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Arnott JA, Lambi AG, Mundy C, Hendesi H, Pixley RA, Owen TA, Safadi FF, Popoff SN. The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 21:43-69. [PMID: 21967332 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 38 kDa, cysteine rich, extracellular matrix protein composed of 4 domains or modules. CTGF has been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions and has been implicated in more complex biological processes such as angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. A role for CTGF in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues first came to light in studies demonstrating its expression in cartilage and bone cells, which was dramatically increased during skeletal repair or regeneration. The physiological significance of CTGF in skeletogenesis was confirmed in CTGF-null mice, which exhibited multiple skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired growth plate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation/mineralization. Given the emerging importance of CTGF in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, this review will focus on its expression in skeletal tissues, its effects on osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and function, and the skeletal implications of ablation or over-expression of CTGF in knockout or transgenic mouse models, respectively. In addition, this review will examine the role of integrin-mediated signaling and the regulation of CTGF expression as it relates to skeletogenesis. We will emphasize CTGF studies in bone or bone cells, and will identify opportunities for future investigations concerning CTGF and chondrogenesis/osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Arnott
- Basic Sciences Department, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Aoyama E, Janune D, Maeda A, Takigawa M. Effect of CCN2 on FGF2-induced proliferation and MMP9 and MMP13 productions by chondrocytes. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4232-41. [PMID: 21914781 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CCN2 (also known as connective tissue growth factor) interacts with several growth factors involved in endochondral ossification via its characteristic four modules and modifies the effect of such growth factors. Presently we investigated whether CCN2 interacts with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Solid-phase binding assay, immunoprecipitation-Western blot analysis, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy revealed that the C-terminal module of CCN2 (CT) directly bound to FGF2 with a dissociation constant of 5.5 nm. Next, we examined the combinational effects of CCN2 and FGF2 on the proliferation of and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -13 productions by cultured chondrocytes. FGF2 promoted not only the proliferation but also the production of MMP9 and -13, however, combined of FGF2 with CT module nullified the enhancement of both MMP productions and proliferation. To clarify the mechanism, we investigated the binding of CCN2 or its CT module to FGF receptor 1. As a result, we found that CCN2 bound to FGF receptor 1 with a dissociation constant of 362 nm, whereas the CT module did not. In addition, when we tested FGF signaling in chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells stimulated by the combination of FGF2 with CT module, the level of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was decreased compared with that found with FGF2 alone. These findings suggest that CCN2 may regulate the proliferation and matrix degradation of chondrocytes by forming a complex with FGF2 as a novel modulator of FGF2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Janune D, Kubota S, Nishida T, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Iida S, Takigawa M. Novel effects of CCN3 that may direct the differentiation of chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3033-40. [PMID: 21871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of local molecules directing the differentiation of chondrocytes to either transient or permanent cartilage are major issues in cartilage biology. Here, we found CCN family protein 3 (CCN3) was abundantly produced in rat developing epiphyseal cartilage. Evaluations in vitro showed that CCN3 repressed epiphyseal chondrocyte proliferation, while promoting matrix production in multiple assays performed. Furthermore, CCN3 enhanced the articular chondrocytic phenotype; whereas it repressed the one representing endochondral ossification. Additionally, the phenotype of growth plate chondrocytes and chondrogenic progenitors also appeared to be affected by CCN3 in a similar manner. These findings suggest a significant role of CCN3 in inducing chondrocytes to articular ones during joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Janune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Janune D, Kubota S, Lazar N, Perbal B, Iida S, Takigawa M. CCN3-mediated promotion of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis in rat chondrocytes from developing joint heads. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:167-71. [PMID: 21557039 PMCID: PMC3145868 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes forming articular cartilage are embedded in a vast amount of extracellular matrix having physical stiffness and elasticity, properties that support the mechanical load from bones and enable the flexible movement of synovial joints. Unlike chondrocytes that conduct the growth of long bones by forming the growth plate, articular chondrocytes show suppressed cell proliferation, unless these cells are exposed to pathological conditions such as mechanical overload. In the present study, we found that one of the members of the CCN family, CCN3, was significantly expressed in chondrocytes isolated from the epiphyseal head in developing rat synovial joints. Evaluation of the effect of recombinant CCN3 on those chondrocytes revealed that CCN3 promoted proteoglycan synthesis, whereas this factor repressed the proliferation of the same cells. These results suggest a critical role for CCN3 in the regulation of the biological properties of articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Janune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
| | - Noureddine Lazar
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale et Moleculaire, Universite Paris 7 D. Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale et Moleculaire, Universite Paris 7 D. Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Seiji Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
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Association of the metastatic phenotype with CCN family members among breast and oral cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:291-9. [PMID: 21499980 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins consists of six members with conserved structural features. These proteins play several roles in the physiology and pathology of cells. Among the pathological roles of the CCN family, one of the most important and controversial ones is their role in the expansion and metastasis of cancer. Up to now a number of reports have described the possible role of each CCN family member independently. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the roles of all six CCN family members in cell growth, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. As a result, we found the CCN2/CCN3 ratio to be a parameter that is associated with the metastatic phenotype of breast cancer cells that are highly metastatic to the bone. The same analysis with cell lines from oral squamous carcinomas that are not metastatic to the bone further supported our notion. These results suggest the functional significance of the interplay between CCN family members in regulating the phenotype of cancer cells.
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The role of CCN2 in cartilage and bone development. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:209-17. [PMID: 21484188 PMCID: PMC3145877 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN2, a classical member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins, is a key molecule that conducts cartilage development in a harmonized manner through novel molecular actions. During vertebrate development, all cartilage is primarily formed by a process of mesenchymal condensation, while CCN2 is induced to promote this process. Afterwards, cartilage develops into several subtypes with different fates and missions, in which CCN2 plays its proper roles according to the corresponding microenvironments. The history of CCN2 in cartilage and bone began with its re-discovery in the growth cartilage in long bones, which determines the skeletal size through the process of endochondral ossification. CCN2 promotes physiological developmental processes not only in the growth cartilage but also in the other types of cartilages, i.e., Meckel's cartilage representing temporary cartilage without autocalcification, articular cartilage representing hyaline cartilage with physical stiffness, and auricular cartilage representing elastic cartilage. Together with its significant role in intramembranous ossification, CCN2 is regarded as a conductor of skeletogenesis. During cartilage development, the CCN2 gene is dynamically regulated to yield stage-specific production of CCN2 proteins at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. New functional aspects of known biomolecules have been uncovered during the course of investigating these regulatory systems in chondrocytes. Since CCN2 promotes integrated regeneration as well as generation (=development) of these tissues, its utility in regenerative therapy targeting chondrocytes and osteoblasts is indicated, as has already been supported by experimental evidence obtained in vivo.
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Mechanism of cancer-induced bone destruction: An association of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the bone metastasis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Nishida T, Emura K, Kubota S, Lyons KM, Takigawa M. CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes osteoclastogenesis via induction of and interaction with dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:351-63. [PMID: 20721934 PMCID: PMC3836692 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes endochondral ossification. However, the role of CCN2 in the replacement of hypertrophic cartilage with bone is still unclear. The phenotype of Ccn2 null mice, having an expanded hypertrophic zone, indicates that the resorption of the cartilage extracellular matrix is impaired therein. Therefore, we analyzed the role of CCN2 in osteoclastogenesis because cartilage extracellular matrix is resorbed mainly by osteoclasts during endochondral ossification. Expression of the Ccn2 gene was upregulated in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 on day 6 after treatment of glutathione S transferase (GST) fusion mouse receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (GST-RANKL), and a combination of recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2) and GST-RANKL significantly enhanced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP)-positive multinucleated cell formation compared with GST-RANKL alone. Therefore, we suspected the involvement of CCN2 in cell-cell fusion during osteoclastogenesis. To clarify the mechanism, we performed real-time PCR analysis of gene expression, coimmunoprecipitation analysis, and solid-phase binding assay of CCN2 and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), which is involved in cell-cell fusion. The results showed that CCN2 induced and interacted with DC-STAMP. Furthermore, GST-RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was impaired in fetal liver cells from Ccn2 null mice, and the impaired osteoclast formation was rescued by the addition of exogenous rCCN2 or the forced expression of DC-STAMP by a retroviral vector. These results suggest that CCN2 expressed during osteoclastogenesis promotes osteoclast formation via induction of and interaction with DC-STAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Kondo S, Kubota S, Mukudai Y, Nishida T, Yoshihama Y, Shirota T, Shintani S, Takigawa M. Binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the cis-acting element of structure-anchored repression in ccn2 mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:382-7. [PMID: 21236242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) can be induced by hypoxia and promotes tumor angiogenesis. Our previous studies revealed that hypoxia-induced gene expression of human ccn2 mRNA is regulated post-transcriptionally in human chondrosarcoma-derived cell line, HCS-2/8, in which a minimal cis-element, entitled CAESAR, in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of ccn2 mRNA and a 35-kDa protein counterpart play an important role by determining the stability of ccn2 mRNA. In the present study, we identified this corresponding protein as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by utilizing RNA affinity chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The results of an RNA binding assay revealed the specific binding of GAPDH to this cis-element. To further characterize the interaction between GAPDH and ccn2 mRNA, we examined the roles of redox conditions and glycolytic coenzyme in the binding of GAPDH to the ccn2 mRNA. An oxidizing agent, diamide, abolished the GAPDH-RNA interaction in a concentration-dependent manner; whereas this effect could be reversed by subsequent treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). In addition, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme of GAPDH, inhibited the GAPDH-RNA binding. Taken together, these findings suggest that the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH regulates the gene expression of ccn2 mRNA in trans by acting as a sensor of oxidative stress and redox signals, leading to CCN2 overexpression under the condition of hypoxia and promotion of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kondo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
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Sumiyoshi K, Kubota S, Ohgawara T, Kawata K, Nishida T, Shimo T, Yamashiro T, Takigawa M. Identification of miR-1 as a micro RNA that supports late-stage differentiation of growth cartilage cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:286-90. [PMID: 20937250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The process of endochondral ossification is strictly regulated by a variety of extracellular and intracellular factors. Recently, it has become recognized that specific miRNAs are involved in this process by regulating the expression of the relevant genes at the post-transcriptional level. In this present study we obtained the first evidence of the involvement of a specific micro RNA (miRNA) in the regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype during late stages of differentiation. By use of the microarray technique, miR-1 was identified as this miRNA, the expression of which was most repressed upon hypertrophic differentiation. Transfection of human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells and chicken normal chondrocytes with miR-1 led to repressed expression of aggrecan, the major cartilaginous proteoglycan gene. Therefore, miR-1 was found to be involved in the regulation of the chondrocytic phenotype and thus to play an important role in chondrocytes during the late stage of the differentiation process, maintaining the integrity of the cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Sumiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Xu Y, Wagner DR, Bekerman E, Chiou M, James AW, Carter D, Longaker MT. Connective tissue growth factor in regulation of RhoA mediated cytoskeletal tension associated osteogenesis of mouse adipose-derived stromal cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11279. [PMID: 20585662 PMCID: PMC2890586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoskeletal tension is an intracellular mechanism through which cells convert a mechanical signal into a biochemical response, including production of cytokines and activation of various signaling pathways. Methods/Principal Findings Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) were allowed to spread into large cells by seeding them at a low-density (1,250 cells/cm2), which was observed to induce osteogenesis. Conversely, ASCs seeded at a high-density (25,000 cells/cm2) featured small cells that promoted adipogenesis. RhoA and actin filaments were altered by changes in cell size. Blocking actin polymerization by Cytochalasin D influenced cytoskeletal tension and differentiation of ASCs. To understand the potential regulatory mechanisms leading to actin cytoskeletal tension, cDNA microarray was performed on large and small ASCs. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was identified as a major regulator of osteogenesis associated with RhoA mediated cytoskeletal tension. Subsequently, knock-down of CTGF by siRNA in ASCs inhibited this osteogenesis. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that CTGF is important in the regulation of cytoskeletal tension mediated ASC osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Diane R. Wagner
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Biomechanical Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bioengineering Graduate Program and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elena Bekerman
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Chiou
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron W. James
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Carter
- Biomechanical Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reich A, Maziel SS, Ashkenazi Z, Ornan EM. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the growth plate response to physiological mechanical load. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:172-80. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play a crucial role in growth-plate vascularization and ossification via proteolytic cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Their regulation in the growth plate is crucial for normal matrix assembly. Endochondral ossification, which takes place at the growth plates, is influenced by mechanical loading. Using an in vivo avian model for mechanical loading, we have found increased blood penetration into the growth plates of loaded chicks. The purpose of this work was to study the involvement of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and -16 in the growth plate's response to loading and in the catch-up growth resulting from load release. We found that mechanical loading, as well as release from load, upregulated MMP-2, -9, and -13 expressions. In contrast, MMP-3, associated with cartilage injuries, and its associated protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), were downregulated by the load. However, after release from load, MMP-3 was upregulated and CTGF levels were elevated and caught up with the control. MMP-3 and CTGF were also downregulated after 60 min of mechanical stretching in vitro. These results demonstrate the central role of MMPs in the growth plate's response to mechanical loading, as well as in the catch-up growth followed load release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Reich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stav Simsa Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Ashkenazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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Takeuchi H, Kubota S, Murakashi E, Zhou Y, Endo K, Ng P, Takigawa M, Numabe Y. Nicotine-induced CCN2: from Smoking to Periodontal Fibrosis. J Dent Res 2009; 89:34-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509353403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since fibrosis is observed in smokers’ gingiva, it was hypothesized that fibrosis was caused by nicotine in the periodontium. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of nicotine on the induction of a profibrotic molecule, connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF), in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. With 1 μg/mL nicotine, vacuolization and attenuated proliferation were observed. Interestingly, 1 μg/mL nicotine increased the production of CCN2/CTGF protein in both cells without increasing mRNA expression. Furthermore, type I collagen mRNA and protein were also increased and were significantly blocked by a CCN2/CTGF neutralizing antibody. This is the first report to describe a relationship between nicotine and CCN2/CTGF in periodontal tissue cells. Analysis of our data also indicated that nicotine was cytotoxic, while it increased CCN2/CTGF and, eventually, type I collagen production. These findings suggest that periodontal fibrosis can be promoted by nicotine from smoking via effects on CCN2/CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - S. Kubota
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - E. Murakashi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K. Endo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - P.S. Ng
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M. Takigawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y. Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; and
- Nosan Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
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Sumiyoshi K, Kubota S, Furuta RA, Yasui K, Aoyama E, Kawaki H, Kawata K, Ohgawara T, Yamashiro T, Takigawa M. Thrombopoietic-mesenchymal interaction that may facilitate both endochondral ossification and platelet maturation via CCN2. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 4:5-14. [PMID: 19798594 PMCID: PMC2821475 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN2 plays a central role in the development and growth of mesenchymal tissue and promotes the regeneration of bone and cartilage in vivo. Of note, abundant CCN2 is contained in platelets, which is thought to play an important role in the tissue regeneration process. In this study, we initially pursued the possible origin of the CCN2 in platelets. First, we examined if the CCN2 in platelets was produced by megakaryocyte progenitors during differentiation. Unexpectedly, neither megakaryocytic CMK cells nor megakaryocytes that had differentiated from human haemopoietic stem cells in culture showed any detectable CCN2 gene expression or protein production. Together with the fact that no appreciable CCN2 was detected in megakaryocytes in vivo, these results suggest that megakaryocytes themselves do not produce CCN2. Next, we suspected that mesenchymal cells situated around megakaryocytes in the bone marrow were stimulated by the latter to produce CCN2, which was then taken up by platelets. To evaluate this hypothesis, we cultured human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells with medium conditioned by differentiating megakaryocyte cultures, and then monitored the production of CCN2 by the cells. As suspected, CCN2 production by HCS-2/8 was significantly enhanced by the conditioned medium. We further confirmed that human platelets were able to absorb/uptake exogenous CCN2 in vitro. These findings indicate that megakaryocytes secrete some unknown soluble factor(s) during differentiation, which factor stimulates the mesenchymal cells to produce CCN2 for uptake by the platelets. We also consider that, during bone growth, such thrombopoietic-mesenchymal interaction may contribute to the hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific accumulation of CCN2 that conducts endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Sumiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
| | | | | | - Eriko Aoyama
- Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ohgawara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525 Japan
- Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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Wang JJ, Ye F, Cheng LJ, Shi YJ, Bao J, Sun HQ, Wang W, Zhang P, Bu H. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells promoted by overexpression of connective tissue growth factor. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:355-67. [PMID: 19434762 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large segmental bone defect repair remains a clinical and scientific challenge with increasing interest focusing on combining gene transfection with tissue engineering techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS A CTGF-expressing plasmid (pCTGF) was constructed and transfected into MSCs. Then expressions of bone morphogenesis-related genes, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were examined to evaluate the osteogenic potential of the CTGF gene-modified MSCs. RESULTS Overexpression of CTGF was confirmed in pCTGF-MSCs. pCTGF transfection significantly enhanced the proliferation rates of pCTGF-MSCs (P<0.05). CTGF induced a 7.5-fold increase in cell migration over control (P<0.05). pCTGF transfection enhanced the expression of bone matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen type I in MSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of pCTGF-MSCs at the 1st and 2nd weeks were 4.0- and 3.0-fold higher than those of MSCs cultured in OS-medium, significantly higher than those of mock-MSCs and normal control MSCs (P<0.05). Overexpression of CTGF in MSCs enhanced the capability to form mineralized nodules. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CTGF could improve the osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs, and the CTGF gene-modified MSCs are potential as novel cell resources of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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N-terminal domains of CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor bind to aggrecan. Biochem J 2009; 420:413-20. [PMID: 19298220 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CCN2/CTGF (CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor) is a multi-cellular protein with a broad range of activities. It modulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, adhesion and extracellular matrix production, and it is thus involved in many biological and pathological processes. In particular, CCN2/CTGF is essential for normal skeletal development. To identify CCN2/CTGF-interactive proteins capable of modulating its action in cartilage, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screening using CCN2/CTGF peptide as a bait and a cDNA library from a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. In the present paper, we report the identification of aggrecan, which is a major proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix in cartilage, as a CCN2/CTGF-binding protein. Among the four domains of CCN2/CTGF, the IGFBP [IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-binding protein-like] and/or VWC (von Willebrand factor type C) domains had a direct interaction with aggrecan in a yeast two-hybrid assay. The results of a solid-phase-binding assay using aggrecan-coated plates also showed binding to recombinant CCN2/CTGF in a dose-dependent manner. rIGFBP (recombinant IGFBP) and rVWC (recombinant VWC) module peptides had stronger binding to aggrecan compared with rTSP1 (recombinant thrombospondin type 1 repeat) and rCT (recombinant C-terminal cystine knot) module peptides. SPR (surface plasmon resonance) analysis showed the direct interaction between the CCN2/CTGF and aggrecan, and ectopically overexpressed CCN2/CTGF and AgG3 (G3 domain of aggrecan) confirmed their binding In vivo. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis indicated that CCN2/CTGF was extracellularly co-localized with aggrecan on HCS-2/8 cells. The rIGFBP-rVWC peptide effectively enhanced the production and release of aggrecan compared with the rTSP-rCT peptide in chondrocytes. These results indicate that CCN2/CTGF binds to aggrecan through its N-terminal IGFBP and VWC modules, and this binding may be related to the CCN2/CTGF-enhanced production and secretion of aggrecan by chondrocytes.
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Normal growth and development in mice over-expressing the CCN family member WISP3. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:105-13. [PMID: 19401829 PMCID: PMC2721080 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the gene WISP3 cause the autosomal recessive human skeletal disease Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia, whereas mice with knockout mutations of Wisp3 have no phenotype. The lack of a phenotype in the Wisp3 knockout mice has constrained studies of the protein’s in vivo function. Over-expression experiments in zebrafish indicated that WISP3 may function as a BMP and Wnt signaling modulator. To determine whether these biologic activities are retained in mice, we created two strains of transgenic mice that over-express WISP3 in a broad array of tissues. Despite strong and persistent protein over-expression, the transgenic mice remained phenotypically indistinguishable from their non-transgenic littermates. Surprisingly, WISP3 contained in conditioned medium recovered from transgenic mouse primary kidney cell cultures was able to bind BMP and to inhibit BMP signaling in vitro. Factors that account for the difference between the in vitro and in vivo activities of WISP3 remain unknown. At present, the mouse remains a challenging model organism in which to explore the biologic function of WISP3. Summary of article. Transgenic mice that broadly over-express WISP3 were created to search for in vivo biologic activities, since mice that lack WISP3 were normal. Surprisingly, transgenic mice were also phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type animals. The mouse is a challenging model organism in which to explore the biologic function of WISP3.
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Liu YS, Lu Y, Liu W, Xie H, Luo XH, Wu XP, Yuan LQ, Liao EY. Connective tissue growth factor is a downstream mediator for preptin-induced proliferation and differentiation in human osteoblasts. Amino Acids 2009; 38:763-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Woods A, Pala D, Kennedy L, McLean S, Rockel JS, Wang G, Leask A, Beier F. Rac1 signaling regulates CTGF/CCN2 gene expression via TGFbeta/Smad signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:406-13. [PMID: 18760941 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been implicated in regulation of chondrocyte differentiation at multiple steps and has been implicated in the progression of diseases such as scleroderma and osteoarthritis. However, the pathways mediating the expression of CTGF/CCN2 and related factors in cartilage are not fully understood. We have previously shown that the Rho family of proteins and the actin cytoskeleton regulate both early and late chondrocyte differentiation. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that several CTGF/Cyr61/Nov (CCN) family members are differentially affected by either inhibition of actin polymerization (cytochalasin D treatment), promotion of actin polymerization (jasplakinolide treatment), inhibition of RhoA/rho kinase (ROCK) signaling (Y27632 treatment) and Rac1 signaling. We also show that the Smad site in the CTGF/CCN2 promoter is responsive to both Rac1 inhibition and cytochalasin D treatment, suggesting a role of TGFbeta/Smad signaling in mediating the effects of actin dynamics and Rac1. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data show that Rac1 and actin pathways control CTGF/CCN2 expression in chondrocytes which might be relevant to both skeletal development and associated diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Woods
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Nishida T, Kondo S, Maeda A, Kubota S, Lyons KM, Takigawa M. CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) regulates the expression of Vegf through Hif-1alpha expression in a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8, under hypoxic condition. Bone 2009; 44:24-31. [PMID: 18835464 PMCID: PMC2760594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for establishing vascularization and regulating chondrocyte development and survival. We have demonstrated that VEGF regulates the expression of CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) an essential mediator of cartilage development and angiogenesis, suggesting that CCN2 functions in down-stream of VEGF, and that VEGF function is mediated in part by CCN2. On the other hand, the phenotype of Ccn2 mutant growth plates, which exhibit decreased expression of VEGF in the hypertrophic zone, indicates that Vegf expression is dependent on Ccn2 expression as well. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of VEGF by CCN2 using a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. Hypoxic stimulation (5% O(2)) of HCS-2/8 cells increased VEGF mRNA levels by approximately 8 fold within 6 h as compared with the cells cultured under normoxia. In addition, VEGF expression was further up-regulated under hypoxia in HCS-2/8 cells transfected with a Ccn2 expression plasmid. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha mRNA and protein levels were increased by stimulation with recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2). Furthermore, the activity of a VEGF promoter that contained a HIF-1 binding site was increased in HCS-2/8, when the cells were stimulated by rCCN2. These results suggest that CCN2 regulates the expression of VEGF at a transcriptional level by promoting HIF-1alpha activity. In fact, HIF-1alpha was detected in the nuclei of proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes of wild-type mice, whereas it was not detected in Ccn2 mutant chondrocytes in vivo. This activation cascade from CCN2 to VEGF may therefore play a critical role in chondrocyte development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Seiji Kondo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Karen M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan. Fax: +81 86 235 6649. E-mail address: (M. Takigawa)
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Zou X, Zou L, Foldager C, Bendtsen M, Feng W, Bünger CE. Different mechanisms of spinal fusion using equine bone protein extract, rhBMP-2 and autograft during the process of anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Biomaterials 2008; 30:991-1004. [PMID: 19046765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of spinal fusion with different graft materials during an anterior lumbar interbody fusion, we examined the gene-expression profiles after implantation of equine bone protein extract, rhBMP-2 and autograft using microarray technology and data analysis, including hierarchical clustering, self-organizing maps (SOM), KEGG pathway and Biological process GO analyses in a porcine model. The results suggest that equine bone protein extract exhibited a more similar expression pattern with autograft than that of rhBMP-2. rhBMP-2 recruits progenitor cells, proliferation and differentiation possibly by inducing various factors including PGHS-2, IFGBP-2, VEGF and chemokines and then leads to preferable membranous ossification and bone remodeling. Conversely, equine bone protein extract results in endochondral ossification via upregulation of cartilage-related genes. Ossification by inducing direct osteoblastic differentiation and obviating the cartilaginous intermediate phases may increase spinal fusion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenong Zou
- Department of Spine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Maeda A, Nishida T, Aoyama E, Kubota S, Lyons KM, Kuboki T, Takigawa M. CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor modulates BMP signalling as a signal conductor, which action regulates the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. J Biochem 2008; 145:207-16. [PMID: 19038999 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 play an important role in cartilage metabolism. We evaluated whether or not CCN2 would interact with BMP-2, and examined the combination effect of CCN2 with BMP-2 (CCN2-BMP-2) on the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Immunoprecipitation-western blotting analysis, solid-phase binding assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy showed that CCN2 directly interacted with BMP-2 with a dissociation constant of 0.77 nM as evaluated by SPR. An in vivo study revealed that CCN2 was co-localized with BMP-2 at the pre-hypertrophic region in the E18.5 mouse growth plate. Interestingly, CCN2-BMP-2 did not affect the BMP-2/CCN2-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK but caused less phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in cultured chondrocytes. Consistent with these results, cell proliferation assay showed that CCN2-BMP-2 stimulated cell growth to a lesser degree than by either CCN2 or BMP-2 alone, whereas the expression of chondrocyte marker genes and proteoglycan synthesis, representing the mature chondrocytic phenotype, was increased collaboratively by CCN2-BMP-2 treatment in cultured chondrocytes. These findings suggest that CCN2 may regulate the proliferating and differentiation of chondrocytes by forming a complex with BMP-2 as a novel modulator of BMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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75
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Chen CC, Lau LF. Functions and mechanisms of action of CCN matricellular proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:771-83. [PMID: 18775791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) family have emerged as dynamically expressed, extracellular matrix-associated proteins that play critical roles in cardiovascular and skeletal development, injury repair, fibrotic diseases and cancer. The synthesis of CCN proteins is highly inducible by serum growth factors, cytokines, and environmental stresses such as hypoxia, UV exposure, and mechanical stretch. Consisting of six secreted proteins in vertebrate species, CCNs are typically comprised of four conserved cysteine-rich modular domains. They function primarily through direct binding to specific integrin receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thereby triggering signal transduction events that culminate in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, and survival. CCN proteins can also modulate the activities of several growth factors and cytokines, including TGF-beta, TNFalpha, VEGF, BMPs, and Wnt proteins, and may thereby regulate a broad array of biological processes. Recent studies have uncovered novel CCN activities unexpected for matricellular proteins, including their ability to induce apoptosis as cell adhesion substrates, to dictate the cytotoxicity of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha, and to promote hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. As potent regulators of angiogenesis and chondrogenesis, CCNs are essential for successful cardiovascular and skeletal development during embryogenesis. In the adult, the expression of CCN proteins is associated with injury repair and inflammation, and has been proposed as diagnostic or prognostic markers for diabetic nephropathy, hepatic fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, and several types of cancer. Targeting CCN signaling pathways may hold promise as a strategy of rational therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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Kuroda C, Kubota S, Kawata K, Aoyama E, Sumiyoshi K, Oka M, Inoue M, Minagi S, Takigawa M. Distribution, gene expression, and functional role of EphA4 during ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:22-7. [PMID: 18601903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase has been shown to be critically involved in neural tissue development. Here, we found EphA4 was also distributed among hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the growth plate of developing mouse long bones. In vitro evaluation revealed that ephA4 expression was elevated upon hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and that markedly stronger expression was observed in osteoblastic SaOS-2 than chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells. Of note, RNAi-mediated silencing of ephA4 in SaOS-2 cells resulted in the repression of osteocalcin gene expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. Interestingly, confocal laser-scanning microscopic analysis revealed the presence of EphA4 molecules in the nucleus as well as on the surface of SaOS-2 cells. These findings are the first indication of a critical role of EphA4 in ossification, especially at the final stage in which osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes play major roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Kuroda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Perbal B, Zuntini M, Zambelli D, Serra M, Sciandra M, Cantiani L, Lucarelli E, Picci P, Scotlandi K. Prognostic value of CCN3 in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:701-9. [PMID: 18245529 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma, the most common bone tumor, lacks prognostic markers that could distinguish patients before therapy and drive treatment choices. We assessed the prognostic value of CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 genes, involved in fundamental biological processes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 was measured by quantitative PCR in 45 newly diagnosed osteosarcomas. Cancer-specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Associations with osteoblastic differentiation and/or drug response genes were assessed in tumor cells using Spearman correlation and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS CCN1 and CCN2 expression was associated with genes involved in commitment of mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblasts and in early phases of osteoblastic differentiation (RUNX family genes; cadherin 4, 11, and 13; jun and fos; collagen I and SPARC). Although CCN3 is barely expressed in normal proliferating osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, its expression was generally high in osteosarcoma and its level of expression did not correlate with any specific osteoblastic differentiation genes. High expression of CCN3 significantly correlated with worse prognosis in osteosarcoma. This may be only partly explained by the association with the expression of multidrug resistance-related protein 1 and 4, two ATP-binding cassette transporters that also acted as predictors of worse outcome in our study. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed temporal and coordinated expression of CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 genes during osteoblastic differentiation and highlighted significant differences between human normal and osteosarcoma cell differentiation in vitro. CCN1 and CCN2 expression shows no prognostic relevance in osteosarcoma. In contrast, assessment for CCN3 expression levels at diagnosis may represent a useful molecular tool to early identification of patients with different prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Perbal
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Oncologica and Laboratorio di Rigenerazione Tissutale Ossea, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Novel transcription-factor-like function of human matrix metalloproteinase 3 regulating the CTGF/CCN2 gene. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:2391-413. [PMID: 18172013 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01288-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) is well known as a secretory endopeptidase that degrades extracellular matrices. Recent reports indicated the presence of MMPs in the nucleus (A. J. Kwon et al., FASEB J. 18:690-692, 2004); however, its function has not been well investigated. Here, we report a novel function of human nuclear MMP3 as a trans regulator of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF). Initially, we cloned MMP3 cDNA as a DNA-binding factor for the CCN2/CTGF gene. An interaction between MMP3 and transcription enhancer dominant in chondrocytes (TRENDIC) in the CCN2/CTGF promoter was confirmed by a gel shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The CCN2/CTGF promoter was activated by overexpressed MMP3, whereas a TRENDIC mutant promoter lost the response. Also, the knocking down of MMP3 suppressed CCN2/CTGF expression. By cytochemical and histochemical analyses, MMP3 was detected in the nuclei of chondrocytic cells in culture and also in the nuclei of normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vivo. The nuclear translocation of externally added recombinant MMP3 and six putative nuclear localization signals in MMP3 also were shown. Furthermore, we determined that heterochromatin protein gamma coordinately regulates CCN2/CTGF by interacting with MMP3. The involvement of this novel role of MMP3 in the development, tissue remodeling, and pathology of arthritic diseases through CCN2/CTGF regulation thus is suggested.
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Jones JA, Gray MR, Oliveira BE, Koch M, Castellot JJ. CCN5 expression in mammals : I. Embryonic and fetal tissues of mouse and human. J Cell Commun Signal 2007; 1:127-43. [PMID: 18481203 PMCID: PMC2275877 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-007-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The six proteins of the CCN family have important roles in development, angiogenesis, cell motility, proliferation, and other fundamental cell processes. To date, CCN5 distribution in developing rodents and humans has not been mapped comprehensively. CCN5 strongly inhibits adult smooth muscle cell proliferation and motility. Its anti-proliferative action predicts that CCN5 would not be present in developing tissues until the proliferation phase of tissue morphogenesis is complete. However, estrogen induces CCN5 expression in epithelial and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that CCN5 might be widely expressed in embryonic tissues exposed to high levels of estrogen. 9-16 day murine embryos and fetuses and 3-7 month human fetal tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CCN5 was detected in nearly all developing tissues. CCN5 protein expression was initially present in most tissues, and at later times in development tissue-specific expression differences were observed. CCN5 expression was particularly strong in vascular tissues, cardiac muscle, bronchioles, myotendinous junctions, and intestinal smooth muscle and epithelium. CCN5 expression was initially absent in bone cartilaginous forms but was increasingly expressed during bone endochondral ossification. Widespread CCN5 mRNA expression was detected in GD14.5 mice. Although CCN2 and CCN5 protein expression patterns in some adult pathologic conditions are inversely expressed, this expression pattern was not found in developing mouse and human tissues. The widespread expression pattern of CCN5 in most embryonic and fetal tissues suggests a diverse range of functions for CCN5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Jones
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mark R. Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Beatriz Enes Oliveira
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry, Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John J. Castellot
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Nishida T, Kawaki H, Baxter RM, Deyoung RA, Takigawa M, Lyons KM. CCN2 (Connective Tissue Growth Factor) is essential for extracellular matrix production and integrin signaling in chondrocytes. J Cell Commun Signal 2007; 1:45-58. [PMID: 18481209 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-007-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein CCN2 (Connective Tissue Growth Factor; CTGF) is an essential mediator of ECM composition, as revealed through analysis of Ccn2 deficient mice. These die at birth due to complications arising from impaired endochondral ossification. However, the mechanism(s) by which CCN2 mediates its effects in cartilage are unclear. We investigated these mechanisms using Ccn2 ( -/- ) chondrocytes. Expression of type II collagen and aggrecan were decreased in Ccn2 (-/-) chondrocytes, confirming a defect in ECM production. Ccn2 ( -/- ) chondrocytes also exhibited impaired DNA synthesis and reduced adhesion to fibronectin. This latter defect is associated with decreased expression of alpha5 integrin. Moreover, CCN2 can bind to integrin alpha5beta1 in chondrocytes and can stimulate increased expression of integrin alpha5. Consistent with an essential role for CCN2 as a ligand for integrins, immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis revealed that levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation were reduced in Ccn2 ( -/- ) chondrocytes. These findings argue that CCN2 exerts major effects in chondrocytes through its ability to (1) regulate ECM production and integrin alpha5 expression, (2) engage integrins and (3) activate integrin-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2641 MacDonald Research Laboratories, 675 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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