.). The prognosis of APC I1307K carriers was superior to APC WT tumors (HR 0.51, CI 0.34-0.76, p<0.001). Conclusions: Carrier status of MUTYH-G396D/Y179C and APC-I3017K founders may positively impact prognosis in patients with pMMR/MSS tumors. Differences may derive from distinct molecular signatures in tumors from MUTYH and APC founder mutations and warrant further investigation of these biomarkers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kim
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Sanjay Goel
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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De Souza AL, Mega AE, Douglass J, Olszewski AJ, Gamsiz Uzun ED, Uzun A, Chou C, Duan F, Wang J, Ali A, Golijanin DJ, Holder SL, Lagos GG, Safran H, El-Deiry WS, Carneiro BA. Clinical features of patients with MTAP-deleted bladder cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:326-339. [PMID: 36777505 PMCID: PMC9906077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced urothelial carcinoma continues to have a dismal prognosis despite several new therapies in the last 5 years. FGFR2 and FGFR3 mutations and fusions, PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability are established predictive biomarkers in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Novel biomarkers can optimize the sequencing of available treatments and improve outcomes. We describe herein the clinical and pathologic features of patients with an emerging subtype of bladder cancer characterized by deletion of the gene MTAP encoding the enzyme S-Methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphatase, a potential biomarker of response to pemetrexed. We performed a retrospective analysis of 61 patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma for whom demographics, pathologic specimens, next generation sequencing, and clinical outcomes were available. We compared the frequency of histology variants, upper tract location, pathogenic gene variants, tumor response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) between patients with tumors harboring MTAP deletion (MTAP-del) and wild type tumors (MTAP-WT). A propensity score matching of 5 covariates (age, gender, presence of variant histology, prior surgery, and prior non-muscle invasive bladder cancer) was calculated to compensate for disparity when comparing survival in these subgroups. Non-supervised clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes between MTAP-del and MTAP-WT urothelial carcinomas was performed. MTAP-del occurred in 19 patients (31%). Tumors with MTAP-del were characterized by higher prevalence of squamous differentiation (47.4 vs 11.9%), bone metastases (52.6 vs 23.5%) and lower frequency of upper urinary tract location (5.2% vs 26.1%). Pathway gene set enrichment analysis showed that among the genes upregulated in the MTAP-del cohort, at least 5 were linked to keratinization (FOXN1, KRT33A/B, KRT84, RPTN) possibly contributing to the higher prevalence of squamous differentiation. Alterations in the PIK3 and MAPK pathways were more frequent when MTAP was deleted. There was a trend to inferior response to chemotherapy among MTAP-del tumors, but no difference in the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors or enfortumab. Median progression free survival after first line therapy (PFS1) was 5.5 months for patients with MTAP-WT and 4.5 months for patients with MTAP-del (HR = 1.30; 95% CI, 0.64-2.63; P = 0.471). There was no difference in the time from metastatic diagnosis to death (P = 0.6346). Median OS from diagnosis of localized or de novo metastatic disease was 16 months (range 1.5-60, IQR 8-26) for patients with MTAP-del and 24.5 months (range 3-156, IQR 16-48) for patients with MTAP-WT (P = 0.0218), suggesting that time to progression to metastatic disease is shorter in MTAP-del patients. Covariates did not impact significantly overall survival on propensity score matching. In conclusion, MTAP -del occurs in approximately 30% of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma and defines a subgroup of patients with aggressive features, such as squamous differentiation, frequent bone metastases, poor response to chemotherapy, and shorter time to progression to metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L De Souza
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - Anthony E Mega
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - John Douglass
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - Adam J Olszewski
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - Ece D Gamsiz Uzun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical CenterProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Alper Uzun
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown UniversityProvidence RI, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Charissa Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical CenterProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Fenghai Duan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public HealthProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Data Science Initiative, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Amin Ali
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical CenterProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Dragan J Golijanin
- Urology Department, Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, The Miriam Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Sheldon L Holder
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical CenterProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Galina G Lagos
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - Howard Safran
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical CenterProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence RI, United States
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Schubert L, Elliott A, Le AT, Estrada-Bernal A, Doebele RC, Lou E, Borghaei H, Demeure MJ, Kurzrock R, Reuss JE, Ou SHI, Braxton DR, Thomas CA, Darabi S, Korn WM, El-Deiry WS, Liu SV. ERBB family fusions are recurrent and actionable oncogenic targets across cancer types. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1115405. [PMID: 37168365 PMCID: PMC10164992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) define an important class of genomic alterations with many successful targeted therapies now approved for ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRK gene fusions. Fusions involving the ERBB family of RTKs have been sporadically reported, but their frequency has not yet been comprehensively analyzed and functional characterization is lacking on many types of ERBB fusions. Materials and methods We analyzed tumor samples submitted to Caris Life Sciences (n=64,354), as well as the TCGA (n=10,967), MSK IMPACT (n=10,945) and AACR GENIE (n=96,324) databases for evidence of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4 gene fusions. We also expressed several novel fusions in cancer cell lines and analyzed their response to EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Results In total, we identified 1,251 ERBB family fusions, representing an incidence of approximately 0.7% across all cancer types. EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB4 fusions were most frequently found in glioblastoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer, respectively. We modeled two novel types of EGFR and ERBB2 fusions, one with a tethered kinase domain and the other with a tethered adapter protein. Specifically, we expressed EGFR-ERBB4, EGFR-SHC1, ERBB2-GRB7 and ERBB2-SHC1, in cancer cell lines and demonstrated that they are oncogenic, regulate downstream signaling and are sensitive to small molecule inhibition with EGFR and HER2 TKIs. Conclusions We found that ERBB fusions are recurrent mutations that occur across multiple cancer types. We also establish that adapter-tethered and kinase-tethered fusions are oncogenic and can be inhibited with EGFR or HER2 inhibitors. We further propose a nomenclature system to categorize these fusions into several functional classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Anh T. Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Adriana Estrada-Bernal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Emil Lou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hossein Borghaei
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Demeure
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Center for Applied Genomic Technologies, Newport Beach, CA, United States
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joshua E. Reuss
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - David R. Braxton
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Newport Beach, CA, United States
| | | | - Sourat Darabi
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Center for Applied Genomic Technologies, Newport Beach, CA, United States
| | - Wolfgang Michael Korn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stephen V. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen V. Liu,
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Zhao S, El-Deiry WS. Non-canonical approaches to targeting hypoxic tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5351-5374. [PMID: 36628275 PMCID: PMC9827096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic in solid cancers. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in various aspects of cancer, such as angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy resistance. Targeting the HIF pathway has been regarded as a challenging but promising strategy in cancer treatment with recent FDA approval of a HIF2α-inhibitor. During the past several decades, numerous efforts have been made to understand how HIFs participate in cancer development and progression along with how HIF signaling can be modulated to achieve anti-cancer effect. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the role of hypoxia and HIFs in cancer, summarize the oxygen-dependent and independent mechanisms of HIF-1α regulation, and discuss emerging approaches targeting hypoxia and HIF signaling which possess therapeutic potential in cancer. We will emphasize on two signaling pathways, involving cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), which contribute to HIF-1α (and HIF-2α) stabilization in an oxygen-independent manner. Through reviewing their participation in malignant progression and the potential targeting strategies, we discuss the non-canonical approaches to target HIF signaling in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Hematology/Oncology Division, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
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Carlsen L, El-Deiry WS. Anti-cancer immune responses to DNA damage response inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms and progress toward clinical translation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:998388. [PMID: 36276148 PMCID: PMC9583871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.998388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response inhibitors are widely used anti-cancer agents that have potent activity against tumor cells with deficiencies in various DNA damage response proteins such as BRCA1/2. Inhibition of other proteins in this pathway including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, or ATM can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and such combinations are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of many malignancies including breast, ovarian, rectal, and lung cancer. Unrepaired DNA damage induced by DNA damage response inhibitors alone or in combination with radio- or chemotherapy has a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells and can also engage anti-cancer innate and adaptive immune responses. DNA damage-induced immune stimulation occurs by a variety of mechanisms including by the cGAS/STING pathway, STAT1 and downstream TRAIL pathway activation, and direct immune cell activation. Whether or not the relative contribution of these mechanisms varies after treatment with different DNA damage response inhibitors or across cancers with different genetic aberrations in DNA damage response enzymes is not well-characterized, limiting the design of optimal combinations with radio- and chemotherapy. Here, we review how the inhibition of key DNA damage response enzymes including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, and ATM induces innate and adaptive immune responses alone or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. We also discuss current progress in the clinical translation of immunostimulatory DNA-damaging treatment regimens and necessary future directions to optimize the immune-sensitizing potential of DNA damage response inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Wafik S. El-Deiry,
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Hsu A, Huntington KE, De Souza A, Zhou L, Olszewski AJ, Makwana NP, Treaba DO, Cavalcante L, Giles FJ, Safran H, El-Deiry WS, Carneiro BA. Clinical activity of 9-ING-41, a small molecule selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibitor, in refractory adult T-Cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:417-423. [PMID: 35815408 PMCID: PMC9272832 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2088984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK-3β is a serine/threonine kinase implicated in tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. GSK-3β blockade downregulates the NF-κB pathway, modulates immune cell PD-1 and tumor cell PD-L1 expression, and increases CD8 + T cell and NK cell function. We report a case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) treated with 9-ING-41, a selective GSK-3β inhibitor in clinical development, who achieved a durable response. A 43-year-old male developed diffuse lymphadenopathy, and biopsy of axillary lymph node showed acute-type ATLL. Peripheral blood flow cytometry revealed a circulating clonal T cell population, and CSF was positive for ATLL involvement. After disease progression on the 3rd line of treatment, he started treatment with 9-ING-41 monotherapy in a clinical trial (NCT03678883). CT imaging after seven months showed a partial response. Sustained reduction of peripheral blood ATLL cells lasted 15 months. Treatment of patient-derived CD8 + T cells with 9-ING-41 increased the secretion of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In conclusion, treatment of a patient with refractory ATLL with the GSK-3β inhibitor 9-ING-41 resulted in a prolonged response. Ongoing experiments are investigating the hypothesis that 9-ING-41-induced T cell activation and immunomodulation contributes to its clinical activity. Further clinical investigation of 9-ING-41 for treatment of ATLL is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kelsey E. Huntington
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andre De Souza
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam J. Olszewski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nirav P. Makwana
- Department of Radiology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Diana O. Treaba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Howard Safran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Wu JL, Zhou L, Zhang L, Huntington KE, Carneiro B, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 3947: Antitumor efficacy of combination treatment with ONC201 and enzalutamide or darolutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway plays a primary role in prostate cancer progression. Various types of androgen receptor antagonists including enzalutamide, abiraterone and apalutamide have been widely used as single agents to treat patients with advanced disease. However, despite the initial improvements, patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC) frequently develop resistance, resulting in limited overall survival benefit. Darolutamide is a novel next-generation androgen receptor-signaling inhibitor currently in phase III clinical trials and has shown efficacy and tolerability in treating non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. ONC201 is a small molecule belonging to the imipridone class that activates the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway and upregulates TRAIL. ONC201 has demonstrated promising antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in a variety of tumor types and is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. This study investigates the integrated stress response and androgen receptor signaling as mechanisms for antitumor efficacy with ONC201 and enzalutamide or darolutamide as single agents or in combination against mCRPC in vitro and in vivo. Three mCRPC cell lines 22RV1, LNCaP, and PC3 were treated with ONC201, darolutamide, and enzalutamide as single agents or in combinations. In 22RV1, the single agent IC50 was calculated to be 1.22uM for ONC201, 51.5uM for darolutamide and >80uM for enzalutamide. In LNCaP, the single agent IC50s are 1.67uM for ONC201, 58.7uM for darolutamide, and 4.05uM for enzalutamide. In 22RV1, the combination index (CI) of 0.38 was obtained when treated with 40uM of darolutamide and 1.25uM of ONC201, CI was 0.35 when treated with 80uM of enzalutamide and 1.25uM of ONC201. In LNCaP, CI of 0.19 was obtained when treated with 10uM of darolutamide and 0.3125uM of ONC201, CI was 0.45 when treated with 5uM of enzalutamide and 2uM of ONC201. Results showed that ONC201 synergized with darolutamide and enzalutamide and decreased cell viability. In both 22RV1 and LNCaP cell lines, when compared to single agents, combination treatments of ONC201 and darolutamide or enzalutamide reduced PSA level and demonstrated proapoptotic effects. Mouse xenograft models with luciferase expressing 22RV1 and LNCaP cell lines are currently being treated with ONC201 and darolutamide or enzalutamide as single agents or in combinations and the in vivo studies are ongoing. Our data provide insights to improved therapeutic benefits of combination treatment that can be further developed for more efficient anticancer strategies.
Citation Format: Jinxuan Laura Wu, Lanlan Zhou, Leiqing Zhang, Kelsey E. Huntington, Benedito Carneiro, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Antitumor efficacy of combination treatment with ONC201 and enzalutamide or darolutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3947.
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Raufi AG, Cruz ADL, Carlsen L, Huntington K, Zhou L, Prabhu V, Allen J, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 319: Imipridone ONC212 and trametinib combination therapy demonstrates anti-neoplastic effects through immune-mediated mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by limited therapeutic options and an extremely high mortality-to-incidence ratio. Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for metastatic disease and results in only modest improvements in median overall survival, typically with significant toxicity. We previously reported a novel treatment approach with the combination of the imipridone ONC212 and the MEK inhibitor trametinib. This combination demonstrated synergy in multiple KRAS-mutated and KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC3, PANC1, HPAF-II, AsPC-1). Using Western Blot, we assessed markers of autophagy, including Beclin-1 and LC3B, as well as key second messenger pathway activation/suppression with p-AKT/AKT and p-ERK/ERK. The mechanism of this synergy appears to be heterogeneous, working through autophagy inhibition, MAPK/PI3K pathway perturbation, activation of the integrated stress response and increased cell surface expression of death receptor 5. Further investigation has revealed that ONC212 also appears to synergize with various autophagy inhibitors including hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. We hypothesized that combining trametinib and ONC212 may also induce cell death in-part through immune cell-mediated mechanisms. To explore this, we performed immune cell co-culture experiments using HPAF-II PDAC cells and natural killer (NK-92) cells at a 1:1 effector-to-target cell ratio with or without ONC212, trametinib, or the combination of the two at different concentrations. We assessed the levels of NK cell mediated-tumor cell death 4, 8, and 24-hours after simultaneous treatment and initiation of co-culture using fluorescent microscopy. Compared to trametinib, ONC212 only treated co-culture showed greater NK cell-mediated tumor cell death. At 24-hours, we also observed an increase in NK cell-mediated killing of PDAC cells with dual treatment as compared to single agent alone or vehicle controls. Importantly, this combination did not appear to have any effect on NK or tumor cell viability. Thus, this combination may represent a potential therapeutic modality for PDAC and may hold promise if combined with immunotherapy. Further in vitro experiments will be conducted to evaluate the effect of ONC212, trametinib, and other autophagy inhibitors on the PDAC tumor microenvironment using a T cell co-culture system. Similarly, in vivo murine studies will also be performed to assess the translational potential of this combination.
Citation Format: Alexander G. Raufi, Arielle De La Cruz, Lindsey Carlsen, Kelsey Huntington, Lanlan Zhou, Varun Prabhu, Joshua Allen, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Imipridone ONC212 and trametinib combination therapy demonstrates anti-neoplastic effects through immune-mediated mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 319.
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Arnoff TE, El-Deiry WS. Abstract LB516: MDM2/MDM4 amplification and CDKN2A deletion in melanoma brain metastases and GBM may have implications for targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-lb516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanoma has a five-year survival rate of 27% for distant metastatic disease, and there remains a paucity of targeted therapies for metastatic disease and biomarkers that predict metastasis to specific sites. We analyzed 1081 primary melanoma samples and 358 metastatic melanoma samples and found that metastatic disease is enriched for amplifications in both MDM2 and MDM4 compared to primary disease, and these amplifications are associated with a lower probability of overall survival. Two additional negative regulators of TP53, namely USP7 and PPM1D, are enriched for alterations in metastatic melanoma compared to primary melanoma. MDM4 amplifications are associated with a higher rate of metastasis to the brain, liver, and lungs, while MDM2 amplifications are associated with a higher rate of metastasis to the brain, liver, and adrenal glands. These findings suggest that patients with metastatic melanoma show an enhanced dysregulation of the TP53 pathway compared to primary disease; though still under ongoing preclinical evaluation to assess therapeutic implications, we propose that patients with metastatic melanoma and TP53 wild-type status may be more likely to benefit from MDM2, MDM4, USP7, and PPM1D inhibitors, both alone and in combination, compared to those with primary disease. Additionally, we found that patients with MDM2 alterations were more likely to have a deep deletion in CDKN2A, alterations that are also associated with a higher rate of metastasis to the brain. We found that patients with a CDKN2A deep deletion had a statistically significant higher rate of alterations in TTN, MUC16, LRP1B, NF1, and SERPINB4, alterations that have all been previously associated with a favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. We therefore propose that CDKN2A deletion may serve as a biomarker to predict response to immunotherapy in melanoma. Moreover, given prior documented cases of patients diagnosed with both melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we found that GBM displays the highest rate of deep deletions in CDKN2A (54.39%) across all cancer types screened. We analyzed 619 GBM samples and found that 9.16% display an MDM2 amplification and 9.52% display an MDM4 amplification. Given the genomic similarities between melanoma and glioblastoma, we suggest that patients with melanoma or GBM and amplifications in MDM2/4 and CDKN2A deletions may need the development of combinations of targeted inhibitors of MDM2/4, CDK’s and immunotherapy. We are currently pursuing these translational directions.
Citation Format: Taylor E. Arnoff, Wafik S. El-Deiry. MDM2/MDM4 amplification and CDKN2A deletion in melanoma brain metastases and GBM may have implications for targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E. Arnoff
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Brown T, Punyamurtula U, Strandberg J, El-Deiry WS. Abstract 1008: Cell density-related variability in chemotherapeutic resistance patterns in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Assessment of chemosensitivity and resistance varies with cancer cell of origin, drug and culture conditions. However, it is also not uncommon to find multiple different IC50 values for the same chemotherapeutic treatments acting on the same tumor cell lines. The aim of this research was to investigate this discrepancy in phenotypes and elucidate relevant variables that influence them. We assessed chemosensivity as a function of tumor cell density by plating TOV-21G ovarian, HT29 colorectal, and U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines in 96-well plates at various seeding densities per well and treated them with various concentrations of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and etoposide, respectively. CellTiter Glo assays were performed at 72 hours of treatment to determine IC50. Cisplatin IC50 for TOV-21G cells plated at 50,000, 20,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 1,000, and 500 cells/well were 12.00 μM, 5.47 μM, 3.16 μM, 2.45 μM, 2.54 μM, 2.83 μM, and 2.66 μM, respectively. Etoposide IC50 for U2OS cells plated at the same seeding densities were 6.50 μM, 5.19 μM, 3.23 μM, 2.98 μM, 2.49 μM, 2.13 μM, and 1.88 μM, respectively. IC50 values for HT29 cells treated with 5-FU at 2,000, 1,000, and 500 cells/well were 35.89 μM, 19.74 μM, and 13.42 μM, respectively. TOV-21G, U2OS, and HT29 cells all showed differences in IC50 values depending on cell plating density. TOV-21G and U2OS cells both showed a gradual decrease and plateau in IC50 as the cancer cell density decreased from 50,000 cells/well to 500 cells/well. HT29 cells displayed a sharper IC50 decrease as the cell density decreased from 2,000 cells/well to 500 cells/well. Our experiments demonstrate that IC50 values are not static at 72 hours and that tumor cell density is an important variable in influencing observed tumor resistance to traditionally effective drugs. As the density of cancer cells increases, the cells develop more resistance to the associated chemotherapy and require higher quantities of drug to achieve the same level of growth inhibition. We are currently exploring underlying molecular mechanisms that may influence these changes in IC50 including cell survival signaling proteins, cell-cell contact or growth factors that may influence cell density-related chemoresistance.
Citation Format: Thomas Brown, Ujwal Punyamurtula, Jill Strandberg, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Cell density-related variability in chemotherapeutic resistance patterns in human cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1008.
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