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Abstract
This Review describes the basic concepts that have guided our exploration of new chemical reactions by giving examples of results from my research group. Our strategy of carrying out research is to investigate three to four different topics at a time so we can gather as many results as possible. These may at first appear unrelated to each other but may have the potential to be united into a greater hypothesis after repeated feedback. Three scenarios from our research are presented: the "oxidative-reductive condensation reaction" devised in 1960, which after an interval of nearly 40 years brought forth the new concept of using compounds of structure Ph(2)POR as reducing reagents; the "TiCl(4)-aldol reaction" of 1973 that eventually led to the present "base-promoted aldol reaction" through a chain of ideas; and the "glycosylation reaction using fluorosugars" from 1984 which recently bloomed into "stereocontrolled glycosylation". Thus, it can be said that by reviewing what we had done before, we were able to expand on it to achieve new outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Mukaiyama
- Center for Basic Research, The Kitasato Institute, 6-15-5, Toshima, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0003, Japan.
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52
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Ohmori K, Hatakeyama K, Ohrui H, Suzuki K. Cationic zirconocene- or hafnocene-based Lewis acids in organic synthesis: glycoside–flavonoid analogy. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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53
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Furuike T, Yamada K, Ohta T, Monde K, Nishimura SI. An efficient synthesis of a biantennary sialooligosaccharide analog using a 1,6-anhydro-β-lactose derivative as a key synthetic block. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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54
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Vetere A, Donati I, Campa C, Semeraro S, Gamini A, Paoletti S. Synthesis and characterization of a novel glycopolymer with protective activity toward human anti-alpha-Gal antibodies. Glycobiology 2002; 12:283-90. [PMID: 12042251 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/12.4.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and rapid synthesis of the derivative of the biocompatible polymer poly(styrene co-maleic acid) with Linear B disaccharide (Galili antigen) was achieved. The oligosaccharide portion was obtained by a transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by coffee bean alpha-D-galactosidase using p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside both as donor and as acceptor. The reaction was carried out in aqueous buffer without any organic cosolvent. The molar yield (30%) and the regioselectivity (82%) were significantly improved with respect to the data so far reported in the literature. The selective reduction of the p-nitrophenyl group afforded the p-aminophenyl derivative of Linear B disaccharide. Linkage of this derivative via an amidic bond to the poly(styrene co-maleic acid) was obtained by using N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The products were chemically characterized by ionspray mass spectrometry, infrared, (13)C- and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The glycopolymer specifically reacts with human serum containing antibodies and with a mixture of partially purified human IgG and IgM anti-Linear B. It efficiently protects pig kidney PK15 cells from cytotoxic effects of human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Vetere
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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55
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Jona H, Mandai H, Chavasiri W, Takeuchi K, Mukaiyama T. Protic Acid Catalyzed Stereoselective Glycosylation Using Glycosyl Fluorides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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56
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Hanessian S, Lou B. Stereocontrolled glycosyl transfer reactions with unprotected glycosyl donors. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4443-64. [PMID: 11749354 DOI: 10.1021/cr9903454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Hanessian
- Advanced SynTech, 9800 Bluegrass Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40299
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57
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Chen X, Liu Z, Wang J, Fang J, Fan H, Wang PG. Changing the donor cofactor of bovine alpha 1, 3-galactosyltransferase by fusion with UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. More efficient biocatalysis for synthesis of alpha-Gal epitopes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31594-600. [PMID: 10913140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fusion enzymes consisting of uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase (UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, EC ) and alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase (EC ) with an N-terminal His(6) tag and an intervening three-glycine linker were constructed by in-frame fusion of the Escherichia coli galE gene either to the 3' terminus (f1) or to the 5' terminus (f2) of a truncated bovine alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase gene, respectively. Both fusion proteins were expressed in cell lysate as active, soluble forms as well as in inclusion bodies as improperly folded proteins. Both f1 and f2 were determined to be homodimers, based on a single band observed at about 67 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on a single peak with a molecular mass around 140 kDa determined by gel filtration chromatography for each of the enzymes. Without altering the acceptor specificity of the transferase, the fusion with the epimerase changed the donor requirement of alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase from UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose and decreased the cost for the synthesis of biomedically important Galalpha1,3Gal-terminated oligosaccharides by more than 40-fold. For enzymatic synthesis of Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4Glc from UDP-glucose and lactose, the genetically fused enzymes f1 and f2 exhibited kinetic advantages with overall reaction rates that were 300 and 50%, respectively, higher than that of the system containing equal amounts of epimerase and galactosyltransferase. These results indicated that the active sites of the epimerase and the transferase in fusion enzymes were in proximity. The kinetic parameters suggested a random mechanism for the substrate binding of the alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase. This work demonstrated a general approach that fusion of a glycosyltransferase with an epimerase can change the required but expensive sugar nucleotide to a less expensive one.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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58
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Di Virgilio S, Glushka J, Moremen K, Pierce M. Enzymatic synthesis of natural and 13C enriched linear poly-N-acetyllactosamines as ligands for galectin-1. Glycobiology 1999; 9:353-64. [PMID: 10089209 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a study of protein-carbohydrate interactions, linear N-acetyl-polyllactosamines [Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3]nwere synthesized at the 10-100 micromol scale using enzymatic methods. The methods described also provided specifically [1-13C]-galactose-labeled tetra- and hexasaccharides ([1-13C]-Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Glc and Galbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1,3[1-13C]Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta 1,4Glc) suitable for NMR studies. Two series of oligosaccharides were produced, with either glucose or N-acetlyglucosamine at the reducing end. In both cases, large amounts of starting primer were available from human milk oligosaccharides (trisaccharide primer GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1, 4Glc) or via transglycosylation from N-acetyllactosamine. Partially purified and immobilized glycosyltransferases, such as bovine milk beta1,4 galactosyltransferase and human serum beta1,3 N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase, were used for the synthesis. All the oligo-saccharide products were characterized by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The target molecules were then used to study their interactions with recombinant galectin-1, and initial1H NMR spectroscopic results are presented to illustrate this approach. These results indicate that, for oligomers containing up to eight sugars, the principal interaction of the binding site of galectin-1 is with the terminal N-acetyllactosamine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Di Virgilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens,GA 30602-7229, USA
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59
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Abstract
Research efforts directed at the development of methodologies effective for solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides have resulted in a number of impressive achievements. In addition, closely related technologies, such as soluble polymer-supported synthesis and fluorous synthesis of the same class of molecules, have proved to be quite promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wakoshi Saitama 351-0198 Japan.
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60
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Fang J, Li J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Guo Z, Zhang W, Yu L, Brew K, Wang PG. Highly Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α-Galactosyl Epitopes with a Recombinant α(1→3)-Galactosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9808898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Fang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Jun Li
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Xi Chen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Zhengmao Guo
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Wei Zhang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Libing Yu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Keith Brew
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Peng George Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, Florida 33101
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61
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Salminen H, Ahokas K, Niemelä R, Penttilä L, Maaheimo H, Helin J, Costello CE, Renkonen O. Improved enzymatic synthesis of a highly potent oligosaccharide antagonist of L-selectin. FEBS Lett 1997; 419:220-6. [PMID: 9428638 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The polylactosamine sLex beta1-3'(sLex beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(sLex beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(sLex beta1-6')LacNAc (7) (where sLex is Neu5Ac alpha2-3Gal beta1-4(Fuc alpha1-3)GlcNAc and LacNAc is Gal beta1-4GlcNAc) is a nanomolar L-selectin antagonist and therefore a potential anti-inflammatory agent (Renkonen et al. (1997) Glycobiology, 7, 453). Here we describe an improved synthesis of 7. The octasaccharide LacNAc beta1-3'LacNAc beta1-3'LacNAc beta1-3'LacNAc (4) was converted into the triply branched undecasaccharide LacNAc beta1-3'(GlcNAc beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(GlcNAc beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(GlcNAc beta1-6')LacNAc (5) by incubation with UDP-GlcNAc and the midchain beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase activity of rat serum. Glycan 5 was enzymatically beta1,4-galactosylated to LacNAc beta1-3'(LacNAc beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(LacNAc beta1-6')LacNAc beta1-3'(LacNAc beta1-6')LacNAc (6). Combined with the enzymatic conversion of 6 to 7 (Renkonen et al., loc. cit.) and the available chemical synthesis of 4, our data improve the availability of 7 for full assessment of its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salminen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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62
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Matsuo I, Isomura M, Miyazaki T, Sakakibara T, Ajisaka K. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the branched oligosaccharides which correspond to the core structures of N-linked sugar chains. Carbohydr Res 1997; 305:401-13. [PMID: 9648259 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes are described to a partial structure common to all high mannose-type sugar chains and complex-type sugar chains based on a chemoenzymatic strategy which incorporates, (a) enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharide blocks using glycosidases, and (b) chemical synthesis of the branching oligosaccharides via regioselective coupling. All reaction products correspond to key intermediates necessary for the construction of N-linked oligosaccharides and we have synthesized the branched tetra-manno-oligosaccharide high mannose-type sugar chain and the branched hexa-oligosaccharide complex-type sugar chain using this simple and direct method.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsuo
- Meiji Institute of Health Science, Meiji Milk Products, Odawara, Japan
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63
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Garegg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
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64
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Dullenkopf W, Castro-Palomino JC, Manzoni L, Schmidt RR. N-trichloroethoxycarbonyl-glucosamine derivatives as glycosyl donors. Carbohydr Res 1996; 296:135-47. [PMID: 9008845 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
D-Glucosamine can be readily transformed into 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino+ ++) -D-glucopyranose (2). From this intermediate valuable glycosyl donors can be obtained; reaction with ethanethiol in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate afforded ethyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-2-(2,2, 2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4) which gave, upon N-acetylation, the N-acetyl-N-trichloroethoxycarbonyl derivative (5). Selective removal of the 1-O-acetyl group in 2 followed by treatment with trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of base afforded 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- alpha -D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (6). Reaction of 5 with five selectively protected glycosides as glycosyl acceptors in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide/trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as the promoter system furnished the corresponding beta-glycosides in good yields, thus exhibiting the valuable glycosyl donor properties of 5. Reductive removal of the trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Teoc) group afforded the corresponding N-acetyl-protected saccharides in high yields. The imidate 6 reacted with three of the above acceptors in the presence of catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to give the beta-linked disaccharides in even better yields. The direct replacement of the N-Teoc group by the N-acetyl group using zinc/acetic anhydride, via the free amines as transient intermediates, adds to the high efficiency and convenience of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dullenkopf
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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65
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Wang ZG, Zhang XF, Ito Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Stereocontrolled syntheses of O-glycans of core class 2 with a linear tetrameric lactosamine chain and with three lactosamine branches. Carbohydr Res 1996; 295:25-39. [PMID: 9002183 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)90116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to O-glycans of core class 2 with a linearly extended tetralactosamine moiety and with three lactosamine branches are discussed. By a glycosyl fluoride-method, the mono- and the di-lactosaminyl units were attached to the core disaccharide (Gal beta 1-->3GalN3) derivatives in high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Wang
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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66
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Shimizu H, Ito Y, Kanie O, Ogawa T. Solid phase synthesis of polylactosamine oligosaccharide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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68
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Debenham JS, Debenham SD, Fraser-Reid B. N-Tetrachlorophthaloyl (TCP) for ready protection/deprotection of amino sugar glycosides. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:1909-18. [PMID: 9007275 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tetrachlorophthaloyl (TCP) group can be utilized when imidic protection of an amine is desired and durability of the protecting group to conditions ranging from mildly basic to harshly acidic is required. Installation can be accomplished in two steps by treating the free base with the commercially available TCP anhydride, and then closing the imidic ring with acetic anhydride and pyridine. Cleavage is effected by 2-4 eq of ethylenediamine under very mild conditions under which esters and glycopeptides have been shown to be stable, and racemization of amino acid residues does not occur. Unsubstituted phthalimides, even within the same molecule, are also unaffected during TCP cleavage. TCP protecting groups serve as beta-directors on donors and can also be present on acceptor species during electrophilic couplings in oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Debenham
- Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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69
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Roe BA, Boojamra CG, Griggs JL, Bertozzi CR. Synthesis of beta-C-Glycosides of N-Acetylglucosamine via Keck Allylation Directed by Neighboring Phthalimide Groups. J Org Chem 1996; 61:6442-6445. [PMID: 11667491 DOI: 10.1021/jo960819o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Roe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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70
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Abstract
A short review of the present status of glycosylation reactions is presented. The reactivity of both proven and newer glycosylation methods are briefly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the control of stereochemistry and regiochemistry. As well, the identification and avoidance of side reactions is covered. Polymer-supported synthesis of oligosaccharides is noted as a promising direction for eliminating some of the problems associated with purification. It is suggested that a better understanding of the mechanism of glycosylation reactions is necessary for future improvements to stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. A key advance would be methods for enhancing the reactivity of weakly nucleophilic hydroxyls.
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71
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Koto S, Haigoh H, Shichi S, Hirooka M, Nakamura T, Maru C, Fujita M, Goto A, Sato T, Okada M, Zen S, Yago K, Tomonaga F. Synthesis of Glucose-Containing Linear Oligosaccharides Havingα(1→4) andα(1→6) Linkages Using Stereoselective Dehydrative Glycosylation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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73
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Ii T, Ohashi Y, Matsuzaki Y, Ogawa T, Nagai Y. Electrospray mass spectrometry of pentacosasaccharides of blood group I-activity and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210281109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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75
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Herrmann GF, Kragl D, Wandrey C. Kontinuierliche katalytische Herstellung vonN-Acetyllactosamin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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76
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Herrmann GF, Kragl U, Wandrey C. Continuous Catalytic Synthesis ofN- Acetyllactosamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199313421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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