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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:449-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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Critical review on recent developments in solventless techniques for extraction of analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:809-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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53
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Cabaton N, Zalko D, Rathahao E, Canlet C, Delous G, Chagnon MC, Cravedi JP, Perdu E. Biotransformation of bisphenol F by human and rat liver subcellular fractions. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1697-704. [PMID: 18672047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol F [4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl-methane] (BPF) has a broad range of applications in industry (liners lacquers, adhesives, plastics, coating of drinks and food cans). Free monomers of this bisphenol can be released into the environment and enter the food chain, very likely resulting in the exposure of humans to low doses of BPF. This synthetic compound has been reported to be estrogenic. A study of BPF distribution and metabolism in rats has demonstrated the formation of many metabolites, with multiple biotransformation pathways. In the present work we investigated the in vitro biotransformation of radio-labelled BPF using rat and human liver subcellular fractions. BPF metabolites were separated, isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analysed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS(n), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Many of these metabolites were characterized for the first time in mammals and in humans. BPF is metabolised into the corresponding glucuronide and sulfate (liver S9 fractions). In addition to these phase II biotransformation products, various hydroxylated metabolites are formed, as well as structurally related apolar metabolites. These phase I metabolic pathways are dominant for incubations carried out with liver microsomes and also present for incubations carried out with liver S9 fractions. The formation of the main metabolites, namely meta-hydroxylated BPF and ortho-hydroxylated BPF (catechol BPF) is P450 dependent, as is the formation of the less polar metabolites characterized as BPF dimers. Both the formation of a catechol and of dimeric metabolites correspond to biotransformation pathways shared by BPF, other bisphenols and estradiol.
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54
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Cabado AG, Aldea S, Porro C, Ojea G, Lago J, Sobrado C, Vieites JM. Migration of BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl-ether) and BFDGE (bisphenol F diglycidyl-ether) in canned seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1674-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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55
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Cabaton N, Chagnon MC, Lhuguenot JC, Cravedi JP, Zalko D. Disposition and metabolic profiling of bisphenol F in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:10307-14. [PMID: 17177575 DOI: 10.1021/jf062250q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of bisphenol F (4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl-methane, BPF) was studied in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant and nonpregnant animals were gavaged with a single dose of 7 or 100 mg/kg [3H]BPF and were kept for 96 h in metabolic cages. The excretion of BPF residues occurred mainly in urine (43-54% of the administered dose), which was found to contain at least six different metabolites, and to a lesser extent in feces (15-20% of the administered dose). Sulfatase treatment and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography analyses suggest that the major urinary metabolite (more than 50% of the radioactivity present in urine) is a sulfate conjugate of BPF. At 96 h, BPF residues were detectable in all tissues examined with the largest amounts in the liver (0.5% of the dose). In pregnant rats dosed at day 17 of gestation, BPF residues were detected in the uterus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetuses (0.9-1.3% of the administered dose). Large amounts of radioactivity (8-10% of the dose) were still located in the digestive tract lumen at the end of the study. After administration of a single oral dose of [3H]BPF, 46% of the distributed radioactivity was excreted in bile over a 6 h period. In rats, BPF and/or its metabolites very likely undergo enterohepatic cycling, which could be responsible for the relatively high amounts of residues still excreted 4 days after BPF administration. This bisphenol is efficiently absorbed and distributed to the reproductive tract in female rats, and its residues pass the placental barrier at a late stage of gestation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cabaton
- ENSBANA, UMR 1234 Toxicologie Alimentaire, 1 esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
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56
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Revilla-Ruiz P. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in cereals by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:207-15. [PMID: 17084848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) has been developed for the determination in cereal samples of seven endocrine-disrupting compounds: bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid (BBA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-butylphenol (t-BP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). For the PLE procedure, methanol was selected as the extraction solvent. An experimental design approach was applied to optimize other PLE parameters. The recoveries achieved for the all seven compounds were in the 81-104% range, with relative standard deviations of 4-9%. An additional preconcentration step, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE), after the PLE step proved to be a successful way for obtaining a more sensitive method. The detection limits achieved in corn breakfast cereals were in the 0.003-0.013 microg g(-1) range, except for BPA, with a detection limit of 0.043 microg g(-1), for a sample size of 2.5 g. These values are similar to or even lower than currently legislated limits for pesticides in cereals and cereal-based foodstuffs. We also investigated possible contamination during the experimental process by the target compounds released from purified water, plastics, syringes, peristaltic pump tubes, glassware and other laboratory materials in contact with the samples along the analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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57
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Terasaki M, Kazama T, Shiraishi F, Makino M. Identification and estrogenic characterization of impurities in commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:873-80. [PMID: 16631231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A sample of commercial BADGE was fractioned by HPLC and eight impurities including novel propyl derivatives (2), (5) and (6) were identified by NMR spectrometry, FAB-MS and GC-MS. The estrogenicity, both agonist and antagonist, of fractions containing these impurities was measured with a yeast two-hybrid assay incorporating the human (hER alpha) and a competitive binding assay for hER alpha (ELISA). In the yeast two-hybrid assay, estrogenic antagonist activity was found in two fractions, while estrogenic agonist activity was not found in any. In the ELISA method, the binding affinity to hER alpha was found in three fractions. It is probable that a comprehensive assessment of the estrogenic properties of commercial BADGE, and their implications for human health, will require examination of all its components as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terasaki
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Japan.
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58
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Maragou NC, Lampi EN, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Determination of bisphenol A in milk by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:165-73. [PMID: 16879831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable analytical method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in milk. The effects of the experimental parameters of the LC-ESI-MS system (mobile phase and additives, flow rate, temperature of the ionization source, cone voltage and capillary potential) on the obtained signal were assessed and the parameters were optimized to provide maximum sensitivity and detectability. In addition, the performance of three commercial SPE sorbents (C18, PS-DVB and hydroxylated PS-DVB) was evaluated using spiked water and milk, diluted with a mixture of water-methanol (8:1). By using C18 cartridges and BPA-d(16) as internal standard, the mean relative recoveries at three fortification levels ranged between 97 and 104% and the corresponding inter-day precision (RSD%) was below 6% for 50 and 500 ng/g and below 20% for 5 ng/g fortification levels. It is shown that the ion suppression during ESI, the losses from the sample preparation procedure and the inter-day instability of LC-ESI-MS were overcome by the use of the deuterated internal standard. The concentration of BPA found in commercial canned milk samples ranged from <1.7 to 15.2 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C Maragou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
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59
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Sun C, Leong LP, Barlow PJ, Chan SH, Bloodworth BC. Single laboratory validation of a method for the determination of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its derivatives in canned foods by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:145-8. [PMID: 16945377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), BADGE-H2O, BADGE-2H2O, BADGE-H2O-HCl, BADGE-HCl, and BADGE-2HCl in canned food using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection; chromatographic separation of all seven analytes was achieved (Rs > or = 1.08) using HPLC gradient elution technique. Acetonitrile was used to extract the analytes from the food matrix before subjecting the samples to liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction for further clean-up and preconcentration prior to HPLC analysis. Excellent inter-day precision data (n = 10) and intra-day precision data (n = 5) were obtained on a 200 microg/kg spiked sample. The RSD ranged from 0.20% to 2.96% for the inter-day precision tests, and 0.04% to 2.82% for the intra-day precision tests. Accuracy was measured at three concentration levels: 200, 1000, and 2000 microg/kg; recoveries ranged from 86.07% to 114.06%. The excellent validation data suggests that this method can be applied on canned foods for the determination of migration of BPA, BADGE and its derivatives from can coatings into food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilian Sun
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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60
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Lim LW, Takeuchi T. On-line precolumn enrichment of bisphenol A using boronate column in microcolumn liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1106:139-45. [PMID: 16443459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of a boronate precolumn in the trace determination of 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A or BPA) in aqueous solution was investigated by microcolumn liquid chromatography (LC). BPA was enriched by a precolumn packed with TSK(gel) boronate and it was then injected (back-flushed) into an ODS separation column. Comparing to a conventional syringe injection, a better peak shape was obtained via the boronate precolumn injection, and the calculated theoretical plate number improvement was approximately two folds. The relative standard deviations for the retention time, peak area and peak height were 0.12, 3.0 and 1.8%, respectively. The system is linear (R2>0.99) within the working sample concentration and sample-volume ranges, and it presents a detection limit of 0.09 microg L(-1)(S/N=3) when a 0.2 mL sample was enriched. Recovery values of the proposed method were between 107 and 123%, and this method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of BPA in commercially available bottled drink samples. The boronate precolumn was proven to produce better sensitivity than that of an ODS or C30 precolumn as long as the enrichment of BPA in aqueous samples is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wah Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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61
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Effect of calibration standards on the quantification of hydroxy products from can coatings. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Cruz SA, Zanin M, Nerin C, De Moraes MAB. Study of barrier properties and chemical resistance of recycled PET coated with amorphous carbon through a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:100-6. [PMID: 16393820 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500384064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out in order to make bottle-to-bottle recycling feasible. The problem is that residual contaminants in recycled plastic intended for food packaging could be a risk to public health. One option is to use a layer of virgin material, named functional barrier, which prevents the contaminants migration process. This paper shows the feasibility of using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycled for food packaging employing a functional barrier made from hydrogen amorphous carbon film deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) process. PET samples were deliberately contaminated with a series of surrogates using a FDA protocol. After that, PET samples were coated with approximately 600 and 1200 Angstrons thickness of amorphous carbon film. Then, the migration tests using as food simulants: water, 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, and isooctane were applied to the sample in order to check the chemical resistance of the new coated material. After the tests, the liquid extracts were analysed using a solid-phase microextraction device (SPME) coupled to GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cruz
- Department of Materials Engineering/Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil
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63
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Ortiz G, Tena MT. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the identification of cosmetic ingredients causing delamination of packagings. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1101:32-7. [PMID: 16246353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method using a 75 microm Carboxen polydimethylsiloxane fibre was used to identify volatile compounds of cosmetic formulations responsible for causing loss of adhesion between layers of multilayer packagings. To obtain the sample, the sachet with the product was kept in an oven at 40 degrees C in order to favour the migration of the aggressive compounds to the inner layers. Then the sachet was manually delaminated and the aluminium/polyester and polyethylene layers were analysed. The cosmetic product was also analysed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Several compounds used in the cosmetic industry such as perfumes or fixing agents were detected in the inner layers of the laminated material, showing the migration of them through the layer in contact with the product (polyethylene). Phenoxy ethanol, beta-linalool, menthol and p-propenylanisole are suspected to be responsible for the loss of adhesion. In order to provide a complete overview of the cause of the aforementioned phenomenon, the packaging material was exposed to the cosmetic products in order to measure the decrease of the adhesion strength with time. It was observed that the product with a higher phenoxy ethanol concentration caused a higher loss of adhesion strength. The results obtained showed that this method is suitable for identifying aggressive compounds in cosmetic products, as well as for giving prior information about which products may be problematic for packaging in sachets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, C/ Madre de Dios 51, 26006-Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
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64
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Sendón García R, Pérez Lamela C, Paseiro Losada P. Determination of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether and related compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1569-74. [PMID: 15880613 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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65
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Wardencki W, Michulec M, Curylo J. A review of theoretical and practical aspects of solid-phase microextraction in food analysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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66
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Sendón García R, Paseiro Losada P. Determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:37-43. [PMID: 15065774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
European Legislation establishes that the sum of the migration levels of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), its hydrolysis (BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O) and chlorohydroxy (BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BADGE.H2O.HCl) derivatives shall not exceed the limit of 1 mg/kg in foodstuffs or food simulants. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method combined with mass spectrometry detection using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) is developed for the separation, quantification and identification of the interesting compounds. Quantification of the analytes was carried out in the single ion recording mode, once their characteristic masses were selected from their full spectra, by using an external calibration. The optimised method was suitable for the migration evaluation of these compounds in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sendón García
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Sur University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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67
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Navarro-Villoslada F, Vicente BS, Moreno-Bondi MC. Application of multivariate analysis to the screening of molecularly imprinted polymers for bisphenol A. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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68
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Inoue K, Kawaguchi M, Funakoshi Y, Nakazawa H. Size-exclusion flow extraction of bisphenol A in human urine for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 798:17-23. [PMID: 14630354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach for assessing human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), which involves measuring the glucuronide in urine sample that were subjected to a novel size-exclusion flow extraction method. The present approach includes the addition of 13C(12)-BPA, enzymatic deconjugation, and the proposed sample preparation method. The sample solution is separated and detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The following are used for the LC-MS: a reversed-phase separation column, electrospray ionization (ESI), negative mode, and single ion monitoring (SIM) with m/z 227 for BPA and m/z 239 for 13C(12)-BPA. The detection limit was 0.1 ng ml(-1) and the calibration curves (0.45-90 ng ml(-1)) had correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. To urine samples requiring deglucuronidation, beta-glucuronidase was added followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 3 h. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the extraction in the reversed-phase (ODS) and size-exclusion (GPC) modes. It was possible to extract, clean up and concentrate BPA in a single run of 20 min by means of the novel extraction method. The method enables the determination of standards and may be applied to the detection of trace amounts of BPA in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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69
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Liquid chromatographic determination of bisphenols based on intramolecular excimer-forming fluorescence derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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