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Chang CY, Wu DA, Lai CC, Miller WL, Chung BC. Cloning and structure of the human adrenodoxin gene. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1988; 7:609-15. [PMID: 3229285 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adrenodoxin is an iron-sulfur protein that serves as an electron transport intermediate for all mitochondrial forms of cytochrome P450. To facilitate studying the regulation of adrenodoxin, we have cloned and determined the structure of the human adrenodoxin gene. It spans more than 20 kb, containing four exons and three introns. The first exon encodes the 60-amino-acid signal peptide, directing transport of the protein into the inner mitochondrial matrix. The mature peptide of 124 amino acids is encoded by the other three exons. The third exon encodes the portion of the protein containing the iron-sulfur center and a domain which binds other components of the electron transport chain. The transcriptional start sites were determined by primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping. The 5'-flanking region of this gene contains canonical promoters including a TATA box at nucleotide position -30 and two GC boxes at nucleotide positions -60 and -100. The sequence at nucleotides -234 to -252 is also highly homologous to the glucocorticoid-responsive element and the estrogen-responsive element.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
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52
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Colvert KK, Davis DJ. Characterization of a covalently linked complex involving ferredoxin and ferredoxin: NADP reductase. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 17:231-245. [PMID: 24429770 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/1987] [Accepted: 02/04/1988] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin and the flavoprotein, ferredoxin: NADP reductase, have been covalently linked by incubation in the presence of a water soluble carbodiimide. The cross-linking reaction yields an adduct having a 1:1 stoichiometry. The adduct has depressed levels of diaphorase and NADPH oxidase activity and is inactive in reduction of cytochrome c using NADPH as an electron donor. Thus, although similar to an adduct described by Zanetti and coworkers [J Biol Chem 259: 6153-6157 (1984)] in its stoichiometry, the adduct described herein has significantly different enzymatic properties. It is suggested that this may be a reflection of differences in the interaction between the two proteins resulting from differences in experimental conditions in which the two adducts were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Colvert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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53
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Abstract
We have characterized several clones specific for the human iron-sulfur protein, ferredoxin, which is involved in electron transfer to mitochondrial cytochromes P-450. Clones were isolated from a human placental cDNA expression library in lambda gt11 by immunoscreening with antibody to bovine adrenal ferredoxin. One clone contained the entire amino acid coding sequence (552 bp) together with 27 bp at the 5'-terminus and approximately 0.9 kb at the 3'-terminus; this form appears to correspond to the major mRNA species of approximately 1.7 kb observed on Northern blots of placental mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence suggests that human ferredoxin is synthesized as a precursor of 184 amino acids (Mr 19,371) which is cleaved to yield a polypeptide of 124 amino acids (Mr 13,546). The mature protein is highly acidic, and the sequence is very similar to those of bovine and porcine adrenodoxins with the exception of substitutions and variations in length at the C-terminus. The N-terminal precursor segment, on the other hand, is considerably diverged from that determined for bovine adrenodoxin, but is similar in overall basicity and the pattern of occurrence of arginine residues.
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54
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Warburton RJ, Seybert DW. Limited proteolysis of bovine adrenodoxin reductase: evidence for a domain structure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:177-83. [PMID: 3128975 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of bovine adrenodoxin reductase with trypsin under conditions of limited proteolysis yields two major fragments of apparent molecular weights 30,500 and 20,200. The fragments, which have been partially purified by affinity chromatography to remove most of the intact adrenodoxin reductase, retain adrenodoxin-dependent NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity. Kinetic analyses yield Vmax and Km (adrenodoxin) values of 485 min-1 and 0.96 microM, respectively, at an ionic strength of 0.13 M in comparison to 1059 min-1 and 0.40 microM, respectively, for intact adrenodoxin reductase under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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55
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Dolla A, Bruschi M. The cytochrome c3-ferredoxin electron transfer complex: Cross-linking studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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56
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Tuls J, Geren L, Lambeth J, Millett F. The use of a specific fluorescence probe to study the interaction of adrenodoxin with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450scc. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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57
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Geren L, Tuls J, O'Brien P, Millett F, Peterson JA. The involvement of carboxylate groups of putidaredoxin in the reaction with putidaredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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58
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Vieira BJ, Colvert KK, Davis DJ. Chemical modification and cross-linking as probes of regions on ferredoxin involved in its interaction with ferredoxin: NADP reductase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 851:109-22. [PMID: 3524679 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin which had been modified with glycine ethylester in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide to the extent of one carboxyl-group modified per ferredoxin was subjected to peptide mapping in an attempt to locate the site(s) of modification. The peptide mapping was done by HPLC and analysis of the resulting chromatogram allowed assignment of peaks to various segments in the amino acid sequences of the two isozymes of ferredoxin. The modified ferredoxin appeared to be a mixture of ferredoxin derivatives in which modification had occurred in three areas of the molecule. Although unable to identify the specific residues modified, it has been shown that modification is localized in the regions of residues 26-30, 65-70, and 92-94. The possibility that these regions of ferredoxin may define its binding site for ferredoxin: NADP reductase is discussed. Peptide mapping studies on a covalently linked adduct between ferredoxin and ferredoxin: NADP reductase also support these regions of ferredoxin as being important in the interaction between the two proteins.
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59
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Hirasawa M, Boyer J, Gray KA, Davis DJ, Knaff DB. The interaction of ferredoxin with chloroplast ferredoxin-linked enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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60
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Huckett B, Gordhan H, Hawtrey R, Moodley N, Ariatti M, Hawtrey A. Binding of DNA to albumin and transferrin modified by treatment with water-soluble carbodiimides. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:1249-57. [PMID: 3964300 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylurea derivatives of albumin and transferrin prepared with the water-soluble carbodiimides N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-ethyl-N'-(3-trimethylpropylammonium)carbodiimide iodide have been found to bind different types of DNA. The two proteins were reacted with varying amounts of carbodiimide in water at pH 5.5 for 36-60 hr at 20 degrees, and then purified. In the case of iron-loaded transferrin, reactions with carbodiimides were in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.5) to prevent loss of iron from the protein. [3H]N-Ethyl-N'-(3-trimethylpropylammonium)carbodiimide iodide was used for the determination of covalently attached N-acylurea groups in the modified proteins, and gel electrophoresis for changes in charge and possible aggregation through cross-linking. Binding of DNA to N-acylurea proteins was studied by means of gel electrophoresis and nitrocellulose filter binding. N-Acylurea albumin and N-acylurea transferrin at low concentrations retarded the migration of lambda-Pstl restriction fragments, pBR322 plasmid and M13 mp8 single-stranded DNA on agarose gels, while at higher concentrations of modified protein the N-acylurea protein-DNA complexes were unable to enter the gel. Nitrocellulose filter assays showed that binding pBR322 DNA and calf thymus DNA to N-acylurea proteins is rapid and dependent on protein concentration and the ionic strength of the medium. N-Acylurea albumins prepared with each each of the two carbodiimides gave comparable plots for DNA bound versus protein concentration. On the other hand, binding of DNA by N-acylurea transferrins differed according to the carbodiimide used in the synthesis. N-Acylurea CDI-tkransferrin (prepared with tertiary carbodiimide) was less effective than either of the two N-acylurea albumins in binding DNA. In contrast with these results, N-acylurea Me+-CDI-transferrin (prepared with quaternary carbodiimide) was far more effective in binding DNA and in this respect was similar to the N-acylurea albumins. On the basis of experiments in which N-acylurea protein-DNA complexes were treated with heparin, two types of binding could be distinguished. These were a weak binding occurring in the initial stages of interaction and a tight binding which developed on further incubation of the complexes. These studies show that binding of DNA by N-acylurea proteins is a reversible process dependent on ionic strength; interaction appears to be electrostatic in nature, although other forms of binding might be involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Vieira B, Davidson M, Knaff D, Millett F. The use of a water-soluble carbodiimide to study the interaction between Chromatium vinosum flavocytochrome c-552 and cytochrome c. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 848:131-6. [PMID: 3002455 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between horse heart cytochrome c and Chromatium vinosum flavocytochrome c-552 was studied using the water-soluble reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). Treatment of flavocytochrome c-552 with EDC was found to inhibit the sulfide: cytochrome c reductase activity of the enzyme. SDS gel electrophoresis studies revealed that EDC treatment led to modification of carboxyl groups in both the Mr 21 000 heme peptide and the Mr 46 000 flavin peptide, and also to the formation of a cross-linked heme peptide dimer with an Mr value of 42 000. Both the inhibition of sulfide: cytochrome c reductase activity and the formation of the heme peptide dimer were decreased when the EDC modification was carried out in the presence of cytochrome c. In addition, two new cross-linked species with Mr values of 34 000 and 59 000 were formed. These were identified as cross-linked cytochrome c-heme peptide and cytochrome c-flavin peptide species, respectively. Neither of these species were formed in the presence of a cytochrome c derivative in which all of the lysine amino groups had been dimethylated, demonstrating that EDC had cross-linked lysine amino groups on native cytochrome c to carboxyl groups on the heme and flavin peptides. A complex between cytochrome c and flavocytochrome c-552 was required for cross-linking to occur, since ionic strengths above 100 mM inhibited cross-linking.
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62
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Mozhayeva GN, Naumov AP, Nosyreva ED. Voltage dependent modification of sodium channel gating with water-soluble carbodiimide. Pflugers Arch 1986; 406:31-6. [PMID: 2419829 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currents through sodium channels in frog myelinated fibre were measured before and after the treatment of the membrane with water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC). The WSC treatment produces dramatic changes both in activation and inactivation when membrane potential during the treatment is held at levels from -80 to -100 mV. Both gating processes are slowed and their voltage dependence is reduced. The effective charge of activation as measured by limiting logarithmic potential sensitivity is reduced after 10 min of the WSC treatment by the factor of 1.66. The same WSC treatment applied at zero potential induced no change in the effective charge of activation. Other parameters of gating are changed after such treatment but to a lesser degree and in a somewhat different fashion than after the treatment at high negative potential. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that part of a mobile gating charge is presented by carboxyl groups migrating from the external surface to the interior of the channel molecule when the channel opens or inactivates.
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63
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Usanov SA, Turko IV, Chashchin VL, Akhrem AA. Cross-linking studies of steroidogenic electron transfer: covalent complex of adrenodoxin reductase with adrenodoxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 832:288-96. [PMID: 4074749 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional reagents 3,3'-dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), 1-ethyl 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate have been used in an attempt to study molecular organization and covalent cross-linking of adrenodoxin reductase with adrenodoxin, the components of steroidogenic electron transfer system in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. There was no cross-linking of individual proteins by the bifunctional reagents used, except for adrenodoxin cross-linking with water-soluble carbodiimide. Substantial cross-linking of adrenodoxin reductase with adrenodoxin was observed when water-soluble carbodiimide was used as cross-linking reagent. However, the cross-linked complex failed to transfer electrons. Significant amounts of the functional cross-linked complex (up to 42%) were observed when the proteins were cross-linked with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate. Using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on adrenodoxin-Sepharose, the complex was obtained in a highly purified form. In the presence of cytochrome P-450scc or cytochrome c, the cross-linked complex of adrenodoxin reductase with adrenodoxin was active in electron transfer from NADPH to heme proteins. The data obtained indicate that there are distinct binding sites on the adrenodoxin molecule responsible for the adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450scc binding, which suggests that steroidogenic electron transfer may be realized in an organized complex.
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64
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Privalle LS, Privalle CT, Leonardy NJ, Kamin H. Interactions between spinach ferredoxin-nitrite reductase and its substrates. Evidence for the specificity of ferredoxin. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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65
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Stonehuerner J, O'Brien P, Geren L, Millett F, Steidl J, Yu L, Yu CA. Identification of the binding site on cytochrome c1 for cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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66
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67
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Structure of an electron transfer complex. I. Covalent cross-linking of cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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68
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Inano H, Tamaoki B. The presence of essential carboxyl group for binding of cytochrome c in rat hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase by the reaction with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1985; 1:47-59. [PMID: 2854844 DOI: 10.3109/14756368509031281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) purified from rat hepatic microsomal fraction was inactivated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), a specific agent for modification of carboxyl groups in a protein. The inactivation exhibited pseudo-first order kinetics with a reaction order approximately one and a second-order-rate constant of 0.60 M-1 min-1 in a high ionic strength buffer and 0.08 M-1 min-1 in a low ionic strength buffer. By treatment of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase with EDC, the pI value changed to 6.5 from 5.0 for the native enzyme, and the reductase activity for cytochrome c, proteinic substrate, was strongly inactivated. When an inorganic substrate, K3Fe(CN)6, was used for assay of the enzyme activity, however, no significant inactivation by EDC was observed. The rate of inactivation by EDC was markedly but not completely decreased by NADPH. Also, the inactivation was completely prevented by cytochrome c, but not by K3Fe(CN)6 or NADH. The sulfhydryl-blocked enzyme prepared by treatment with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), which had no activity, completely recovered its activity in the presence of dithiothreitol. When the sulfhydryl-blocked enzyme was modified by EDC, the enzyme in which the carboxyl group alone was modified was isolated, and its activity was 35% of the control after treatment with dithiothreitol. In addition, another carboxyl reagent, N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate (Woodward reagent K), decreased cytochrome c reductase activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. These results suggest that the carboxyl group of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from rat liver is located at or near active-site and plays a role in binding of cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Inano
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba-shi, Japan
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69
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Adrenodoxin interaction with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450scc. Cross-linking of protein complexes and effects of adrenodoxin modification by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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