51
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Mori M, Bito H, Sakanaka C, Honda Z, Kume K, Izumi T, Shimizu T. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and arachidonate release via two G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the rat hippocampus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 744:107-25. [PMID: 7825832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor and somatostatin receptors, two G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the rat hippocampus, were analyzed for the downstream signaling pathways in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing each receptor. Ligand stimulation to each CHO cell line induced (1) inhibition of forskolin-induced accumulation of cAMP, (2) arachidonate release, and (3) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and MAP kinase kinase. In contrast, inositol phosphate breakdown was seen only in the PAF-stimulated CHO cells. The induction of these signals accompanied no detectable Ras activation. Suppression of the signals by pertussis toxin was almost complete for the somatostatin receptor but partial for the PAF receptor, suggesting that the somatostatin receptor couples only with PTX-sensitive G protein, while the PAF receptor couples with both PTX-sensitive and -insensitive G proteins. A model of G protein-mediated signaling pathways was proposed in which the signals from Gi and those from Gq converge at MAP kinase kinase and lead to arachidonate release. The present system using CHO cells is useful for analyzing signaling pathways from G proteins to MAP kinase kinase and will thereby provide clues for understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological events mediated by PAF, somatostatin, and other G protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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52
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Catling AD, Reuter CW, Cox ME, Parsons SJ, Weber MJ. Partial purification of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activator from bovine brain. Identification as B-Raf or a B-Raf-associated activity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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53
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Kosako H, Gotoh Y, Nishida E. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase is required for the mos-induced metaphase arrest. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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54
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VanRenterghem B, Browning M, Maller J. Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by protein kinases A and C in a cell-free system. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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55
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Synergistic activation by Ras and 14-3-3 protein of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase named Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase stimulator. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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56
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Takano T, Honda Z, Sakanaka C, Izumi T, Kameyama K, Haga K, Haga T, Kurokawa K, Shimizu T. Role of cytoplasmic tail phosphorylation sites of platelet-activating factor receptor in agonist-induced desensitization. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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57
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Kitahara T, Kiryu S, Ohno K, Morita N, Kubo T, Kiyama H. Up-regulation of ERK (MAP kinase) and MEK (MAP kinase kinase) transcription after rat facial nerve transection. Neurosci Res 1994; 20:275-80. [PMID: 7838428 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(94)90097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase or MAP kinase) and MEK (ERK kinase or MAPK kinase) expression after rat facial nerve injury was demonstrated by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. These two enzymes play roles in one of the major intracellular signal cascade pathways involving receptor tyrosine kinase common to growth factor receptors, and transcription factors. Significant increases in ERK1 mRNA levels were observed from day 3 after facial nerve transection, with the highest level of expression from 1 to 2 weeks after the operation. This high level of mRNA expression then decreased gradually to the normal level. ERK1-like immunoreactivity showed a similar time course to that of its mRNA expression; however, the decay profile was more prolonged. The up-regulation of MEK, the ERK kinase/MAPK kinase, was also detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression profiles were almost equivalent, but the MEK expression was slightly advanced, suggesting that the observed up-regulation of MEK was not due to that of ERK. The receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway via MEK-ERK located downstream of growth factor receptors seems vital as a regulator of the synthesis of molecules that play important roles in the recovery process following injury or/and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kitahara
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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58
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Choi KY, Satterberg B, Lyons DM, Elion EA. Ste5 tethers multiple protein kinases in the MAP kinase cascade required for mating in S. cerevisiae. Cell 1994; 78:499-512. [PMID: 8062390 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ste5 is a Zn2+ finger-like protein thought to function before three kinases, Ste11 (a MEKK), Ste7 (a MEK), and Fus3 (a MAPK), in a conserved MAP kinase cascade required for mating in S. cerevisiae. Here, we present evidence that Ste5 forms a multikinase complex that joins these kinases for efficient Fus3 activation. By two-hybrid analysis, Ste11, Ste7, and Fus3 associate with different domains of Ste5, while Kss1, another MAPK, associates with the same domain as Fus3, thus implying that Ste5 simultaneously binds a MEKK, MEK, and MAPK. Ste5 copurifies with Ste11, Fus3, and a hypophosphorylated form of Ste7, and all four proteins cosediment in a glycerol gradient as if in a large complex. Ste5 also increases the amount of Ste11 complexed to Ste7 and Fus3 and is required for Ste11 to function. These results substantiate a novel signal transduction component that physically links multiple kinases within a single cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Choi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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59
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60
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Brunet A, Pagès G, Pouysségur J. Growth factor-stimulated MAP kinase induces rapid retrophosphorylation and inhibition of MAP kinase kinase (MEK1). FEBS Lett 1994; 346:299-303. [PMID: 8013650 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase module (Raf/MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK) has been shown to be sequentially activated after mitogenic stimulation. Here we demonstrate, by site directed mutagenesis, that MAPK is able to retrophosphorylate its own activator, MAPKK, on two threonine residues Thr-292 and Thr-386 in vitro, and that these sites are also phosphorylated in vivo. A comparison of the kinetics of serum-mediated activation of a wild-type MAPKK and of a mutant unable to undergo phosphorylation by MAPK suggests that this retrophosphorylation may be involved in a negative feedback control of the cascade in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brunet
- Centre de Biochimie-CNRS, Université de Nice, France
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61
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Feedback regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase activity of c-Raf-1 by insulin and phorbol ester stimulation. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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62
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63
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Functional coupling of SSTR4, a major hippocampal somatostatin receptor, to adenylate cyclase inhibition, arachidonate release and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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64
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Characterization of two different forms of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase induced in polymorphonuclear leukocytes following stimulation by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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65
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Saito Y, Gomez N, Campbell DG, Ashworth A, Marshall CJ, Cohen P. The threonine residues in MAP kinase kinase 1 phosphorylated by MAP kinase in vitro are also phosphorylated in nerve growth factor-stimulated rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells. FEBS Lett 1994; 341:119-24. [PMID: 8137910 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The residues on MAP kinase kinase-1 (MAPKK1) phosphorylated by MAP kinase in vitro have been identified as Thr-291 and Thr-385. Both threonines are phosphorylated in PC12 cells and the 32P-labelling of each residue increases after stimulation with nerve growth factor (NGF). The results establish that MAPKK1 is a physiological substrate for MAP kinase. The two active forms of MAPKK that are resolved by Mono Q chromatography of PC12 cell extracts are both phosphorylated at Thr-291 and Thr-385, demonstrating that neither species is the MAPKK2 isoform which lacks Thr-291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, UK
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66
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The native structure of the activated Raf protein kinase is a membrane-bound multi-subunit complex. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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67
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Abstract
Signal transduction pathways that respond to external signals through the MAP kinase family of protein kinases are involved in diverse responses in eukaryotic cells. MAP kinases are one element in a series of kinases that serve to connect the plasma membrane with cytoplasmic and nuclear events. MAP kinases have the unusual feature that their activation requires threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation carried out by a dual specificity protein kinase. Recent advances have shown that in two MAP kinase pathways (the mating response pathway in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and receptor tyrosine kinase signalling), the small GTP binding protein ras p21 links membrane events to kinase pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Marshall
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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68
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Cherniack A, Klarlund J, Czech M. Phosphorylation of the Ras nucleotide exchange factor son of sevenless by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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69
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Honda Z, Takano T, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Ito K, Shimizu T. Transfected platelet-activating factor receptor activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and MAP kinase kinase in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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70
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Robbins DJ, Zhen E, Cheng M, Xu S, Ebert D, Cobb MH. MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2: pleiotropic enzymes in a ubiquitous signaling network. Adv Cancer Res 1994; 63:93-116. [PMID: 8036991 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Robbins
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Dallas 75235
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71
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Lackner MR, Kornfeld K, Miller LM, Horvitz HR, Kim SK. A MAP kinase homolog, mpk-1, is involved in ras-mediated induction of vulval cell fates in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 1994; 8:160-73. [PMID: 8299936 DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During development of the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite, the gonadal anchor cell induces nearby Pn.p cells to adopt vulval fates. The response to this signal is mediated by a receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway that has been remarkably well conserved during metazoan evolution. Because mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in vertebrate cells, we hypothesized that C. elegans MAP kinase homologs may play a role in vulval induction. Two C. elegans MAP kinase genes, mpk-1 and mpk-2 (mpk, MAP kinase), were cloned using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and PCR amplification; in parallel, genes involved in vulval induction were identified by screening for mutations that suppress the vulval defects caused by an activated let-60 ras gene. One such suppressor mutation is an allele of mpk-1. We used a new type of mosaic analysis to show that mpk-1 acts cell autonomously in the Pn.p cells. Our results show that mpk-1 plays an important functional role as an activator in ras-mediated cell signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lackner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305
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72
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Pelech SL, Charest DL, Mordret GP, Siow YL, Palaty C, Campbell D, Charlton L, Samiei M, Sanghera JS. Networking with mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 127-128:157-69. [PMID: 7935348 DOI: 10.1007/bf01076767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases and their target ribosomal protein S6 (RSK) kinases have been recognized as shared components in the intracellular signaling pathways of many diverse cytokines. Recent studies have extended this protein kinase cascade by identifying the major activator of vertebrate MAP kinases as a serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase called MEK, which is related to yeast mating factor-regulated protein kinases encoded by the STE7 and byr1 genes. MEK, in turn, may be activated following its phosphorylation on serine by either of the kinases encoded by proto-oncogenes raf1 or mos, as well as by p78mekk, which is related to the yeast STE11 and byr2 gene products. Isoforms of all of these protein kinases may specifically combine to assemble distinct modules for intracellular signal transmission. However, the fundamental architecture of these protein kinase cascades has been highly conserved during eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Pelech
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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73
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Abstract
Using biochemical techniques similar to those used by Krebs and Fischer in elucidating the cAMP kinase cascade, a protein kinase cascade has been found that represents a new pathway for signal transduction. This pathway is activated in almost all cells that have been examined by many different growth and differentiation factors, suggesting control of different cell responses. At this writing, four tiers of growth factor regulated kinases, each tier represented by more than one enzyme, have been reconstituted in vitro to form the MAP kinase cascade. Preliminary findings suggesting multiple feedback or feedforward regulation of several components in the cascade predict higher complexity than a simple linear pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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74
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Zheng C, Guan K. Properties of MEKs, the kinases that phosphorylate and activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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75
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Hughes DA, Ashworth A, Marshall CJ. Complementation of byr1 in fission yeast by mammalian MAP kinase kinase requires coexpression of Raf kinase. Nature 1993; 364:349-52. [PMID: 8332194 DOI: 10.1038/364349a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling from receptor tyrosine kinases in mammalian cells involves the activation of a signal cascade which includes p21ras and the protein kinases p74raf-1, MAP kinase kinase and MAP kinases. In the yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae the response to mating pheromones requires the Spk1 and KSS1/FUS3 kinases, which have sequence homology to vertebrate MAP kinases. The recent cloning of complementary DNAs for mammalian and frog MAP kinase kinases has shown that they are homologous to the S. pombe Byr1 (ref. 17) and S. cerevisiae STE7 (ref. 18) kinases, which have been proposed to function upstream of Spk1 and KSS1/FUS3, respectively. We have investigated whether these apparently similar kinase pathways are functionally conserved between vertebrates and S. pombe. We report here that expression of mammalian MAP kinase kinase alone fails to complement a byr1 mutant of S. pombe. When coexpressed with Raf kinase, however, MAP kinase kinase is activated by phosphorylation and the mating defect of the byr1 mutant is rescued. This suggests that the pathways are functionally homologous and that Raf kinase may directly phosphorylate and activate MAP kinase kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hughes
- Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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76
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77
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Nishida E, Gotoh Y. The MAP kinase cascade is essential for diverse signal transduction pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18:128-31. [PMID: 8388132 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(93)90019-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by combined tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation catalysed by MAP kinase kinase, a novel class of protein kinases with dual specificity for both tyrosine and serine/threonine. MAP kinase kinase is turned on by serine/threonine phosphorylation catalysed by an immediate upstream kinase. The MAP kinase cascade appears to be conserved during evolution and thus might play an essential role in diverse intracellular signaling processes from yeasts to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nishida
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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