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Wang JN, Hu P, Zeng MS, Liu RB. Anti-tumor effect of oncolytic herpes simplex virus G47delta on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2011; 30:831-41. [PMID: 22059912 PMCID: PMC4013331 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) can replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming normal tissue. G47Δ is a third-generation HSV vector. In this study, the therapeutic effects of G47Δ on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were determined in vitro and in vivo. The human NPC cell lines CNE-2 and SUNE-1, primary normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (NPECs), and immortalized nasopharyngeal cells NP-69 and NPEC2/Bmi1 were infected with G47Δ at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs). The survival of infected cells was observed daily. Two subcutaneous models of NPC were established with CNE-2 and SUNE-1 in Balb/c nude mice. G47Δ or virus buffer as control was injected into the subcutaneous tumors. Tumor size was measured twice a week, and animals were euthanized when the diameter of their tumors exceeded 18 mm or when the animals appeared moribund. For the NPC cell lines CNE-2 and SUNE-1, more than 85% and 95% of cells were killed on day 5 after G47Δ infection at MOI = 0.01 and MOI = 0.1, respectively. Similar results were observed for an immortalized cell line NPEC2/Bmi-1. A moderate effect of G47Δ was also found on another immortalized cell line NP-69, of which only 27.7% and 75.9% of cells were killed at MOI = 0.01 and MOI = 0.1, respectively. On the contrary, there was almost no effect observed on NPECs. The in vivo experiments showed that tumors in mice in the G47Δ-treated group regressed completely, and the mice exhibited much longer survival time than those in the control groups. Our results suggest that the potential therapeutic effects of G47Δ would be applicable for treatment of NPC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ni Wang
- Breast Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Campadelli-Fiume G, De Giovanni C, Gatta V, Nanni P, Lollini PL, Menotti L. Rethinking herpes simplex virus: the way to oncolytic agents. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:213-26. [PMID: 21626603 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. HSV has emerged as a most promising candidate because it exerts a generally moderate pathogenicity in humans; it is amenable to attenuation and tropism retargeting; the ample genome provides space for heterologous genes; specific antiviral therapy is available in a worst case scenario. The first strategy to convert HSV into an oncolytic agent consisted in deletion of the γ(1) 34.5 gene which counteracts the protein kinase R (PKR) response, and of the UL39 gene which encodes the large ribonucleotide reductase subunit. Tumor specificity resided in low PKR activity, and high deoxyribonucleotides content of cancer cells. These highly attenuated viruses have been and presently are in clinical trials with encouraging results. The preferred route of administration has been intratumor or in tissues adjacent to resected tumors. Although the general population has a high seroprevalence of antibodies to HSV, studies in animals and humans demonstrate that prior immunity is not an obstacle to systemic routes of administration, and that oncolytic HSV (o-HSVs) do populate tumors. As the attenuated viruses undergo clinical experimentation, the research pipeline is developing novel, more potent and highly tumor-specific o-HSVs. These include viruses which overcome tumor heterogeneity in PKR level by insertion of anti-PKR genes, viruses which reinforce the host tumor clearance capacity by encoding immune cytokines (IL-12 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and non-attenuated viruses fully retargeted to tumor specific receptors. A strategy to generate o-HSVs fully retargeted to human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) or other cancer-specific surface receptors is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Section on Microbiology and Virology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
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Gaston DC, Whitley RJ, Parker JN. Engineered herpes simplex virus vectors for antitumor therapy and vaccine delivery. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have been exploited for both antitumor therapy and vaccine delivery. These mutant viruses retain their ability to replicate and lyse permissive cells, including many tumor types, and are referred to as oncolytic HSVs. In addition, deletion of nonessential genes permits the introduction of foreign genes to augment the antitumor effect by either immune stimulation, targeting for select tumors, or expression of tumor or vaccine antigens. This article reviews the development of oncolytic HSVs as an anticancer therapy, as well as the application of HSV-1 vectors for delivery of targeted antigens or as vaccine adjuvants. The impact of these novel vectors with respect to enhanced antitumor activity and development of antitumor vaccination strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gaston
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Cell Biology, CHB 130, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine & Neurosurgery, CHB 303, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jacqueline N Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics & Cell Biology, CHB 118B, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Hammill AM, Conner J, Cripe TP. Oncolytic virotherapy reaches adolescence. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1253-63. [PMID: 20734404 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lytic viruses kill cells as a consequence of their normal replication life cycle. The idea of harnessing viruses to kill cancer cells arose over a century ago, before viruses were even discovered, from medical case reports of infections associated with cancer remissions. Since then, there has been no shortage of hype, hope, or fear regarding the prospect of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer. Early developments in the field included encouraging antitumor efficacy both in animal studies in the 1920s-1940s and in human clinical trials in the 1950s-1970s. Despite its long-standing history, oncolytic virotherapy was an idea ahead of its time. Without needed advances in molecular biology, virology, immunology, and clinical research ethics, early clinical trials resulted in infectious complications and were fraught with controversial research conduct, so that enthusiasm in the medical community waned. Oncolytic virotherapy is now experiencing a major growth spurt, having sustained numerous laboratory advances and undergone multiple encouraging adult clinical trials, and is now witnessing the emergence of pediatric trials. Here we review the history and salient biology of the field, including preclinical and clinical data, with a special emphasis on those agents now being tested in pediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Hammill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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55
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Kaufman HL, Bines SD. OPTIM trial: a Phase III trial of an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF for unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Future Oncol 2010; 6:941-9. [PMID: 20528232 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few effective treatment options available for patients with advanced melanoma. An oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; Oncovex(GM-CSF)) for direct injection into accessible melanoma lesions resulted in a 28% objective response rate in a Phase II clinical trial. Responding patients demonstrated regression of both injected and noninjected lesions highlighting the dual mechanism of action of Oncovex(GM-CSF) that includes both a direct oncolytic effect in injected tumors and a secondary immune-mediated anti-tumor effect on noninjected tumors. Based on these preliminary results a prospective, randomized Phase III clinical trial in patients with unresectable Stage IIIb or c and Stage IV melanoma has been initiated. The rationale, study design, end points and future development of the Oncovex(GM-CSF) Pivotal Trial in Melanoma (OPTIM) trial are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- The Tumor Immunology Laboratory & Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Kaur B, Lesinski GB, Chaudhury AR. From Concept to the Clinics: Development of Novel Large Molecule Cancer Therapeutics. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ENCYCLOPEDIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470571224.pse402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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57
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Sivendran S, Pan M, Kaufman HL, Saenger Y. Herpes simplex virus oncolytic vaccine therapy in melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1145-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.495383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Grandi P, Fernandez J, Szentirmai O, Carter R, Gianni D, Sena-Esteves M, Breakefield XO. Targeting HSV-1 virions for specific binding to epidermal growth factor receptor-vIII-bearing tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:655-63. [PMID: 20508670 PMCID: PMC2923688 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors have been used in early phase human clinical trials as a therapy for recurrent malignant glioblastoma. This treatment proved safe but limited improvements in patient survival were observed. The potency of these vectors might be enhanced by targeting vector infectivity to tumor cells. Glioma tumors often express a mutant form (vIII) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) resulting in the presence of a novel epitope on the cell surface. This epitope is specifically recognized by a single chain antibody designated MR1-1. HSV-1 infection involves initial binding to heparan sulfate (HS) on the cell surface mediated primarily by the viral envelope, glycoprotein C (gC). Here we joined the MR1-1 single chain antibody (scFv) to the gC sequence deleted for the HS binding domain (HSBD) as a means of targeting viral attachment to EGFRvIII on glial tumor cells. Virions bearing MR1-1-modified-gC had 5-fold increased infectivity for EGFRvIII-bearing human glioma U87 cells compared to mutant receptor-deficient cells. Further, MR1-1/EGFRvIII mediated infection was more efficient for EGFRvIII-positive cells than was wild-type virus for either positive or negative cells. Sustained infection of EGFRvIII+ glioma cells by MR1-1-modified-gC bearing oncolytic virus, as compared to wild-type gC oncolytic virus, was also shown in subcutaneous tumors in vivo using firefly luciferase as a reporter of infection. These data demonstrate that HSV tropism can be manipulated so that virions recognize a cell specific binding site with increased infectivity for the target cell. The retargeting of HSV infection to tumor cells should enhance vector specificity, tumor cell killing and vector safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grandi
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
The mortality of colorectal carcinoma often results from the progression of metastatic disease, which is predominantly hepatic. Although recent advances in surgical, locoregional, and systemic therapies have yielded modest improvements in survival, treatment of these aggressive lesions is limited to palliation for the vast majority of patients. Oncolytic viral therapy represents a promising novel therapeutic modality that has achieved tumor regression in several preclinical and clinical models. Evidence further suggests that locoregional viral administration may improve viral efficacy while minimizing toxicity. This study will review the theories behind hepatic arterial infusion of oncolytic virus, as well as herpes viral design, preclinical data, and clinical progress in regional liver therapy using oncolytic virus to treat hepatic colorectal carcinoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G Carpenter
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Medical application of herpes simplex virus. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 57:75-82. [PMID: 19939634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are important human pathogens that cause a variety of diseases from mild skin diseases such as herpes labialis and herpes genitalis to life-threatening diseases such as herpes encephalitis and neonatal herpes. A number of studies have elucidated the roles of this virus in viral replication and pathogenicity, the regulation of gene expression, interaction with the host cell and immune evasion from the host system. This research has allowed the development of potential therapeutic agents and vectors for human diseases. This review focuses on the basic functions and roles of HSV gene products and reviews the current knowledge of medical applications of genetically engineered HSV mutants using different strategies. These major HSV-derived vectors include: (i) amplicons for gene delivery vectors; (ii) replication-defective HSV recombinants for vaccine vectors; (iii) replication-attenuated HSV recombinants for oncolytic virotherapy.
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61
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Identification of virus resistant tumor cell subpopulations in three-dimensional uveal melanoma cultures. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:223-34. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The HSV-2 mutant DeltaPK induces melanoma oncolysis through nonredundant death programs and associated with autophagy and pyroptosis proteins. Gene Ther 2009; 17:315-27. [PMID: 19798049 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and drug-resistant cancer. Virotherapy is a novel therapeutic strategy based on cancer cell lysis through selective virus replication. However, its clinical efficacy is modest, apparently related to poor virus replication within the tumors. We report that the growth compromised herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) mutant, DeltaPK, has strong oncolytic activity for melanoma largely caused by a mechanism other than replication-induced cell lysis. The ratio of dead cells (determined by trypan blue or ethidium homodimer staining) to cells that stain with antibody to the major capsid protein VP5 (indicative of productive infection) was 1.8-4.1 for different melanoma cultures at 24-72 h post-infection. Cell death was due to activation of calpain as well as caspases-7 and -3 and it was abolished by the combination of calpain (PD150606) and pancaspase (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluormethyl ketone, z-VAD-fmk) inhibitors. Upregulation of the autopahgy protein Beclin-1 and the pro-apoptotic protein H11/HspB8 accompanied DeltaPK-induced melanoma oncolysis. Intratumoral DeltaPK injection (10(6)-10(7) plaque-forming unit (pfu)) significantly reduced melanoma tumor burden associated with calpain and caspases-7 and -3 activation, Beclin-1 and H11/HspB8 upregulation and activation of caspase-1-related inflammation. Complete remission was seen for 87.5% of the LM melanoma xenografts at 5 months after treatment termination. The data indicate that DeltaPK is a promising virotherapy for melanoma that functions through virus-induced programmed cell death pathways.
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63
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Lee CYF, Rennie PS, Jia WWG. MicroRNA regulation of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 for selective killing of prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5126-35. [PMID: 19671871 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer, for which there are few treatment options, remains one of the leading causes of cancer death. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have provided a new opportunity for more stringent regulation of tumor-specific viral replication. The purpose of this study was to provide a proof-of-principle that miRNA-regulated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) virus can selectively target cancer cells with reduced toxicity to normal tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We incorporated multiple copies of miRNA complementary target sequences (for miR-143 or miR-145) into the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of an HSV-1 essential viral gene, ICP4, to create CMV-ICP4-143T and CMV-ICP4-145T amplicon viruses and tested their targeting specificity and efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Although miR-143 and miR-145 are highly expressed in normal tissues, they are significantly down-regulated in prostate cancer cells. We further showed that miR-143 and miR-145 inhibited the expression of the ICP4 gene at the translational level by targeting the corresponding 3'-UTR in a dose-dependent manner. This enabled selective viral replication in prostate cancer cells. When mice bearing LNCaP human prostate tumors were treated with these miRNA-regulated oncolytic viruses, a >80% reduction in tumor volume was observed, with significantly attenuated virulence to normal tissues in comparison with control amplicon viruses not carrying these 3'-UTR sequences. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to show that inclusion of specific miRNA target sequences into the 3'-UTR of an essential HSV-1 gene is a viable strategy for restricting viral replication and oncolysis to cancer cells while sparing normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Y F Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Recent studies in a variety of leukemias and solid tumors indicate that there is significant heterogeneity with respect to tumor-forming ability within a given population of tumor cells, suggesting that only a subpopulation of cells is responsible for tumorigenesis. These cells have been commonly referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer-initiating cells (CICs). CICs have been shown to be relatively resistant to conventional anticancer therapies and are thus thought to be responsible for disease relapse. As such, they represent a potentially critical therapeutic target. Oncolytic viruses are in clinical trials for cancer and kill cells through mechanisms different from conventional therapeutics. Because these viruses are not susceptible to the same pathways of drug or radiation resistance, it is important to learn whether CICs are susceptible to oncolytic virus infection. Here we review the available data regarding the ability of several different oncolytic virus types to target CICs for destruction.
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Dobrosavljevic D, Brasanac D, Lukic S, Dzodic R. Molluscum contagiosum arising in melanocytic nevus and in superficial spreading melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:461-3. [PMID: 19278433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is common skin infection caused by molluscum virus. Growth of MC inside melanocytic lesion is extremely rare. We present the case of MC in common melanocytic nevus and the first case of MC in superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Complete destruction of melanocytes and melanoma cells occurred on the site of MC infection. MC virus might be considered as a future candidate for viral oncolysis in cutaneous melanoma patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Dobrosavljevic
- Institute of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Centre of Serbia and School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Brader P, Kelly K, Gang S, Shah JP, Wong RJ, Hricak H, Blasberg RG, Fong Y, Gil Z. Imaging of lymph node micrometastases using an oncolytic herpes virus and [F]FEAU PET. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4789. [PMID: 19274083 PMCID: PMC2651472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with melanoma, knowledge of regional lymph node status provides important information on outlook. Since lymph node status can influence treatment, surgery for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy became a standard staging procedure for these patients. Current imaging modalities have a limited sensitivity for detection of micrometastases in lymph nodes and, therefore, there is a need for a better technique that can accurately identify occult SLN metastases. Methodology/Principal Findings B16-F10 murine melanoma cells were infected with replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) NV1023. The presence of tumor-targeting and reporter-expressing virus was assessed by [18F]-2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1-β-D-β-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil ([18F]FEAU) positron emission tomography (PET) and confirmed by histochemical assays. An animal foot pad model of melanoma lymph node metastasis was established. Mice received intratumoral injections of NV1023, and 48 hours later were imaged after i.v. injection of [18F]FEAU. NV1023 successfully infected and provided high levels of lacZ transgene expression in melanoma cells. Intratumoral injection of NV1023 resulted in viral trafficking to melanoma cells that had metastasized to popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes. Presence of virus-infected tumor cells was successfully imaged with [18F]FEAU-PET, that identified 8 out of 8 tumor-positive nodes. There was no overlap between radioactivity levels (lymph node to surrounding tissue ratio) of tumor-positive and tumor-negative lymph nodes. Conclusion/Significance A new approach for imaging SLN metastases using NV1023 and [18F]FEAU-PET was successful in a murine model. Similar studies could be translated to the clinic and improve the staging and management of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brader
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kaitlyn Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sheng Gang
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jatin P. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Wong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hedvig Hricak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ziv Gil
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Gillet JP, Macadangdang B, Fathke RL, Gottesman MM, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. The development of gene therapy: from monogenic recessive disorders to complex diseases such as cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 542:5-54. [PMID: 19565894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last 4 decades, gene therapy has moved from preclinical to clinical studies for many diseases ranging from monogenic recessive disorders such as hemophilia to more complex diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To date, more than 1,340 gene therapy clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing, or have been approved in 28 countries, using more than 100 genes. Most of those clinical trials (66.5%) were aimed at the treatment of cancer. Early hype, failures, and tragic events have now largely been replaced by the necessary stepwise progress needed to realize clinical benefits. We now understand better the strengths and weaknesses of various gene transfer vectors; this facilitates the choice of appropriate vectors for individual diseases. Continuous advances in our understanding of tumor biology have allowed the development of elegant, more efficient, and less toxic treatment strategies. In this introductory chapter, we review the history of gene therapy since the early 1960s and present in detail two major recurring themes in gene therapy: (1) the development of vector and delivery systems and (2) the design of strategies to fight or cure particular diseases. The field of cancer gene therapy experienced an "awkward adolescence." Although this field has certainly not yet reached maturity, it still holds the potential of alleviating the suffering of many individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gillet
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mace ATM, Ganly I, Soutar DS, Brown SM. Potential for efficacy of the oncolytic Herpes simplex virus 1716 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2008; 30:1045-51. [PMID: 18615711 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1716 is a selectively replicating oncolytic virus. Our objective was to assess the potential efficacy of HSV1716 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by intratumoral injection. METHODS : Twenty patients with oral SCC had a single intratumoral injection of HSV1716 at a dose of 105 pfu (plaque forming unit) or 5 x 105 pfu. Injections were done at 1, 3, or 14 days before surgical resection. The tumors were assessed for evidence of viral replication and necrosis. Immunologic response to virus and toxicity was also assessed. RESULTS : Intratumoral injections were well tolerated with no adverse effects. Evidence of biological activity was lacking, with no increase in detectable virus in tumor samples. CONCLUSION : Intratumoral injection of HSV1716 is safe but with little evidence for viral replication or efficacy. Further studies at higher doses are required to determine the potential efficacy of this virus in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair T M Mace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Brown CW, Bell JC. Oncolytic Viruses: A New Weapon to Fight Cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2008; 39:115-127. [PMID: 31051886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Remission from cancer after viral infection was first noted in the beginning of the 20th century, and with advances in virotherapy and genetic engineering, the advent of an approved viral therapeutic in North America is fast approaching. Mechanisms of tumour selectivity and killing, along with information obtained from clinical trials are reviewed here. Although oncolytic viruses are generally safe and well tolerated, their overall anti-tumour efficacy has varied. This article outlines strategies to improve the efficacy of the oncolytic platform without compromising its impressive safety profile. It will highlight new methods being developed to quantify the activity of oncolytic viruses in real time. Harnessing the factors that control the tumour microenvironment and the immune system are the key to enhancing the oncolytic activity. The purpose of this article is to introduce and provide an overview of the current state of cancer killing of oncolytic viruses. The reader will acquire knowledge of the basic principles of oncolytic viruses and their use in the clinical setting. This review summarizes articles retrieved from Medline using key words such as "virus," "oncolytic virus," "virotherapy," "cancer," and "clinical trials." Review articles published in the English language from 2005 onward were read and corroborating data and conclusions were summarized. When appropriate, cited references were also reviewed and incorporated. The reader is directed to references we found most concise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Brown
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario.
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Conner J, Braidwood L, Brown SM. A strategy for systemic delivery of the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716: redirected tropism by antibody-binding sites incorporated on the virion surface as a glycoprotein D fusion protein. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1579-92. [PMID: 18701918 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the ability of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) incorporated into the viral envelope to alter the tropism of herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1716. Using recombinant viruses expressing fusion proteins comprising cell-surface antigen-specific scFvs N terminus linked to amino acids 274-393 of gD, we demonstrated that the tropism of these HSV1716 variants was modified such that infection was mediated by the cognate antigen. Thus, an HSV1716 variant that expressed an anti-CD55 scFv targeting moiety linked to these gD residues was able to infect non-permissive Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CD55 and this infection was specifically blocked by an anti-CD55 monoclonal antibody. Similarly, the infection efficiency of an HSV1716 variant for semi-permissive human leukaemic, CD38-positive cell lines was greatly improved by an anti-CD38 scFv targeting moiety linked to gD residues 274-393, and this enhanced infectivity was abrogated specifically by an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Finally, intravenous/intraperitoneal injection of an HSV1716 variant displaying an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv linked to residues 274-393 of gD enhanced destruction of subcutaneous EGFR-positive tumours in nude mice compared to unmodified HSV1716. Therefore, targeting of HSV1716 oncolysis to specific cell types through the display of entry mediating scFv/gD fusion proteins represents an efficient route for systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Conner
- Crusade Laboratories Ltd, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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71
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Kelly KJ, Wong J, Fong Y. Herpes simplex virus NV1020 as a novel and promising therapy for hepatic malignancy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1105-13. [PMID: 18549346 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hepatic malignancy have a dismal prognosis with standard therapies. NV1020 is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus that has potential to be a safe and effective therapeutic agent for this disease. OBJECTIVE We set out to discuss the development of NV1020 as an oncolytic agent and explore the potential role of this particular virus in the setting of human hepatic cancer. METHODS The scope of this review includes an overview of preclinical experience with NV1020, as well as an examination of current standard and developing therapies for liver cancer. The primary focus, however, is on the safety and potential clinical efficacy of NV1020 against hepatic malignancy. RESULTS/CONCLUSION We have found that NV1020 is a safe, novel therapeutic agent for treatment of refractory hepatic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn J Kelly
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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72
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Currier MA, Gillespie RA, Sawtell NM, Mahller YY, Stroup G, Collins MH, Kambara H, Chiocca EA, Cripe TP. Efficacy and safety of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus rRp450 alone and combined with cyclophosphamide. Mol Ther 2008; 16:879-85. [PMID: 18388918 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) mutants are under development as anticancer therapeutics. One such vector, rRp450, is ICP6-deleted and expresses a prodrug enzyme for cyclophosphamide (CPA) (rat CYP2B1). Little is known about rRp450's toxicity profile, especially in combination with CPA. We tested rRp450/CPA for antitumor efficacy in an aggressive human xenograft sarcoma model, measured virus production in primary cells, and tested rRp450/CPA for safety in immunocompetent mice. CPA enhanced the antitumor efficacy of rRp450. Relative to wild-type HSV-1, rRp450 replication was attenuated approximately 10,000-fold in human primary hepatocytes, differentiated primary foreskin keratinocytes, and primary Schwann cells. In vivo, intravenous and intracranial (IC) rRp450 injection at the strength of 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu) alone or followed 24 hours later by intraperitoneal (IP) CPA was well tolerated and had no significant effect clinically on blood counts or chemistries. By contrast, intravenous KOS was found to be uniformly neurotoxic at 10(5) and fatal at 10(6) pfu, and IC virus was fatal in most mice at 10(4) pfu. Low levels of virus DNA were detected in some organs following intravenous and IC virus injection, but were not significantly altered by CPA. HSV replication was not detected in reactivation studies of isolated organs. Our findings suggest rRp450/CPA is safe and warrants further study as a potential combination in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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73
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Prestwich RJ, Errington F, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS, Selby P, Melcher A. Oncolytic viruses: do they have a role in anti-cancer therapy? Clin Med Oncol 2008; 2:83-96. [PMID: 21892269 PMCID: PMC3161683 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are replication competent, tumor selective and lyse cancer cells. Their potential for anti-cancer therapy is based upon the concept that selective intratumoral replication will produce a potent anti-tumor effect and possibly bystander or remote cell killing, whilst minimizing normal tissue toxicity. Viruses may be naturally oncolytic or be engineered for oncolytic activity, and possess a host of different mechanisms to provide tumor selectivity. Clinical use of live replicating viruses is associated with a unique set of safety issues. Clinical experience has so far provided evidence of limited efficacy and a favourable toxicity profile. The interaction with the host immune system is complex. An anti-viral immune response may limit efficacy by rapidly clearing the virus. However, virally-induced cell lysis releases tumor associated antigens in a 'dangerous' context, and limited evidence suggests that this can lead to the generation of a specific anti-tumor immune response. Combination therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy represents a promising avenue for ongoing translation of oncolytic viruses into clinical practice. Obstacles to therapy include highly effective non-specific host mechanisms to clear virus following systemic delivery, immune-mediated clearance, and intratumoral barriers limiting virus spread. A number of novel strategies are now under investigation to overcome these barriers. This review provides an overview of the potential role of oncolytic viruses, highlighting recent progress towards developing effective therapy and asks if they are a realistic therapeutic option at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Prestwich
- Cancer Research UK, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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74
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Watanabe D, Goshima F, Mori I, Tamada Y, Matsumoto Y, Nishiyama Y. Oncolytic virotherapy for malignant melanoma with herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF10. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 50:185-96. [PMID: 18226503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many viruses have been engineered and evaluated for their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of malignant neoplasm, including malignant melanoma. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the efficacy of HF10, an attenuated, replication-competent HSV, in immunocompetent animal models with malignant melanoma. METHODS For in vitro study, viral cytotoxicity assays and replication assays were performed both in human and mouse melanoma cells. For the study in vivo, intraperitoneally disseminated or subcutaneous melanoma models were prepared in DBA/2 mice using clone M3 cells, then HF10 was inoculated intraperitoneally or intratumorally. Therapeutic efficacy of HF10 was assessed by survival, tumor growth, and histopathological analysis. RESULTS HF10 infection produced cytolytic effects in melanoma cells at various multiplicities of infection (MOI). In the intraperitoneal melanoma model, all mice survived when given intraperitoneal injections of HF10 compared with 100% fatality in the control mice. In the subcutaneous tumor model, intratumoral inoculation of HF10 significantly reduced tumor growth. Histology and immunohistochemistry showed tumor lysis and inflammatory cell infiltration after intratumoral HF10 inoculation. Viral antigen was retained at the inoculation site until 7 days post-infection. HF10-treated intraperitoneal tumor mice were also protected against tumor rechallenge. HF10 also affected the non-inoculated contralateral tumor when injected into the ipsilateral tumor of mice, suggesting that HF10 can induce systemic antitumor immune responses in mice. CONCLUSION Oncolytic viral therapy using HF10 was effective in melanoma mouse models, and intratumoral injection of HF10 induced systemic antitumor responses. These results suggest that HF10 is a promising agent for the treatment of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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75
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Herpes viral oncolysis: a novel cancer therapy. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205:S69-75. [PMID: 17916523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.06.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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76
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[Oncolytic virotherapy using replication-competent herpes simplex viruses]. Uirusu 2007; 57:57-65. [PMID: 18040155 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.57.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy using replication-competent viruses has attracted us as a new modality for cancer treatment. The fundamental concept of oncolytic virotherapy is that the viruses selectively replicate in and lyse tumor cells. Since 1997, numbers of clinical trials have been done in over 500 cancer patients. However, the results of those trials have been disappointing in most cases. We have isolated a spontaneously occurring herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, designated HF10, which efficiently replicates and induces cell fusion in most transformed cells, but is highly attenuated in mice. HF10 has a number of deletions and insertions in the genome, resulting in the lack of the functional expression of UL43, UL49.5, UL55, UL56 and latency-associated transcripts. We have found that HF10 can be used as an oncolytic virus for treatment of malignant tumors in various animal models. Clinical trials have shown that intratumoral injection of HF10 can induce extensive tumor cell death in patients with recurrent breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma without significant adverse effects. HF10 is a promising agent for use in oncolytic virotherapy in non-central nervous system malignancies.
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77
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Liu TC, Wakimoto H, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. Herpes Simplex Virus Us3(−) Mutant as Oncolytic Strategy and Synergizes with Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt–Targeting Molecular Therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5897-902. [PMID: 17908985 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors have shown safety in clinical trials, but efficacy remains unsatisfactory. Novel HSV vectors that possess tumor selectivity with enhanced potency are therefore needed. The gene product of HSV Us3 protects virus-infected cells from apoptosis, a cellular pathway frequently dysfunctional in tumors. We hypothesized that Us3 mutants, whose replication would be inhibited by apoptosis in normal cells, would be selective for tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HSV mutants G207 (ribonucleotide reductase-/gamma34.5-), R7041 (Us3-), and R7306 (Us3 revertant) were tested in normal and tumor cells for viral replication, antitumoral potency, apoptosis induction, and Akt activation. Safety and biodistribution after systemic administration and antitumoral efficacy after intratumoral (i.t.) or i.v. administration were examined. RESULTS Us3 deletion results in up to 3-log replication inhibition in normal cells, which correlates with enhanced apoptosis induction. In contrast, R7041 replicates very well in tumor cells, showing 1 to 2 log greater yield than G207. In vivo, R7041 shows no signs of toxicity after systemic delivery in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice and shows preferential and prolonged replication in tumors compared with normal tissues. R7041 displays significant antitumoral efficacy after i.t. or i.v. administration. An additional feature of Us3 mutants is enhanced Akt activation compared with wild-type infection, which sensitizes cells to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt inhibitors (LY294002, Akt inhibitor IV), shown by synergistic antitumoral activity in vitro and enhanced efficacy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Us3 deletion confers enhanced tumor selectivity and antitumoral potency on herpes simplex virus-1 and provides for a novel mechanism of combination therapy with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-targeting molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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78
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Kohno SI, Luo C, Nawa A, Fujimoto Y, Watanabe D, Goshima F, Tsurumi T, Nishiyama Y. Oncolytic virotherapy with an HSV amplicon vector expressing granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor using the replication-competent HSV type 1 mutant HF10 as a helper virus. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:918-26. [PMID: 17693992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct viral infection of solid tumors can cause tumor cell death, but these techniques offer the opportunity to express exogenous factors to enhance the antitumor response. We investigated the antitumor effects of a herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon expressing mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) using the replication-competent HSV type 1 mutant HF10 as a helper virus. HF10-packaged mGM-CSF-expressing amplicon (mGM-CSF amplicon) was used to infect subcutaneously inoculated murine colorectal tumor cells (CT26 cells) and the antitumor effects were compared to tumors treated with only HF10. The mGM-CSF amplicon efficiently replicated in CT26 cells with similar oncolytic activity to HF10 in vitro. However, when mice subcutaneously inoculated with CT26 cells were intratumorally injected with HF10 or mGM-CSF amplicon, greater tumor regression was seen in mGM-CSF amplicon-treated animals. Furthermore, mGM-CSF amplicon treatment prolonged mouse survival. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the solid tumor in the mGM-CSF amplicon-treated animals. These results suggest that expression of GM-CSF enhances the antitumor effects of HF10, and HF10-packaged GM-CSF-expressing amplicon is a promising agent for the treatment of subcutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-I Kohno
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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79
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Mace ATM, Harrow SJ, Ganly I, Brown SM. Cytotoxic effects of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2007; 127:880-7. [PMID: 17763002 DOI: 10.1080/00016480601075381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS HSV1716 alone and combined with cisplatin was efficacious in destroying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Combination treatment with HSV1716 and cisplatin gave additive efficacy. These results indicate that HSV1716 in combination with cisplatin could be of therapeutic value in HNSCC and warrants further investigation. OBJECTIVES HSV1716 is a replication competent herpes simplex virus which selectively replicates and lyses actively dividing cells but not normal or terminally differentiated cells. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three HNSCC cell lines were studied; UM-SCC 14C, UM-SCC 22A and UM-SCC 22B. The permissivity of HSV1716 in these cell lines was determined using multicycle growth experiments. In vitro, cytotoxicity of HSV1716 and cisplatin was determined using an MTS proliferation assay. Isobologram analysis was used to determine the interaction between HSV1716 and cisplatin combination treatment. RESULTS The three HNSCC cell lines studied were permissive for HSV1716 replication. Cytotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent fashion in all three cell lines. Cisplatin was non-toxic to the virus. Isobologram analysis showed additive cytotoxicity when HSV1716 was combined with cisplatin in all three cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M Mace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK.
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80
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Kuruppu D, Brownell AL, Zhu A, Yu M, Wang X, Kulu Y, Fuchs BC, Kawasaki H, Tanabe KK. Positron emission tomography of herpes simplex virus 1 oncolysis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3295-300. [PMID: 17409438 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral oncolysis, the destruction of cancer cells by replicating viruses, is under clinical investigation for cancer therapy. Lytic viral replication in cancer cells both destroys the cells and liberates progeny virion to infect adjacent cancer cells. The safety and efficacy of this approach are dependent on selective and robust viral replication in cancer cells rather than in normal cells. Methods to detect and quantify viral replication in tissues have relied on organ sampling for molecular analyses. Preclinical and clinical studies of viral oncolysis will benefit significantly from development of a noninvasive method to repetitively measure viral replication. We have shown that positron emission tomography (PET) allows for in vivo detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 replication in tumor cells using 9-(4-[(18)F]-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine ([(18)F]FHBG) as the substrate for HSV thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). As expected, phosphorylated [(18)F]FHBG is initially trapped within HSV-1-infected tumor cells and is detectable as early as 2 h following virus administration. MicroPET images reveal that [(18)F]FHBG accumulation in HSV-1-infected tumors peaks at 6 h. However, despite progressive accumulation of HSV-1 titers and HSV-TK protein in the tumor as viral oncolysis proceeds, tumor cell degradation resulting from viral oncolysis increases over time, which limits intracellular retention of [(18)F]FHBG. These observations have important consequences with regard to strategies to use [(18)F]FHBG PET for monitoring sites of HSV-TK expression during viral oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshini Kuruppu
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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81
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Lee CYF, Bu LX, Rennie PS, Jia WWG. An HSV-1 amplicon system for prostate-specific expression of ICP4 to complement oncolytic viral replication for in vitro and in vivo treatment of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:652-60. [PMID: 17479106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether a prostate-specific amplicon, containing a probasin-derived promoter (ARR(2)PB) upstream of an essential Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) viral gene, infected-cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4), could complement an HSV-1 helper virus with this gene deleted (ICP4-) and cause lytic replication specifically in prostate cancer cells. Two amplicon constructs, CMV-ICP4 and ARR(2)PB-ICP4, were packaged by a replication-deficient ICP4- helper virus. The amplicon viruses could complement ICP4- helper viruses to efficiently replicate and cause cell lysis in prostate cancer cells. Intratumoral injection of LNCaP human prostate cancer xenografts with either amplicon/helper virus resulted in >75% reduction in tumor volume and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). Histological and Q-PCR (quantitative PCR) analyses indicated that the toxicity in nontumor tissues was much lower with ARR(2)PB-ICP4 than with CMV-ICP4 amplicon/helper virus. In conclusion, a replication-deficient HSV-1 virus could be complemented by an amplicon virus to restore its oncolytic activity in a tissue-specific and low toxicity fashion, illustrating that this approach could be a potentially useful strategy for developing an oncolytic viral therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y-F Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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82
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Liu TC, Galanis E, Kirn D. Clinical trial results with oncolytic virotherapy: a century of promise, a decade of progress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:101-17. [PMID: 17259931 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic oncolytic viruses (virotherapeutics) constitute a novel class of targeted anticancer agents that have unique mechanisms of action compared with other cancer therapeutics. The development of virotherapeutics has evolved from the use of in vitro-passaged strains (first generation), to genetically engineered selectivity-enhanced viruses (second generation) and finally to genetically engineered transgene-expressing 'armed' oncolytic viruses (third generation). Descriptions of cancer remissions following virus infections date back to a century ago. Initial patient treatment publications, written up to 50 years ago, consisted of case reports or case series of treatment with first-generation, non-engineered viruses. Over the past decade, hundreds of patients with cancer have been treated on prospectively designed clinical trials (including phase III), evaluating over 10 different agents, inlcluding engineered second-generation and third-generation viruses. This Review summarizes and interprets the data from clinical reports over the last century, including safety, efficacy and biological end points (viral and immunologic). Systemic safety and efficiacy has been clearly demonstrated with some virotherapeutics. The implications of these data for future virotherapy development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Jennerex Biotherapeutics, One Market Street, Spear Tower, Suite 2260, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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83
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Valyi-Nagy K, Folberg R, Valyi-Nagy T, Maniotis AJ. Role of tumor invasiveness, the extracellular matrix, and chromatin sequestration in the susceptibility of uveal melanoma to herpes simplex virus type 1. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:991-1000. [PMID: 17386925 PMCID: PMC1950675 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand determinants of susceptibility/resistance of uveal melanomas to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) oncolytic therapy, uveal melanoma cell lines of low (OCM1a) and of high (M619, MUM2B) invasive potential were infected with HSV-1 either in the presence or absence of a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (Matrigel). OCM1a cultures were destroyed faster by HSV-1 than M619 and MUM2B cultures. In the presence of Matrigel, all melanoma cultures demonstrated delayed destruction by HSV-1 relative to Matrigel-free cultures. As sequestration of chromatin is a characteristic feature of highly invasive uveal melanomas that is further increased by exposure to laminin, we explored whether chromatin sequestration could be reversed by HSV-1 infection. HSV-1 infection induced a global reversal of chromatin sequestration in highly invasive uveal melanoma cells. However, this viral effect was first observed only 2h following virus infection and required novel protein synthesis from input viral DNA. These findings suggest that tumor invasiveness, the spatial relationship of tumor cells to laminin and chromatin sequestration are determinants of susceptibility/resistance of melanomas to HSV-1 oncolytic therapy. Furthermore, these findings indicate for the first time that HSV-1 infection is associated with global exposure of normally highly sequestered cellular DNA in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Folberg
- *Address correspondence to: Robert Folberg, MD, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, 840 South Wood Street, Room 110, M/C 847, Chicago, IL 60612; phone: 312-996-4601; fax: 312-355-3190;
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84
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Hu JCC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, Graham NJ, Groves N, Guest PJ, Harrington KJ, James ND, Love CA, McNeish I, Medley LC, Michael A, Nutting CM, Pandha HS, Shorrock CA, Simpson J, Steiner J, Steven NM, Wright D, Coombes RC. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6737-47. [PMID: 17121894 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a phase I clinical trial with a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Onco VEXGM-CSF) to determine the safety profile of the virus, look for evidence of biological activity, and identify a dosing schedule for later studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The virus was administered by intratumoral injection in patients with cutaneous or s.c. deposits of breast, head and neck and gastrointestinal cancers, and malignant melanoma who had failed prior therapy. Thirteen patients were in a single-dose group, where doses of 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL were tested, and 17 patients were in a multidose group testing a number of dose regimens. RESULTS The virus was generally well tolerated with local inflammation, erythema, and febrile responses being the main side effects. The local reaction to injection was dose limiting in HSV-seronegative patients at 10(7) pfu/mL. The multidosing phase thus tested seroconverting HSV-seronegative patients with 10(6) pfu/mL followed by multiple higher doses (up to 10(8) pfu/mL), which was well tolerated by all patients. Biological activity (virus replication, local reactions, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression, and HSV antigen-associated tumor necrosis), was observed. The duration of local reactions and virus replication suggested that dosing every 2 to 3 weeks was appropriate. Nineteen of 26 patient posttreatment biopsies contained residual tumor of which 14 showed tumor necrosis, which in some cases was extensive, or apoptosis. In all cases, areas of necrosis also strongly stained for HSV. The overall responses to treatment were that three patients had stable disease, six patients had tumors flattened (injected and/or uninjected lesions), and four patients showed inflammation of uninjected as well as the injected tumor, which, in nearly all cases, became inflamed. CONCLUSIONS Onco VEXGM-CSF is well tolerated and can be safely administered using the multidosing protocol described. Evidence of an antitumor effect was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C C Hu
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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85
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Liu TC, Zhang T, Fukuhara H, Kuroda T, Todo T, Canron X, Bikfalvi A, Martuza RL, Kurtz A, Rabkin SD. Dominant-negative fibroblast growth factor receptor expression enhances antitumoral potency of oncolytic herpes simplex virus in neural tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6791-9. [PMID: 17121900 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSV) appear to be a promising platform for cancer therapy. However, efficacy as single agents has thus far been unsatisfactory. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is important for the growth and migration of endothelial and tumor cells. Here, we examine the strategy of arming oncolytic HSV with a dominant-negative FGF receptor (dnFGFR) that targets the FGF signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A mouse Nf1:p53 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cell line expressing dnFGFR was generated by transfection. The effects of dnFGFR expression on cell growth and migration in vitro and tumor formation in vivo were determined. The dnFGFR transgene was then inserted into oncolytic HSV G47Delta using a bacterial artificial chromosome construction system. Antitumoral and antiangiogenic activities of bG47Delta-dnFGFR were examined. RESULTS MPNST 61E4 cells expressing dnFGFR grew less well than parental control cells. bG47Delta-dnFGFR showed enhanced killing of both tumor (human U87 glioma and F5 malignant meningioma cells and murine MPNST 61E4 and 37-3-18-4 cells) and proliferating endothelial cells (human umbilical vascular endothelial cell and Py-4-1) in vitro compared with the control vector bG47Delta-empty without inhibiting viral replication. In vivo, bG47Delta-dnFGFR was more efficacious than its nonexpressing parent bG47Delta-empty at inhibiting tumor growth and angiogenesis in both human U87 glioma and mouse 37-3-18-4 MPNST tumors in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS By using multiple therapeutic mechanisms, including destruction of both tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells, an oncolytic HSV encoding dnFGFR enhances antitumor efficacy. This strategy can be applied to other oncolytic viruses and for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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86
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Woo CY, Osada T, Clay TM, Lyerly HK, Morse MA. Recent clinical progress in virus-based therapies for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:1123-34. [PMID: 17049011 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.11.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As our knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer expands, viral vectors have been increasingly studied as potential antitumour therapeutic agents. With their ability to invade and replicate within target cells, viruses have been utilised as oncolytic agents to directly lyse tumour cells. Viruses can also deliver their genetic payload into infected cells, allowing for the repair of defective tumour suppressor genes, disruption of oncogenic pathways, and production of cytokines that activate the immune system. Finally, viruses encoding tumour-associated antigens can infect dendritic cells, triggering the development of a tumour-specific immune response. The ability to engineer viruses with high levels of tumour specificity and efficient rates of infection has enhanced the safety profile of these agents, allowing for the development of viable therapeutic options that have been examined in the clinic, either alone or in conjunction with more conventional therapies. This review highlights the principles underlying virus-based therapies for cancer, with an emphasis on recent developments from the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Woo
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Programme in Molecular Therapeutics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 401 MSRB, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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87
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Fujimoto Y, Mizuno T, Sugiura S, Goshima F, Kohno SI, Nakashima T, Nishiyama Y. Intratumoral injection of herpes simplex virus HF10 in recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2006; 126:1115-7. [PMID: 16923721 DOI: 10.1080/00016480600702100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel replication-competent, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV), named HF10, and have evaluated its anticancer efficacy in a variety of animal models. We report a pilot study of intratumoral injection of HF10 into subcutaneous nodules in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HF10 efficiently infected human HNSCC cells and caused extensive tumor cell death without any significant adverse effects, suggesting that HF10 represents a promising therapy for HNSCC in humans. To assess the therapeutic potential of HF10 in human HNSCC, we performed a preliminary study of toxicity and efficacy in two patients with recurrent metastatic HNSCC. For each patient, a metastatic skin nodule was injected with HF10 once a day for 3 days. They were monitored for systemic adverse effects, and the injected nodules were excised at day 13 (patient 1) or day 15 (patient 2) after injection for histochemical examination. HF10 replicated, spread well in the tumor nodules, and caused cell death in a considerable population of tumor cells without any significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Fujimoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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88
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89
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Abstract
The understanding that tumor cells can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system has led to intense interest in the development of cancer vaccines. Viruses are naturally occurring agents that cause human disease but have the potential to prevent disease when attenuated forms or subunits are used as vaccines before exposure. A large number of viruses have been engineered as attenuated vaccines for the expression of tumor antigens, immunomodulatory molecules, and as vehicles for direct destruction of tumor cells or expression of highly specific gene products. This article focuses on the major viruses that are under development as cancer vaccines, including the poxviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses. The biology supporting these viruses as vaccines is reviewed and clinical progress is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Eisenberger
- Division of Surgical Oncology and The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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90
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Mahller YY, Rangwala F, Ratner N, Cripe TP. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with high and low Ras-GTP are permissive for oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46:745-54. [PMID: 16124003 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) occur most frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and are often fatal. Current therapy relies upon radical surgical resection, which often fails to completely remove the tumor. To address the need for novel treatment approaches for this disease, we sought to determine if human MPNST-derived cell lines are sensitive to oncolytic Herpes simplex virus (oHSV) infection. Activation of the Ras pathway and its inhibitory effects on protein kinase R (PKR) activation have been shown to dictate cellular permissivity to oHSV mutants. Because NF-1-associated MPNSTs possess inherent hyperactive Ras, we hypothesized these tumors would be ideal therapeutic targets for oHSVs. PROCEDURE Human MPNST-derived cell lines were examined for sensitivity to oHSV-mediated gene transduction, virus replication, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. These parameters were correlated with PKR activation following oHSV infection and compared with normal human Schwann cells (NHSCs) without hyperactive Ras. RESULTS MPNST-derived cell lines were efficiently transduced, supported virus replication and were killed by the oncolytic HSV mutants, including sporadic MPNSTs without hyperactive Ras. In contrast to the highly sensitive MPNST cell lines, NHSCs did not support mutant virus replication. CONCLUSIONS MPNSTs are susceptible to lysis by oncolytic HSV mutants, regardless of Ras status. Tumor-selective virus replication in MPNST cells appears to be mediated by both cellular expression of ribonucleotide reductase and prevention of eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Virus-induced cytotoxicity of MPNST cell lines was caused by both direct lysis and apoptosis. Our data suggest the use of oncolytic HSV mutants may represent a novel treatment approach for patients with MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Y Mahller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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91
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Abstract
Cancer remains a serious threat to human health, causing over 500 000 deaths each year in US alone, exceeded only by heart diseases. Many new technologies are being developed to fight cancer, among which are gene therapies and oncolytic virotherapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic DNA virus with many favorable properties both as a delivery vector for cancer therapeutic genes and as a backbone for oncolytic viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is highly infectious, so HSV-1 vectors are efficient vehicles for the delivery of exogenous genetic materials to cells. The inherent cytotoxicity of this virus, if harnessed and made to be selective by genetic manipulations, makes this virus a good candidate for developing viral oncolytic approach. Furthermore, its large genome size, ability to infect cells with a high degree of efficiency, and the presence of an inherent replication controlling mechanism, the thymidine kinase gene, add to its potential capabilities. This review briefly summarizes the biology of HSV-1, examines various strategies that have been used to genetically modify the virus, and discusses preclinical as well as clinical results of the HSV-1-derived vectors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shen
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Dallas, TX 75201, USA
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92
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Fu X, Tao L, Cai R, Prigge J, Zhang X. A mutant type 2 herpes simplex virus deleted for the protein kinase domain of the ICP10 gene is a potent oncolytic virus. Mol Ther 2006; 13:882-90. [PMID: 16569513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-selective oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) has shown considerable promise as an antitumor agent. Although the current oncolytic HSVs were exclusively constructed from HSV-1, HSV-2 has several unique features that could be exploited to convert the virus to an oncolytic agent. The N-terminus of the HSV-2 ICP10 gene product contains a well-defined serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain, which can activate the Ras/MEK/MAPK mitogenic pathway and thus facilitate efficient HSV-2 replication. Because the Ras signaling pathway is a key regulator of normal cell growth and malignant transformation, it is aberrantly activated in many human tumors. Here we report that a mutant HSV-2 (FusOn-H2), constructed by replacing the PK domain of ICP10 with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein, can selectively replicate in and thus lyse tumor cells. Moreover, infection of FusOn-H2 led to syncytia formation in tumor cells, providing an additional tumor-destroying mechanism. A single moderate-dose injection of FusOn-H2 into established breast cancer xenografts completely eradicated the tumors in more than 80% of the animals, leading to their long-term survival. We conclude that this HSV-2 mutant is a safe and potent oncolytic agent useful for the treatment of malignant solid tumors such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Fu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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93
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Abstract
Metastasis of melanoma to the central nervous system (CNS) remains one of the major barriers to successful treatment of this disease. Available treatment modalities are of limited clinical efficacy. This problem is compounded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an important consideration in the development of new therapeutic agents. Only in animal models can the dual properties of experimental tumours and the BBB be explored in one system. A variety of rodent models have been developed, utilizing both murine and human melanoma cell lines. These models have highlighted the complex biology of cerebral metastasis, involving apparent disease progression through the selection of subclones at each stage, eventually leading to disease in the brain. As demonstrated in a number of animal studies, different subpopulations of metastatic melanoma cells are likely to be responsible for parenchymal and leptomeningeal CNS disease. In addition, these animal systems have been used to demonstrate the potential efficacy of new chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation treatments and immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of melanoma brain metastasis. Key biological questions remain to be answered. In particular, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for establishing cerebral melanoma must be clearly delineated. Several molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and integrins, appear to play important, but not definitive, roles. Other, as yet undefined, molecules appear to be critical. The identification of these factors in experimental models, with confirmatory studies in humans, will expand our understanding of cerebral melanoma and provide valuable new therapeutic targets for intervention in this difficult clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Cranmer
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, The Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona/University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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94
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Young LS, Searle PF, Onion D, Mautner V. Viral gene therapy strategies: from basic science to clinical application. J Pathol 2006; 208:299-318. [PMID: 16362990 DOI: 10.1002/path.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major impediment to the successful application of gene therapy for the treatment of a range of diseases is not a paucity of therapeutic genes, but the lack of an efficient non-toxic gene delivery system. Having evolved to deliver their genes to target cells, viruses are currently the most effective means of gene delivery and can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes or to replicate specifically in certain cells. Gene therapy is being developed for a range of diseases including inherited monogenic disorders and cardiovascular disease, but it is in the treatment of cancer that this approach has been most evident, resulting in the recent licensing of a gene therapy for the routine treatment of head and neck cancer in China. A variety of virus vectors have been employed to deliver genes to cells to provide either transient (eg adenovirus, vaccinia virus) or permanent (eg retrovirus, adeno-associated virus) transgene expression and each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Paramount is the safety of these virus vectors and a greater understanding of the virus-host interaction is key to optimizing the use of these vectors for routine clinical use. Recent developments in the modification of the virus coat allow more targeted approaches and herald the advent of systemic delivery of therapeutic viruses. In the context of cancer, the ability of attenuated viruses to replicate specifically in tumour cells has already yielded some impressive results in clinical trials and bodes well for the future of this approach, particularly when combined with more traditional anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Young
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham Medical School, UK.
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95
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Kohno SI, Luo C, Goshima F, Nishiyama Y, Sata T, Ono Y. Herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF10 oncolytic viral therapy for bladder cancer. Urology 2005; 66:1116-21. [PMID: 16286150 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the antitumor effects of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 mutant HF10 on human and murine bladder cancer cells (T24 and MBT-2) in vitro and in immunocompetent mouse models. METHODS In vitro viral oncolytic activity and the replication ability of HF10 were measured in T24 and MBT-2 cells. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of HF10, disseminated peritoneal and bladder cancer models using MBT-2 cells were established in C3H/HeJ mice. The therapeutic efficacy was estimated from the survival rates and histopathologic analyses. RESULTS HF10 replicated well in both T24 and MBT-2 cells, and it induced extensive cell lysis. Treatment with HF10 significantly prolonged the survival periods and increased the survival rates in both models tested. Immunohistochemical studies showed that HSV antigens were detected in the bladders 1 and 3 days after intravesical treatment with HF10 in nonimmunized mice, but only at 1 day after HF10 treatment in preimmunized, HSV-1 antibody-positive mice. A large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated into the bladder mucosa at 3 days after HF10 treatment in the preimmunized mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HF10, a novel oncolytic HSV-1 mutant, is a promising agent for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Kohno
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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96
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Abstract
It has been 9 years since the beginning of the first clinical trial in which an oncolytic virus was administered to cancer patients. Since then, oncolytic viruses from five different species have been taken to phase I and II clinical trials in over 300 cancer patients. While additional studies will be required to ascertain if the efficacy of any of these agents is high enough to warrant adding them to the existing therapeutic regimen, it has been reassuring that DNA viruses engineered to achieve tumor selectivity and RNA viruses with relative inherent natural tumor selectivity have proven reasonably safe at the wide range of doses that were tested. Here, we review the biology and clinical results of these five species of viruses and discuss lessons learned and challenges for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, White Building Room 502, 02114, USA.
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97
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Parikh NS, Currier MA, Mahller YY, Adams LC, Di Pasquale B, Collins MH, Cripe TP. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants are more efficacious than wild-type adenovirus Type 5 for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastomas in preclinical models. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 44:469-78. [PMID: 15570577 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk neuroblastoma (Nb) is incurable using current treatment regimens in the majority of patients. Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel approach being tested for several types of adult cancers. OBJECTIVES To compare the susceptibility of Nb tumor models to oncolytic adenovirus and HSV mutants and delineate the mechanisms of resistance or sensitivity. METHODS Human Nb cell lines were used to determine susceptibility to adenovirus type 5 wild-type and HSV1 mutant (NV1066) infection, adenovirus receptor expression, support of NV1066 replication, and induction of apoptosis. Human xenograft tumors in immunodeficient mice were evaluated for histological effects and tumor response to intratumoral injection of an oncolytic HSV mutant. RESULTS All eight Nb cell lines tested in culture were relatively resistant to infection with wild type and attenuated adenoviruses. Cells expressed the cocksackie-adenovirus attachment receptor (CAR) but had low or absent expression of the internalization receptors (alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5 integrins). In contrast, all cells were uniformly sensitive to infection with the attenuated HSV mutant, NV1066. Productive virus replication and induction of apoptosis were observed in HSV-infected cells. CHLA-20 and LAN-5 xenograft tumors injected with a single dose of NV1066 showed a significant antitumor response, and the animals had a prolonged survival post infection in comparison to the PBS-treated control group. HSV injected tumors showed extensive areas of necrosis and morphologic evidence of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Nb tumor models are resistant to adenovirus mediated oncolysis but highly sensitive to HSV mediated oncolysis. Further studies of HSV virotherapy as a novel treatment for Nb are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal S Parikh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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98
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Abstract
Molecular research has vastly advanced our understanding of the mechanism of cancer growth and spread. Targeted approaches utilizing molecular science have yielded provocative results in the treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses genetically programmed to replicate within cancer cells and directly induce toxic effect via cell lysis or apoptosis are currently being explored in the clinic. Safety has been confirmed and despite variable efficacy results several dramatic responses have been observed with some oncolytic viruses. This review summarizes results of clinical trials with oncolytic viruses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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99
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Wolfe D, Niranjan A, Trichel A, Wiley C, Ozuer A, Kanal E, Kondziolka D, Krisky D, Goss J, Deluca N, Murphey-Corb M, Glorioso JC. Safety and biodistribution studies of an HSV multigene vector following intracranial delivery to non-human primates. Gene Ther 2005; 11:1675-84. [PMID: 15306839 PMCID: PMC1449743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a fatal human cancer in which surgery, chemo- and radiation therapies are ineffective. Therapeutic gene transfer used in combination with current treatment methods may augment their effectiveness with improved clinical outcome. We have shown that NUREL-C2, a replication-defective multigene HSV-based vector, is effective in treating animal models of glioma. Here, we report safety and biodistribution studies of NUREL-C2 using rhesus macaques as a model host. Increasing total doses (1 x 10(7) to 1 x 10(9) plaque forming units (PFU)) of NUREL-C2 were delivered into the cortex with concomitant delivery of ganciclovir (GCV). The animals were evaluated for changes in behavior, alterations in blood cell counts and chemistry. The results showed that animal behavior was generally unchanged, although the chronic intermediate dose animal became slightly ataxic on day 12 postinjection, a condition resolved by treatment with aspirin. The blood chemistries were unremarkable for all doses. At 4 days following vector injections, magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammatory changes at sites of vector injections concomitant with HSV-TK and TNFalpha expression. The inflammatory response was reduced at 14 days, resolving by 1 month postinjection, a time point when transgene expression also became undetectable. Immunohistochemical staining following animal killing showed the presence of a diffuse low-grade gliosis with infiltrating macrophages localized to the injection site, which also resolved by 1 month postinoculation. Viral antigens were not detected and injected animals did not develop HSV-neutralizing antibodies. Biodistribution studies revealed that vector genomes remained at the site of injection and were not detected in other tissues including contralateral brain. We concluded that intracranial delivery of 1 x 10(9) PFU NUREL-C2, the highest anticipated patient dose, was well tolerated and should be suitable for safety testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wolfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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100
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Nakamori M, Fu X, Rousseau R, Chen SY, Zhang X. Destruction of nonimmunogenic mammary tumor cells by a fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus induces potent antitumor immunity. Mol Ther 2004; 9:658-65. [PMID: 15120326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In principle, destruction of tumor cells in vivo by oncolytic agents would release the entire repertoire of tumor antigens in their natural forms, leading to effective antitumor immunity. This goal has been elusive despite extensive testing of numerous strategies. We developed a doubly fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus (Synco-2D) that kills tumor cells by a unique dual mechanism combining direct cytolysis with syncytial formation induced by cell membrane fusion. A single intratumor injection of Synco-2D induced strong antitumor immunity against an otherwise nonimmunogenic murine mammary tumor growing in immune-competent mice. CD8+ T cells were the primary mediators of immunity, contributing to the destruction of both primary and metastatic tumors. We conclude that the fusogenic capacity of Synco-2D enables it to elicit antitumor immunity exceeding that induced by more conventional oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Nakamori
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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