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Kang MY, Rico CW, Bae HJ, Lee SC. Antioxidant Capacity of Newly Developed Pigmented Rice Cultivars in Korea. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-12-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Catherine W. Rico
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Corresponding author. Phone: +82-53-950-5713. Fax: +82-53-950-6880. E-mail:
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Garcia-Moreno H, Calvo JR, Maldonado MD. High levels of melatonin generated during the brewing process. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:26-30. [PMID: 23607887 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beer is a beverage consumed worldwide. It is produced from cereals (barley or wheat) and contains a wide array of bioactive phytochemicals and nutraceutical compounds. Specifically, high melatonin concentrations have been found in beer. Beers with high alcohol content are those that present the greatest concentrations of melatonin and vice versa. In this study, gel filtration chromatography and ELISA were combined for melatonin determination. We brewed beer to determine, for the first time, the beer production steps in which melatonin appears. We conclude that the barley, which is malted and ground in the early process, and the yeast, during the second fermentation, are the largest contributors to the enrichment of the beer with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Sevilla, Spain
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53
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Ressmeyer AR, Mayo JC, Zelosko V, Sáinz RM, Tan DX, Poeggeler B, Antolín I, Zsizsik BK, Reiter RJ, Hardeland R. Antioxidant properties of the melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK): scavenging of free radicals and prevention of protein destruction. Redox Rep 2013; 8:205-13. [PMID: 14599344 DOI: 10.1179/135100003225002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In numerous experimental systems, the neurohormone melatonin has been shown to protect against oxidative stress, an effect which appears to be the result of a combination of different actions. In this study, we have investigated the possible contribution to radical scavenging by substituted kynuramines formed from melatonin via pyrrole ring cleavage. N1-Acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), a metabolite deriving from melatonin by mechanisms involving free radicals, exhibits potent antioxidant properties exceeding those of its direct precursor N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and its analog N1-acetylkynuramine (AK). Scavenging of hydroxyl radicals was demonstrated by competition with ABTS in a Fenton reaction system at pH 5 and by competition with DMSO in a hemin-catalyzed H2O2 system at pH 8. Under catalysis by hemin, oxidation of AMK was accompanied by the emission of chemiluminescence. AMK was a potent reductant of ABTS cation radicals, but, in the absence of catalysts, a poor scavenger of superoxide anions. In accordance with the latter observation, AMK was fairly stable in a pH 8 H2O2 system devoid of hemin. Contrary to AFMK, AMK was easily oxidized in a reaction mixture generating carbonate radicals. In an oxidative protein destruction assay based on peroxyl radical formation, AMK proved to be highly protective. No prooxidant properties of AMK were detected in a sensitive biological test system based on light emission by the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. AMK may contribute to the antioxidant properties of the indolic precursor melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Rebekka Ressmeyer
- Institut für Zoologie, Anthropologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Naziroğlu M, Tokat S, Demirci S. Role of melatonin on electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress and Ca2+ signaling molecular pathways in breast cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013. [PMID: 23194197 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.737002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) may increase breast cancer risk by inducing oxidative stress and suppressing the production of melatonin. Aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanisms and risk factors of EMR and oxidative stress-induced breast cancer, to summarize the controlled studies evaluating measures for prevention, and to conclude with evidence-based strategies for prevention. MATERIALS Review of the relevant literature and results from our recent basic studies, as well as critical analyses of published systematic reviews were obtained from the Pubmed and the Science Citation Index. RESULTS It has been proposed that chronic exposure to EMR may increase the risk of breast cancer by suppressing the production of melatonin; this suppression may affect the development of breast cancer either by increasing levels of circulation of estrogen or through over production of free oxygen radicals. Most epidemiological studies have also indicated overall effect of EMR exposure in premenopausal women, particularly for estrogen receptor positive breast tumors. Enhanced voltage-dependent Ca(2+) current and impaired inhibitory G-protein function, and derangement of intracellular organelles with a Ca(2+) buffering effect, such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria have been also shown to contribute to disturbed Ca(2+) signaling in breast cancer. CONCLUSION Melatonin may modulate breast cancer through modulation of enhanced oxidative stress and Ca(2+) influx in cell lines. However, there is not enough evidence on increased risk of breast cancer related to EMR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Naziroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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55
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Sainath S, Swetha CH, Reddy PS. What Do We (Need to) Know About the Melatonin in Crustaceans? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 319:365-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Sainath
- Department of Biotechnology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; India
| | - CH. Swetha
- Department of Biotechnology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; India
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56
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Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:245-57. [PMID: 22998574 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of N(1) -acetyl-N(2) -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N(1) -acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) with (•) OH, (•) OOH, and •OOCCl3 radicals have been studied using the density functional theory. Three mechanisms of reaction have been considered: radical adduct formation (RAF), hydrogen transfer (HT), and single electron transfer (SET). Their relative importance for the free radical scavenging activity of AFMK and AMK has been assessed. It was found that AFMK and AMK react with •OH at diffusion-limited rates, regardless of the polarity of the environment, which supports their excellent •OH radical scavenging activity. Both compounds were found to be also very efficient for scavenging •OOCCl3 , but rather ineffective for scavenging •OOH. Regarding their relative activity, it was found that AFMK systematically is a poorer scavenger than AMK and melatonin. In aqueous solution, AMK was found to react faster than melatonin with all the studied free radicals, while in nonpolar environments, the relative efficiency of AMK and melatonin as free radical scavengers depends on the radical with which they are reacting. Under such conditions, melatonin is predicted to be a better •OOH and •OOCCl3 scavenger than AMK, while AMK is predicted to be slightly better than melatonin for scavenging •OH. Accordingly it seems that melatonin and its metabolite AMK constitute an efficient team of scavengers able of deactivating a wide variety of reactive oxygen species, under different conditions. Thus, the presented results support the continuous protection exerted by melatonin, through the free radical scavenging cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, DF, México.
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57
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Chen YC, Sheen JM, Tiao MM, Tain YL, Huang LT. Roles of melatonin in fetal programming in compromised pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5380-401. [PMID: 23466884 PMCID: PMC3634509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised pregnancies such as those associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, maternal undernutrition, and maternal stress may negatively affect fetal development. Such pregnancies may induce oxidative stress to the fetus and alter fetal development through the epigenetic process that may affect development at a later stage. Melatonin is an oxidant scavenger that reverses oxidative stress during the prenatal period. Moreover, the role of melatonin in epigenetic modifications in the field of developmental programming has been studied extensively. Here, we describe the physiological function of melatonin in pregnancy and discuss the roles of melatonin in fetal programming in compromised pregnancies, focusing on its involvement in redox and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (J.-M.S.); (M.-M.T.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (J.-M.S.); (M.-M.T.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Miao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (J.-M.S.); (M.-M.T.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (J.-M.S.); (M.-M.T.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (J.-M.S.); (M.-M.T.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow 333, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-975-056-169; Fax: +886-773-380-09
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A Comparison of B16 Melanoma Cells and 3T3 Fibroblasts Concerning Cell Viability and ROS Production in the Presence of Melatonin, Tested Over a Wide Range of Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3901-20. [PMID: 23434670 PMCID: PMC3588077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with many cellular and systemic actions, including chronobiotic effects. Beneficial effects are widely documented concerning the treatment of neoplastic diseases in vivo as well as reductions in viability of cultured cells from melanoma, one of the most aggressive cancers in humans. However, studies of its effects on non-tumor cells in vitro have not focused on viability, except for experiments aiming to protect against oxidotoxicity or other toxicological insults. Furthermore, there is no agreement on the range of effective melatonin concentrations in vitro, and the mechanisms that reduce cell viability have remained unclear. Tumor cell-specific increases in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) may provide a possible explanation. Our aim was to analyze the potential inhibition of tumor (B16 melanoma 4A5) and non-tumor cell (3T3 Swiss albino) viability using a wide range of melatonin concentrations (10−11–10−2 M), and to determine whether intracellular ROS enhancement was involved in this process. In the absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), low melatonin concentrations (10−9–10−5 M) reduced the proliferation of melanoma cells with no effect in fibroblasts, whereas, in the presence of FBS, they had no effect or even increased the proliferation of both fibroblast and melanoma cells. Melatonin concentrations in the upper millimolar range increased ROS levels and reduced the viability of both cell types, but more markedly so in non-tumor cells. Thus, low melatonin concentrations reduce proliferation in this specific melanoma cell line, whereas high concentrations affect the viability of both tumor (B16 4A5 melanoma) and non-tumor (3T3 fibroblasts) cells. Increased ROS levels in both lines indicate a role for ROS production in the reduction of cell viability at high—but not low—melatonin concentrations, although the mechanism of action still remains to be elucidated.
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Effects of melatonin on streptozotocin-induced retina neuronal apoptosis in high blood glucose rat. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:669-76. [PMID: 23299510 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the main pathological symptoms of early diabetic retinal neuropathy is retina neuronal apoptosis. In the present work we investigated the effects of indoleamine hormone melatonin, a powerful free radical scavenger, on streptozotocin-induced retina neuronal cell apoptosis in high blood glucose rat. After melatonin treatment (10 mg/kg/day), tunel detection was used to monitor the apoptosis rate of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer; reversed quantitative PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of retinal caspase-3, Mn superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and Cu-Zn SOD; and the activities of total SOD (T-SOD) and sub-type SOD was detected using xanthine oxidase enzymatic detection. Our data showed that melatonin treatment leads to a decrease of retinal cell apoptosis and the apoptotic index was (1.67 ± 0.54) % and (7.73 ± 0.95) % at 8 and 12 weeks after treatment. The relative quantitative (RQ) value for caspase-3 mRNA expression was (6.996 ± 1.192) and (7.267 ± 1.178) in melatonin group, which are much lower than the values of diabetic group (12.566 ± 2.272 and (14.297 ± 2.110) at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively) under the same condition. mRNA expression of Mn SOD and Cu-Zn SOD as well as their activities all decreased in the diabetic group compared with the control group. While melatonin treatment induced the expression of Mn SOD mRNA and a continual increase of Mn SOD activity as well as the activity and mRNA expression of Cu-Zn SOD at 12 weeks. Therefore, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment prevented the decrease in mRNA expression of SOD and the increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression induced by diabetes thus exerts a beneficial effect on retina neuronal apoptosis.
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Nierenberg AA, Kansky C, Brennan BP, Shelton RC, Perlis R, Iosifescu DV. Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:26-42. [PMID: 22711881 DOI: 10.1177/0004867412449303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar patients frequently relapse within 12 months of their previous mood episode, even in the context of adequate treatment, suggesting that better continuation and maintenance treatments are needed. Based on recent research of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, we review the evidence for mitochondrial dysregulation and selected mitochondrial modulators (MM) as potential treatments. METHODS We reviewed the literature about mitochondrial dysfunction and potential MMs worthy of study that could improve the course of bipolar disorder, reduce subsyndromal symptoms, and prevent subsequent mood episodes. RESULTS MM treatment targets mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered brain energy metabolism and the dysregulation of multiple mitochondrial genes in patients with bipolar disorder. Several tolerable and readily available candidates include N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), and melatonin. The specific metabolic pathways by which these MMs may improve the symptoms of bipolar disorder are discussed and combinations of selected MMs could be of interest as well. CONCLUSIONS Convergent data implicate mitochondrial dysfunction as an important component of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Clinical trials of individual MMs as well as combinations are warranted.
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Sarlak G, Jenwitheesuk A, Chetsawang B, Govitrapong P. Effects of Melatonin on Nervous System Aging: Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 123:9-24. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r01sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ahmed HH, Estefan SF, Mohamd EM, Farrag AERH, Salah RS. Does melatonin ameliorate neurological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease in ovariectomized rat model? Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 28:381-9. [PMID: 24426241 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of melatonin to manage neurological damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced in ovariectomized rats. Forty adult female rats were enrolled in our study and were classified as; gonad intact control, ovariectomized control group, ovariectomized rats received melatonin, ovariectomized rats injected with AlCl3 to induce AD and AD-induced rats treated with melatonin. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and acetylcholine (Ach) were estimated in the brain tissues of the different groups. Treatment of AD-induced rats with melatonin produced marked improvement in the most studied biomarkers which was confirmed by histological investigation of the brain. In Conclusion, melatonin significantly ameliorates the neurodegeneration characteristic of AD in experimental animal model due to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, neurotrophic and anti-amyloidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Selim F Estefan
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Ehab M Mohamd
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Rania S Salah
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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Song N, Kim AJ, Kim HJ, Jee HJ, Kim M, Yoo YH, Yun J. Melatonin suppresses doxorubicin-induced premature senescence of A549 lung cancer cells by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:335-43. [PMID: 22536785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an indolamine that is synthesized in the pineal gland and shows a wide range of physiological functions. Although the anti-aging properties of melatonin have been reported in a senescence-accelerated mouse model, whether melatonin modulates cellular senescence has not been determined. In this study, we examined the effect of melatonin on anticancer drug-induced cellular premature senescence. We found that the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced senescence of A549 human lung cancer cells and IMR90 normal lung cells was substantially inhibited by cotreatment with melatonin in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the DOX-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and the decrease in cyclinB and cdc2 expression were not affected by melatonin. However, the DOX-induced increase in intracellular levels of ROS, which is necessary for premature senescence, was completely abolished upon melatonin cotreatment. In addition, the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential that occurs upon DOX treatment was inhibited by melatonin. An aberrant increase in mitochondrial respiration was also significantly suppressed by melatonin, indicating that melatonin ameliorates the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DOX treatment. The treatment of A549 cells with luzindole, a potent inhibitor of melatonin receptors, failed to prevent the effects of melatonin treatment on mitochondrial functions and premature senescence in cells also treated with DOX; this suggests that melatonin suppresses DOX-induced senescence in a melatonin receptor-independent manner. Together, these results reveal that melatonin has an inhibitory effect of melatonin on premature senescence at the cellular level and that melatonin protects A549 cells from DOX-induced senescence. Thus, melatonin might have the therapeutic potential to prevent the side effects of anticancer drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naree Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Argüelles S, Muñoz MF, Cano M, Machado A, Ayala A. In vitro and in vivo protection by melatonin against the decline of elongation factor-2 caused by lipid peroxidation: preservation of protein synthesis. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:1-10. [PMID: 22462727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As organisms age, a considerable decrease in protein synthesis takes place in all tissues. Among the possible causes of the decline of translation in old animals are the modifications of elongation factor-2 (eEF-2). eEF-2 occupies an essential role in protein synthesis where it catalyzes the ribosomal translocation reaction. eEF-2 is particularly sensitive to increased oxidative stress. However, all oxidants do not affect eEF-2, only compounds that increase lipid peroxidation. As peroxides are unstable compounds, they decompose and generate a series of highly reactive compounds, including aldehydes malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynoenal (HNE). We have previously reported that hepatic eEF-2 forms adducts with low-molecular weight aldehydes, MDA and HNE. Therefore, the protection of eEF-2 must be specifically carried out by a compound with lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging features such as melatonin. In this article, we show the ability of melatonin to protect against the changes that occur in the eEF-2 under conditions of lipid peroxidation induced by cumene hydroperoxide (CH), a compound used experimentally to induce lipid breakdown. As experimental models, we used cultured cells and rats treated with this oxidant compound. eEF-2 levels, adduct formation of this protein with MDA and HNE, and lipid peroxides were determined. In the cultured cells, protein synthesis rate was also measured. Our results show that melatonin prevented the molecular changes in eEF-2 and the decline in protein synthesis rate secondary to lipid peroxidation. The results also show that serum levels of several hormones were affected by CH-induced oxidative stress, which was partially or totally prevented by melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Argüelles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España, Spain
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Infusing sodium bicarbonate suppresses hydrogen peroxide accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity in hypoxic-reoxygenated newborn piglets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39081. [PMID: 22761724 PMCID: PMC3382246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) has recently been questioned although it is often used to correct metabolic acidosis of neonates. The aim of the present study was to examine its effect on hemodynamic changes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation in the resuscitation of hypoxic newborn animals with severe acidosis. Methods Newborn piglets were block-randomized into a sham-operated control group without hypoxia (n = 6) and two hypoxia-reoxygenation groups (2 h normocapnic alveolar hypoxia followed by 4 h room-air reoxygenation, n = 8/group). At 10 min after reoxygenation, piglets were given either i.v. SB (2 mEq/kg), or saline (hypoxia-reoxygenation controls) in a blinded, randomized fashion. Hemodynamic data and blood gas were collected at specific time points and cerebral cortical H2O2 production was continuously monitored throughout experimental period. Plasma superoxide dismutase and catalase and brain tissue glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nitrotyrosine and lactate levels were assayed. Results Two hours of normocapnic alveolar hypoxia caused cardiogenic shock with metabolic acidosis (pH: 6.99±0.07, HCO3−: 8.5±1.6 mmol/L). Upon resuscitation, systemic hemodynamics immediately recovered and then gradually deteriorated with normalization of acid-base imbalance over 4 h of reoxygenation. SB administration significantly enhanced the recovery of both pH and HCO3− recovery within the first hour of reoxygenation but did not cause any significant effect in the acid-base at 4 h of reoxygenation and the temporal hemodynamic changes. SB administration significantly suppressed the increase in H2O2 accumulation in the brain with inhibition of superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, activity during hypoxia-reoxygenation as compared to those of saline-treated controls. Conclusions Despite enhancing the normalization of acid-base imbalance, SB administration during resuscitation did not provide any beneficial effects on hemodynamic recovery in asphyxiated newborn piglets. SB treatment also reduced the H2O2 accumulation in the cerebral cortex without significant effects on oxidative stress markers presumably by suppressing superoxide dismutase but not catalase activity.
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Yang T, Zhang J, Sun L, Zhu X, Li J, Wang J, Chen H, Bao R, Deng X, Hou J, Liu Y. Combined effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat sodium) and a free radical scavenger (edaravone) on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:563-9. [PMID: 22484827 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, sivelestat sodium, with a free radical scavenger, edaravone, on lipolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and instilled intratracheally with 2 mg/kg LPS. Sivelestat sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and/or edaravone (8 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 1 h after LPS instillation. The severity of pulmonary injuries was evaluated 12 h after inducing acute lung injury. RESULTS In lung tissues, either sivelestat or edaravone treatment alone showed significant protective effects against neutrophil infiltration and tissue injury, as demonstrated by myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological analysis. Sivelestat or edaravone treatment also attenuated the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in rat lungs. However, the LPS-induced elevation of malondialdehyde levels in rat lungs was reduced only by edaravone, but not by sivelestat. In addition, combined treatment with both sivelestat and edaravone demonstrated additive protective effects on LPS-induced lung injury, compared with single treatments. CONCLUSIONS Combination of sivelestat and edaravone shows promise as a new treatment option for ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, 200433, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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67
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Ban SJ, Rico CW, Um IC, Kang MY. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of Hydroxyethyl Methylcellulose (HEMC) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) in mice fed with a high fat diet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3738-3750. [PMID: 22489179 PMCID: PMC3317739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary feeding of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative status in mice under high fat diet conditions was investigated. The mice were randomly divided and given experimental diets for six weeks: normal control (NC group), high fat (HF group), and high fat supplemented with either HEMC (HF+HEMC group) or HPMC (HF+HPMC group). At the end of the experimental period, the HF group exhibited markedly higher blood glucose and insulin levels as well as a higher erythrocyte lipid peroxidation rate relative to the control group. However, diet supplementation of HEMC and HPMC was found to counteract the high fat-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress via regulation of antioxidant and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities. These findings illustrate that HEMC and HPMC were similarly effective in improving the glucose metabolism and antioxidant defense system in high fat-fed mice and they may be beneficial as functional biomaterials in the development of therapeutic agents against high fat dietinduced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Catherine W. Rico
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - In Chul Um
- Department of Natural Fiber Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Mi Young Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
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68
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Hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose in mice fed with high fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1716-21. [PMID: 22387268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) with different viscosities on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative defense system in high fat-fed mice was investigated. The mice were randomly divided into five dietary groups: normal control diet (NC), high fat diet (HF), and high fat diet supplemented with high viscosity (HF-HV), moderate viscosity (HF-MV), and low viscosity (HF-LV) HEMC fibers. After 6 weeks, the HF group showed a marked increase in body weight gain, body fat, blood glucose concentration, insulin level, and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation rate relative to the NC group. However, supplementation of HEMC in the diet suppressed these high fat-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress through enhancement of the activities of hepatic glucokinase and antioxidant enzymes. The hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects increased with increased viscosity of the HEMC consumed. These results illustrate that HEMC with high viscosity may be useful in the management of high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.
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69
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Chen YC, Tain YL, Sheen JM, Huang LT. Melatonin utility in neonates and children. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 111:57-66. [PMID: 22370283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenously produced indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland and the secretion is suppressed by light. Melatonin is a highly effective antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and has anti-inflammatory effect. Plenty of evidence supports the utility of melatonin in adults for cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. In children and neonates, melatonin has been used widely, including for respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy and sepsis. In addition, melatonin can be used in childhood sleep and seizure disorders, and in neonates and children receiving surgery. This review article discusses the utility of melatonin in neonates and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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70
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Bharti VK, Srivastava RS, Malik JK, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brown GM. Evaluation of blood antioxidant defense and apoptosis in peripheral lymphocytes on exogenous administration of pineal proteins and melatonin in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 68:237-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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71
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Vargas MA, Geihs MA, Maciel FE, Cruz BP, Nery LEM, Allodi S. The effects of UV radiation on the visual system of the crab Neohelice granulata: a protective role of melatonin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:427-34. [PMID: 21854872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The first and main target-structure of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in animals is the body surface, including the skin and eyes. Here, we investigated cell damage in the visual system of the crab Neohelice granulata acclimated to constant light and exposed to UVA or UVB at 12:00 h for 30 min. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage, catalase (CAT) activity, and the melatonin immunohistochemical reactivity in the eyestalks were evaluated. The animals that received melatonin and were exposed to UVA and UVB radiation showed a decreased ROS concentration (p<0.05).The ACAP test showed a decrease (p<0.05) in their values when the animals received 2 pmol/crab of melatonin (physiological dose) before the exposure to UVA radiation. The animals exposed to UVB radiation after receiving the same dose of melatonin showed an increase (p<0.05) in the ACAP test compared with the animals exposed to UVB radiation after receiving only crab physiological saline. The CAT activity increased (p<0.05) in the animals that received melatonin and were exposed to UVA and UVB radiation. Animals exposed to UVA and UVB displayed an increase (p<0.05) in the LPO levels, whereas animals treated with melatonin showed lower (p<0.05) LPO levels when irradiated. The results indicate that the specific oxidative parameters altered by UV radiation can be modulated by a physiological dose of melatonin. Moreover, the melatonin regularly produced by virtually all eyestalk cells suggests that it may function to modulate the noxious effects of radiation, at least in the crab N. granulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Alves Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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72
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Dong Y, Zhang W, Lai B, Luan WJ, Zhu YH, Zhao BQ, Zheng P. Two free radical pathways mediate chemical hypoxia-induced glutamate release in synaptosomes from the prefrontal cortex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:493-504. [PMID: 22057390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been known that the inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is one of the earliest events occurring under hypoxia and this inhibition can lead to neuronal damages. Thus, the cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor sodium cyanide (NaCN) is widely used to produce a model of chemical hypoxia by inhibiting this enzyme. However, the downstream signaling pathways of the inhibition of the cytochrome c oxidase remain to be studied. In the present paper, we used sodium cyanide to mimic the inhibition of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and studied its effect on glutamate release in synaptosomes from the prefrontal cortex using on-line fluorimetry. We also further investigated the mechanisms underlying the enhancing effect of sodium cyanide on glutamate release using pharmacological approaches combined with other techniques. The results showed that sodium cyanide significantly increased glutamate release from synaptosomes of prefrontal cortex; the broad-spectrum free radical scavenger MnTBAP and melatonin completely abolished the effect of sodium cyanide on glutamate release; the H2O2-NMDA receptor pathway mediated one part, whereas the lipid peroxyl radicals-ATP synthase pathway mediated another part of the sodium cyanide-induced glutamate release; scavenging H2O2 and enhancing ATP synthase activity could completely abolish the sodium cyanide-induced glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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73
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Fazil M, Shadab, Baboota S, Sahni JK, Ali J. Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease (AD): Past, present and future. J Drug Target 2011; 20:97-113. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.607499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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74
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The interaction of melatonin and agmatine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:200-6. [PMID: 21840768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, the major hormone produced by the pineal gland, has a number of functions in mammals, for example, its function as an anticonvulsant. Agmatine, a biogenic amine formed by decarboxylation of L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase, also has anticonvulsant effects. This study investigated the effect of the interaction of melatonin and agmatine on seizure susceptibility in the mouse model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizures. Further, the researchers investigated the involvement of melatonin receptors in this interaction using luzindole, a ML(1/2) receptor antagonist and prazosin, a ML(3) receptor antagonist. Melatonin, at 40 and 80 mg/kg, and agmatine, at 10 and 20mg/kg, exerted anticonvulsant effects. Luzindole, at 1.25 and 2.5mg/kg, or prazosin, at 0.5mg/kg, did not change the seizure threshold as compared with that of vehicle-treated mice. The anticonvulsant effect of melatonin (40 and 80 mg/kg) was prevented by luzindole (2.5mg/kg) (P<0.001) but not prazosin (0.5mg/kg), indicating the possible involvement of ML(1/2) receptors in the anticonvulsant effect of melatonin. Agmatine (5mg/kg) significantly increased the anticonvulsant effect of both the noneffective dose (20mg/kg) (P<0.05) and the effective dose (80 mg/kg) (P<0.001) of melatonin. Luzindole (2.5mg/kg), but not prazosin (0.5mg/kg), decreased the anticonvulsant effect of agmatine (20mg/kg) (P<0.05). Luzindole (2.5mg/kg), but not prazosin (0.5mg/kg), also decreased the seizure threshold when agmatine (5mg/kg) was administered before melatonin (20mg/kg); the decrease was significant compared with that of the group that received only agmatine and melatonin (P<0.001). In conclusion, melatonin and agmatine exhibit an additive effect in decreasing pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice, probably through ML(1/2) receptors.
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75
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Seo CW, Um IC, Rico CW, Kang MY. Antioxidative and Hypoglycemic Effects of Silk Fibroin/SericinMixtures in High Fat-Fed Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7852/ijie.2011.23.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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76
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Yildirim Z, Kilic N. Effects of Taurine and Age on Cerebellum Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress. INT J GERONTOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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77
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Lowes D, Almawash A, Webster N, Reid V, Galley H. Melatonin and structurally similar compounds have differing effects on inflammation and mitochondrial function in endothelial cells under conditions mimicking sepsis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:193-201. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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78
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Han F, Chen YX, Lu YM, Huang JY, Zhang GS, Tao RR, Ji YL, Liao MH, Fukunaga K, Qin ZH. Regulation of the ischemia-induced autophagy-lysosome processes by nitrosative stress in endothelial cells. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:124-35. [PMID: 21392095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that underlie the diverse nitrosative stress-mediated cellular events associated with ischemic complications in endothelial cells are not yet clear. To characterize whether autophagic elements are associated with the nitrosative stress that causes endothelial damage after ischemia injury, an in vitro sustained oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and an in vivo microsphere embolism model were used in the present study. Consistent with OGD-induced peroxynitrite formation, a rapid induction of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I/II conversion and green fluorescent protein-LC3 puncta accumulation were observed in endothelial cells. The Western blot analyses indicated that OGD induced elevations in lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 and cathepsin B protein levels. Similar results were observed in the microvessel insult model, following occlusion of the microvessels using microsphere injections in rats. Furthermore, cultured endothelial cells treated with peroxynitrite (1-50 μm) exhibited a concentration-dependent change in the pattern of autophagy-lysosome signaling. Intriguingly, OGD-induced autophagy-lysosome processes were attenuated by PEP-19 overexpression and by a small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of eNOS. The importance of nitrosative stress in ischemia-induced autophagy-lysosome cascades is further supported by our finding that pharmacological inhibition of nitrosative stress by melatonin partially inhibits the ischemia-induced autophagy-lysosome cascade and the degradation of the tight junction proteins. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress at least partially potentiates autophagy-lysosome signaling during sustained ischemic insult-induced endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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79
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Han F, Tao RR, Zhang GS, Lu YM, Liu LL, Chen YX, Lou YJ, Fukunaga K, Hong ZH. Melatonin ameliorates ischemic-like injury-evoked nitrosative stress: Involvement of HtrA2/PED pathways in endothelial cells. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:281-91. [PMID: 21198825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite contributes to diverse cellular stresses in the pathogenesis of ischemic complications. Here, we investigate the downstream effector signaling elements of nitrosative stress which regulate ischemia-like cell death in endothelial cells and protective effect of melatonin. When the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated cells was assessed using the fluorescent probe 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol -carbocyanine iodide, we observed spontaneous changes in peroxynitrite formation. Concomitantly, western blot and confocal microscopy analyses indicated that prolonged OGD exposure initiates the release of mitochondrial HtrA2 and dramatically decreases phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PED or PEA-15) protein levels. Consistently, cultured endothelial cells treated with peroxynitrite (1-50 μm) exhibited a concentration-dependent release of mitochondrial HtrA2 and concomitant PED degradation in vitro. Notably, HtrA2 activation coincided with increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in microvessels of rats following microsphere embolism. Additionally, the protective effect of PED overexpression in OGD-induced apoptosis was abolished by transfection with the PED(S104A/S116A) mutant. Furthermore, the effect of melatonin, an potential antioxidant, on endothelial apoptotic cascade was examined in OGD-evoked nitrosative stress. Our data showed that the application of melatonin provided significant protection against OGD-induced peroxynitrite formation and mitochondrial HtrA2 release, accompanied with a decrease in degradation PED and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which is associated with activation of the caspase cascade. Taken together, the protective effect of melatonin is likely mediated, in part, by inhibition of peroxynitrate-mediated nitrosative stress, which in turn relieves imbalance of mitochondrial HtrA2-PED signaling and endothelial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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80
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Sahni JK, Doggui S, Ali J, Baboota S, Dao L, Ramassamy C. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2010; 152:208-31. [PMID: 21134407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has been observed with the aging of the population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. It is characterized by memory dysfunction, loss of lexical access, spatial and temporal disorientation and impairment of judgement clinically. Unfortunately, clinical development of drugs for the symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment of AD has resulted in both promise and disappointment. Indeed, a large number of drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action were investigated with only a few of them being clinically available. The targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, is restricted due to the limitations posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as due to opsonization by plasma proteins in the systemic circulation and peripheral side-effects. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery represents one promising strategy to successfully increase the CNS penetration of several therapeutic moieties. Different nanocarriers are being investigated to treat and diagnose AD by delivering at a constant rate a host of therapeutics over times extending up to days, weeks or even months. This review provides a concise incursion on the current pharmacotherapies for AD besides reviewing and discussing the literature on the different drug molecules that have been successfully encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs). Some of them have been shown to cross the BBB and have been tested either for diagnosis or treatment of AD. Finally, the route of NPs administration and the future prospects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur Sahni
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, Québec, Canada
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81
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Citrin D, Cotrim AP, Hyodo F, Baum BJ, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Oncologist 2010; 15:360-71. [PMID: 20413641 PMCID: PMC3076305 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-s104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is used in the treatment of a broad range of malignancies. Exposure of normal tissue to radiation may result in both acute and chronic toxicities that can result in an inability to deliver the intended therapy, a range of symptoms, and a decrease in quality of life. Radioprotectors are compounds that are designed to reduce the damage in normal tissues caused by radiation. These compounds are often antioxidants and must be present before or at the time of radiation for effectiveness. Other agents, termed mitigators, may be used to minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered. Herein, we review agents in clinical use or in development as radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Few agents are approved for clinical use, but many new compounds show promising results in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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82
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Geihs MA, Vargas MA, Maciel FE, Caldas SS, Cruz BP, Primel EG, Monserrat JM, Nery LEM. Effect of melatonin in the antioxidant defense system in the locomotor muscles of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:72-82. [PMID: 19818787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, many studies verified different effects of melatonin in the antioxidant defense system (ADS). In crustaceans, few studies have been conducted to verify this possibility. We verified the melatonin effects in the crab Neohelice granulata using low (0.002 and 0.02 pmol/crab) and high (2.0 and 20.0 pmol/crab) melatonin dosages in short-term (0.5h) and long-term (9.5h) experiments. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, levels of by products of lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxygen consumption (VO(2)), the activity of glutamate cysteine ligase (gamma-GCL) and catalase (CAT) and glutathione content (GSH). Finally, the effects of exogenous melatonin were verified in terms of melatonin and N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) content in the muscles of N. granulata. In short-term experiment and low dosages, melatonin increased the VO(2), gamma-GCL activity and GSH content (p<0.05) and decreased melatonin content (p<0.05) without effects in ROS, ACAP and LPO (p>0.05). Possibly, melatonin is acting in the ADS increasing its efficiency and/or acting in mitochondrial activity and/or through signaling muscles to increase its consumption. AFMK was only detected in the eyestalk and cerebroid ganglia. In high dosages melatonin effects decreased, possibly by the desensitization of their receptors. In long-term experiment, melatonin decreased ACAP (p<0.05), and CAT activity (p<0.05) in low dosages. In high dosages melatonin reduced VO(2) (p<0.05) and increased ACAP (p<0.05), possibly stimulating others components of the ADS. In conclusion, melatonin in the locomotor muscles of N. granulata affects the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance in a time and dosage dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Alberto Geihs
- Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
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83
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Jin Son M, W Rico C, Hyun Nam S, Young Kang M. Influence of oryzanol and ferulic Acid on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative status in high fat-fed mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 46:150-6. [PMID: 20216948 PMCID: PMC2831094 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative effects of oryzanol and ferulic acid on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative status of high fat-fed mice were investigated. The mice were given a diet containing 17% fat (HF), supplemented with oryzanol (HF-O) or ferulic acid for 7 weeks. The control mice (NC) were fed with normal diet. The HF mice exhibited increased body weight gain, plasma and hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and lipid peroxidation rate, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In general, they also showed lower hepatic antioxidant and higher lipid-regulating enzymes activities relative to that of NC group. Addition of oryzanol or ferulic acid in the diet counteracted these high fat-induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress via increased faecal lipid excretion and regulation of antioxidant and lipogenic enzymes activities. This study illustrates that oryzanol and ferulic acid have relatively similar hypolipidemic actions and could be effective in lowering the risk of high fat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Jin Son
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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84
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de Castro-Silva C, de Bruin VMS, Cunha GMA, Nunes DM, Medeiros CAM, de Bruin PFC. Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:65-71. [PMID: 20025642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by repeated episodes of respiratory infection. Impaired sleep is common in CF leading to reduced quality of life. Melatonin, a secretory product of the pineal gland, has an important function in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle, and has been shown to possess significant anti-oxidant properties. To evaluate the effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep and inflammation and oxidative stress markers in CF, a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study initially involving 20 patients with CF was conducted. One individual failed to conclude the study. All subjects were clinically stable when studied and without recent infectious exacerbation or hospitalization in the last 30 days. Groups were randomized for placebo (n = 10; mean age 12.1 +/- 6.0) or 3 mg melatonin (n = 9; mean age 16.6 +/- 8.26) for 21 days. Actigraphy was performed for 6 days before the start of medication and in the third week (days 14-20) of treatment. Isoprostane and nitrite levels were determined in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) at baseline (day 0) and after treatment (day 21). Melatonin improved sleep efficiency (P = 0.01) and tended to improve sleep latency (P = 0.08). Melatonin reduced EBC nitrite (P = 0.01) but not isoprostane. In summary, melatonin administration reduces nitrite levels in EBC and improves sleep measures in clinically stable CF patients. The failure of melatonin to reduce isoprostane levels may have been a result of the low dose of melatonin used as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de Castro-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608 - 4 Andar, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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85
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Yang T, Mao YF, Liu SQ, Hou J, Cai ZY, Hu JY, Ni X, Deng XM, Zhu XY. Protective effects of the free radical scavenger edaravone on acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 630:152-7. [PMID: 20035747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Impaired lung function is the primary contributor to most deaths associated with severe acute pancreatitis. It is widely accepted that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and associated complications. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether therapeutic treatment with the free radical scavenger edaravone could protect rats against acute pancreatitis and the associated lung injury. Acute pancreatitis was induced by infusion of 1ml/kg of sodium taurocholate (3% solution) into the biliopancreatic duct. Edaravone (8mg/kg) was administered 1h and 13h after inducing pancreatitis, the severity of pancreatic and pulmonary injuries was evaluated 24h after inducing pancreatitis. Edaravone treatment significantly reduced the elevated malondialdehyde levels in rat lungs after acute pancreatitis, suggesting an important role for free radicals in acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. In addition, edaravone showed significant protective effects against neutrophil infiltration and tissue injury in both pancreas and lung, as demonstrated by serum amylase levels, myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological analysis. Edaravone treatment also attenuated the elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in rat lungs after acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, edaravone protects rats against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury, probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, edaravone shows promise as a treatment for lung injury in patients with acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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86
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Kim YA, Kong CS, Um YR, Lim SY, Yea SS, Seo Y. Evaluation of Salicornia herbacea as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. J Med Food 2009; 12:661-8. [PMID: 19627218 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Salicornia herbacea were evaluated. The crude CH(2)Cl(2)/methanol extract of S. herbacea showed 52% and 86% scavenging activities of the authentic ONOO(-) and ONOO(-) from 3-morpholinosydnomimine (SIN-1) at a concentration of 50 microg/mL, respectively, and was subjected to a further fractionation with n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol, n-butanol, and water. Additional purification of the n-butanol fraction revealed that the most potent scavenging activity led to the isolation of isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside as the active principle. The structure of isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside was elucidated by extensive two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments such as (1)H correlation spectroscopy nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum correlation, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation as well as by comparison with the published spectral data. Isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside exhibited dose-dependent scavenging activities of the authentic ONOO(-) and ONOO(-) from SIN-1. The electron spin resonance spin-trap techniques confirmed that reactive oxygen species, including the hydroxyl, superoxide, carbon-centered, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, were actively quenched by addition of isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside. In addition, isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and the expression of cytokines such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta in Raw 264.7 cells. Findings from this study should underscore the nutraceutical value of S. herbacea-derived isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside as a potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent via alleviation of radical-induced toxicities and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Ah Kim
- Korea Maritime University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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87
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Long-term exposure to magnetic fields and the risks of Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer: Further biological research. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2009; 16:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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88
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Aydogdu N, Erbas H, Atmaca G, Erten O, Kaymak K. Melatonin Reduces Nitric Oxide via Increasing Arginase in Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats. Ren Fail 2009; 28:435-40. [PMID: 16825094 DOI: 10.1080/08860220600683631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, the chief secretory product of the pineal gland, is a direct free radical scavenger. In addition to a direct scavenging effect on nitric oxide (NO), its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity has been also reported. L-arginine is the substrate for both NOS and arginase. It has been suggested that there is a competition between arginase and NOS and that they control each other's level. NO plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myoglobinuric acute renal failure (ARF). In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin on arginase activity, ornithine, and NO levels on the myoglobinuric ARF formed by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of hypertonic glycerol. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in SHAM were given saline, and those in groups ARF, ARF-M5, and ARF-M10 were injected with glycerol (10 mL/kg) i.m. Concomitant and 24 hours after glycerol injection for the ARF-M5 and ARF-M10 groups, melatonin--5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively--was administrated intraperitoneally. Forty-eight hours after the glycerol injection, kidneys of the rats were taken under anesthesia. Arginase activity, ornithine, and NO levels in the kidney tissue were determined. Melatonin had an increasing effect on kidney tissue arginase activities and ornithine levels while decreasing NO concentration. It is possible that besides the direct scavenging effect, the stimulatory effect of melatonin on arginase activity may result in an inhibition of NOS activity and, finally, a decrease in the kidney NO level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Aydogdu
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Edirne, Turkey.
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89
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Aydogdu N, Atmaca G, Yalcin O, Batcioglu K, Kaymak K. Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure in the Rats. Ren Fail 2009; 26:479-86. [PMID: 15526905 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-200033020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Free oxygen radicals and nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myoglobinuric acute renal failure (ARF). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin, a potent free radical scavenger, on the myoglobinuric ARF formed by injecting hypertonic glycerol intramuscularly (i.m.). The rats were randomly divided into 4 Groups. Rats in Group 1 were given saline and those in Groups 2, 3, and 4 were injected with glycerol (10 mL/kg) i.m. Concomitant and 24 hours after glycerol injection Group 3 (5 mg/kg) and Group 4 (10 mg/kg) were administrated melatonin intraperitoneally. Forty-eight hours after the glycerol injection, the blood and kidneys of the rats were taken under anesthesia. Kidney morphology and the levels of urea, creatinine and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in the plasma and the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidney were determined. In both groups of melatonin administration, there was no protective effect of melatonin. Moreover, melatonin significantly decreased the level of NO. As a result, we suggest that the decreasing effect of melatonin on NO, which is a strong vasodilatator, may further increase the renal ischemia in this model. Thus, melatonin may have worsening rather than beneficial effects on myoglobinuric ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Aydogdu
- Department of Physiology, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
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90
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Taysi S, Memisogullari R, Koc M, Yazici AT, Aslankurt M, Gumustekin K, Al B, Ozabacigil F, Yilmaz A, Tahsin Ozder H. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the rat lens due to radiation-induced oxidative injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:803-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000802390932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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91
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Kedziora-Kornatowska K, Szewczyk-Golec K, Kozakiewicz M, Pawluk H, Czuczejko J, Kornatowski T, Bartosz G, Kedziora J. Melatonin improves oxidative stress parameters measured in the blood of elderly type 2 diabetic patients. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:333-7. [PMID: 19317795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An elevated oxidative status in the aging organism may be involved in the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Melatonin, a potent antioxidant agent, is essential for glucose homeostasis and regulation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of melatonin supplementation on the oxidative stress parameters in elderly NIDDM patients. The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) activity in erythrocytes, the level of nitrate/nitrite in plasma and morning melatonin concentration and oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in serum in 15 elderly NIDDM patients at baseline and after the 30 days of melatonin supplementation (5 mg daily) in comparison with levels in 15 healthy elderly volunteers were determined. A significant increase of MDA level and decrease of SOD-1 activity and melatonin concentration were observed in NIDDM patients. Cp oxidase activity and nitrate/nitrite level were similar in both examined groups. Melatonin administration in NIDDM patients resulted in a significant increase in the morning melatonin concentration and SOD-1 activity, and a reduction in the MDA level and Cp oxidase activity. Statistically significant alterations in nitrate/nitrite levels were not observed. These results indicate an improvement of antioxidative defense after melatonin supplementation in the NIDDM individuals and suggest melatonin supplementation as an additional treatment for the control of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kedziora-Kornatowska
- Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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92
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Mao YF, Yan N, Xu H, Sun JH, Xiong YC, Deng XM. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, is effective on neuropathic pain in rats. Brain Res 2009; 1248:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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93
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Oztürk G, Akbulut KG, Afrasyap L. Age-related changes in tissue and plasma zinc levels: modulation by exogenously administered melatonin. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:453-62. [PMID: 18726755 DOI: 10.1080/03610730802271922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is synthesized mainly in the pineal gland and derived from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the body. Zn and MEL levels are changed with aging. The aim of this study was to investigate the age-related changes of tissue and plasma Zn levels and effect of MEL administration on these parameters. Male wistar rats received for 3 weeks subcutaneous injection of MEL (10 mg/kg). Kidney and pancreas Zn levels in old rats were significantly lower than middle-aged group. Spleen, small intestine, and plasma Zn levels were not different in middle-aged and old rats. On the other hand, MEL treatment increased Zn levels of small intestine and plasma in middle-aged rats. However, kidney, spleen, and pancreas Zn levels were unaffected by MEL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Oztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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94
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Korkmaz A, Reiter RJ, Topal T, Manchester LC, Oter S, Tan DX. Melatonin: an established antioxidant worthy of use in clinical trials. Mol Med 2008; 15:43-50. [PMID: 19011689 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2008.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aging and many metabolic diseases; therefore, an effective antioxidant therapy would be of great importance in these circumstances. Nutritional, environmental, and chemical factors can induce the overproduction of the superoxide anion radical in both the cytosol and mitochondria. This is the first and key event that leads to the activation of pathways involved in the development of several metabolic diseases that are related to oxidative stress. As oxidation of essential molecules continues, it turns to nitrooxidative stress because of the involvement of nitric oxide in pathogenic processes. Once peroxynitrite forms, it damages via two distinctive mechanisms. First, it has direct toxic effects leading to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage. This mechanism involves the induction of several transcription factors leading to cytokine-induced chronic inflammation. Classic antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E, have often failed to exhibit beneficial effects in metabolic diseases and aging. Melatonin is a multifunctional indolamine that counteracts virtually all pathophysiologic steps and displays significant beneficial actions against peroxynitrite-induced cellular toxicity. This protection is related to melatonin's antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties. Melatonin has the capability of scavenging both oxygen- and nitrogen-based reactants, including those formed from peroxynitrite, and blocking transcriptional factors, which induce proinflammatory cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests that this nontoxic indolamine may be useful either as a sole treatment or in conjunction with other treatments for inhibiting the biohazardous actions of nitrooxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Korkmaz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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95
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Exogenous melatonin decreases age-induced lipid peroxidation in the brain. Brain Res 2008; 1238:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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96
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Kedziora-Kornatowska K, Szewczyk-Golec K, Czuczejko J, Pawluk H, van Marke de Lumen K, Kozakiewicz M, Bartosz G, Kedziora J. Antioxidative effects of melatonin administration in elderly primary essential hypertension patients. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:312-7. [PMID: 18363674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance of the redox state of the aging organism may be involved in the development of primary essential hypertension. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant agent, was found to exert a hypotensive effect and improve the function of the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress parameters in elderly primary essential hypertensive (EH) patients, controlled by a diuretic (indapamide) monotherapy. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in erythrocytes, the plasma level of nitrate/nitrite, the content of carbonyl groups of plasma proteins and morning melatonin levels in the serum of 17 elderly EH patients were determined at the baseline and after the 15th and 30th days of melatonin supplementation (5 mg daily). Melatonin administration resulted in a significant increase in the morning melatonin concentration, SOD-1 and CAT activities, and a reduction in the MDA level. Statistically significant alterations in the levels of GSH, nitrate/nitrite and carbonyl groups and the activity of GSH-Px were not observed. These results indicate an improvement in the antioxidative defense of the organism by melatonin supplementation in the examined group and may suggest melatonin supplementation as an additional treatment supporting hypotensive therapy in elderly EH patients.
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97
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Kim SR, Park JH, Lee ME, Park JS, Park SC, Han JA. Selective COX-2 inhibitors modulate cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts in a catalytic activity-independent manner. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:706-13. [PMID: 18848576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that pro-inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) play a key role in the aging process. However, it remains unclear whether the pro-inflammatory activity of COX-2 is involved in the aging process and whether COX-2 inhibitors prevent aging. We therefore examined the effect of COX-2 inhibitors on aging in the cellular senescence model of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). While the catalytic activity of COX-2 was observed to increase in the senescence process, we found that among three selective COX-2 inhibitors studied, only NS-398 inhibited the senescence whereas celecoxib and nimesulide accelerated the senescence. Non-selective COX inhibitors including aspirin, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen accelerated the senescence. The senescence-regulating effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors had no correlation with cellular reactive oxygen species levels, NF-kappaB activities or protein levels of p53 and p21. We instead found that selective COX-2 inhibitors regulate caveolin-1 expression at transcriptional levels, which was closely associated with the inhibitors' effect on the senescence. Collectively, these results suggest that COX-2 catalytic activity does not mediate HDF senescence and that selective COX-2 inhibitors modulate HDF senescence by a catalytic activity-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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98
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Melatonin controls oxidative stress and modulates iron, ferritin, and transferrin levels in adriamycin treated rats. Life Sci 2008; 83:563-8. [PMID: 18793653 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chemotherapy with adriamycin (ADR) is limited by its iron-mediated pro-oxidant toxicity. Because melatonin (MLT) is a broad spectrum antioxidant, we investigated the ability of MLT to control iron, its binding proteins, and the oxidative damage induced by ADR. MAIN METHODS ADR was given as single i.p. dose of 10 mg kg(-1) body weight into male rats. MLT at a dose of 15 mg kg(-1) was injected daily for 5 days before ADR treatment followed by another injection for 5 days. Biochemical methods were used for this investigation. KEY FINDINGS ADR injection caused elevations in plasma creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactic dehydrogenase, and aminotransferases, iron, ferritin, and transferrin. These changes were associated with increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation as well as decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activity were elevated in the heart and liver of ADR treated rats. In the MLT+ADR group, the cardiac and hepatic function parameters and the levels of iron, transferrin and ferritin in plasma were normalized to control levels. The rats that were subjected to MLT+ADR had normalized CAT and GSH-Px activity and decreased TBARS and protein carbonyl levels compared the group only treated with ADR. GST activity and GSH concentration in the heart and liver were normalized when MLT accompanied ADR treatment. SIGNIFICANCE MLT ameliorated oxidative stress by controlling iron, and binding protein levels in ADR treated rats demonstrating the usefulness of adriamycin in cancer chemotherapy and allowing a better management of iron levels.
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99
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Oxenkrug GF, Requintina PJ. N-Acetyldopamine Inhibits Rat Brain Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1053:394-9. [PMID: 16179545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of N-acetyldopamine, a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid peroxidation were examined in rat brain homogenates in vitro. Lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances. N-Acetyldopamine inhibited the formation of MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect was similar to that of N-acetylserotonin, but stronger than that of the endogenous antioxidant agent, melatonin. Possible clinical applications of N-acetyldopamine and its derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Oxenkrug
- Melatonin Clinic and Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA.
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100
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Baydas G, Koz ST, Tuzcu M, Nedzvetsky VS. Melatonin prevents gestational hyperhomocysteinemia-associated alterations in neurobehavioral developments in rats. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:181-8. [PMID: 18289170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. Among the putative mechanisms of homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity, an increased production of reactive oxygen species has been suggested. However, elevated homocysteine levels might disturb neurogenesis during brain development and lead to persistent congenital malformations in the fetus. In this study, we examined whether administration of melatonin inhibits maternal hyperhomocysteinemia-induced cognitive deficits in offspring. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in female rats by administration of methionine during pregnancy at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight dissolved in drinking water. Some animals received methionine plus 10 mg/kg/day melatonin subcutaneously throughout pregnancy. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B protein, and neural cell adhesion molecules were determined in the brain tissue from the pups. Learning and memory performances of the young-adult offspring were tested using the Morris water maze test. There were significant reductions in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 B protein in the brains of pups from hyperhomocysteinemic rat dams. Furthermore, maternal hyperhomocysteinemia altered the expression pattern of neural cell adhesion molecules in the fetal brain. In addition, maternal hyperhomocysteinemia significantly reduced learning abilities in offspring. Treatment with melatonin during pregnancy improved learning deficits and prevented the reduction of glial and neuronal markers induced by hyperhomocysteinemia. In conclusion, administration of melatonin throughout pregnancy reduces the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on the development of fetal brain; therefore, it might be beneficial in preventing persistent congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giyasettin Baydas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
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