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Rahmani AH, Aldebasi YH, Srikar S, Khan AA, Aly SM. Aloe vera: Potential candidate in health management via modulation of biological activities. Pharmacogn Rev 2015; 9:120-6. [PMID: 26392709 PMCID: PMC4557234 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment based on natural products is rapidly increasing worldwide due to the affordability and fewer side effects of such treatment. Various plants and the products derived from them are commonly used in primary health treatment, and they play a pivotal role in the treatment of diseases via modulation of biochemical and molecular pathways. Aloe vera, a succulent species, produces gel and latex, plays a therapeutic role in health management through antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, and also offers a suitable alternative approach for the treatment of various types of diseases. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanism of action and the therapeutic implications of Aloe vera in health maintenance based on its modulation of various biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sauda Srikar
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M Aly
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pathology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Kumar S, Tiku AB. Immunomodulatory potential of acemannan (polysaccharide fromAloe vera) against radiation induced mortality in Swiss albino mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Zanuzzo FS, Zaiden SF, Senhorini JA, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Urbinati EC. Aloe vera bathing improved physical and humoral protection in breeding stock after induced spawning in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:132-140. [PMID: 25703714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that induced spawning causes stress, an intense loss of epithelia and immunosuppression, decreasing physical and humoral protection in fish, effects that were prevented or improved in fish bathed with Aloe vera. A. vera has several medicinal properties, including wound healing and immunostimulatory effects, which we observed in this study. Fish bathed with A. vera had a higher number of epidermal goblet cells and, in general, an improved wound healing rate compared with the control after induced spawning. These effects might be related to (1) the stimulation of leukocyte activity, represented here by the increased leukocyte respiratory activity triggered by A. vera (leukocytes are recognized as playing an important role in wound repair); (2) the antimicrobial properties of A. vera, which decrease wound infection and accelerate the healing process; and (3) several mechanisms that explain the healing effect of A. vera (increased collagen synthesis, rate of epithelialization, and anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects). Our results also suggest that caution is necessary during the induced spawning process, especially during stripping, and A. vera bathing is recommended after intensive aquaculture operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio F Zaiden
- Universidade de Rio Verde - FESURV, Campus Universitário, s/n. Rio Verde, CEP: 75901-970 Goiás, Brazil.
| | - José A Senhorini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais (CEPTA/ICMBio), Rodovia Euberto Pereira de Godoy, km 6,5, Pirassununga, 13630-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cleni M Marzocchi-Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Via do Café, Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Tanaka M, Misawa E, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Ishizaki C. Effects of plant sterols derived from Aloe vera gel on human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and on skin condition in Japanese women. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:95-104. [PMID: 25759593 PMCID: PMC4345938 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s75441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Aloe is known for its topical use for treating wounds and burns. Many previous studies reported the healing effects of Aloe vera. However, there are few clinical studies on the effect of orally administered A. vera gel on the skin. Aloe sterols are a type of plant sterols that have the capability to regulate the metabolism of glucose and lipids. In a recent study, we confirmed that ingested Aloe sterols reached the peripheral tissues through the bloodstream. However, their influence on dermal fibroblasts has not been investigated. Methods First, we investigated the capability of Aloe sterols (cycloartenol and lophenol) to stimulate human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Then, we investigated the effect of intake of Aloe vera gel powder (AVGP) containing 40 μg Aloe sterols on the skin conditions in Japanese women with dry skin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Results After cocultivation with Aloe sterols, the production of collagen and hyaluronic acid increased by approximately two-fold and 1.5-fold, and gene expression levels of these enzymes responsible for their synthesis were also observed in human dermal fibroblasts. An increase in arm skin hydration was observed at 8 weeks in the AVGP group, whereas a slight decrease in arm skin hydration was noted in the placebo group. However, there was no statistical difference between AVGP and placebo groups in skin moisture. In subgroup analysis, the change in the mean wrinkle depth was significantly lower in the AVGP group than in the control group. In addition, percent body fat after 8 weeks was significantly lower in the AVGP group. No AVGP intake-dependent harmful phenomenon was observed during the intake period. Conclusion The present study confirms that daily oral Aloe sterol-containing AVGP significantly reduced facial wrinkles in women aged ≥40 years, and Aloe sterols stimulate collagen and hyaluronic acid production by human dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tanaka
- Functional Food Research Department, Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eriko Misawa
- Functional Food Research Department, Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Yamauchi
- Functional Food Research Department, Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- Functional Food Research Department, Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Altincik A, Sönmez F, Yenisey C, Duman S, Can A, Akev N, Kirdar S, Sezak M. Effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on rat peritonitis model. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:322-7. [PMID: 24987181 PMCID: PMC4071711 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.132184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and probable toxic effects of Aloe vera (AV) in a rat peritonitis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS: (1) Control group, (2) AV group, (3) peritonitis group (P), (4) peritonitis + AV group (P + AV), and (5) peritonitis + antibiotherapy group (P + Ab). Ultrafiltration (UF) rates were determined and colony and leukocyte counts were calculated in the dialysate. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities were studied in blood. Glucose, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied in dialysate and peritoneal tissue for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory effect. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) were also investigated in peritoneal tissue. RESULTS Aloe vera increased the UF rate and lowered leukocyte numbers in the peritonitis group. There was no significant difference in blood and dialysate glucose, BUN, creatinine levels and ALT activity among control and AV groups. AV decreased IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 in peritonitis, showing good anti-inflammatory effect. AV showed antioxidant effect on the chosen antioxidant parameters Cu, Zn-SOD, MDA, and NO. CONCLUSION It was concluded that, AV might be used in peritonitis for its probable UF increasing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Altincik
- Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ferah Sönmez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Yenisey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Soner Duman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Akev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevin Kirdar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Murat Sezak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Physical properties and antibacterial activity of chitosan/acemannan mixed systems. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:707-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cock IE. The Genus Aloe: Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Uses Including Treatments for Gastrointestinal Conditions and Chronic Inflammation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH 2015; 70:179-235. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Processed Aloe vera gel ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19342-54. [PMID: 25347273 PMCID: PMC4264114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunotoxicity were examined in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of CP significantly reduced the total number of lymphocytes and erythrocytes in the blood. Oral administration of PAG quickly restored CP-induced lymphopenia and erythropenia in a dose-dependent manner. The reversal of CP-induced hematotoxicity by PAG was mediated by the functional preservation of Peyer’s patch cells. Peyer’s patch cells isolated from CP-treated mice, which were administered PAG, produced higher levels of T helper 1 cytokines and colony-stimulating factors (CSF) in response to concanavalin A stimulation as compared with those isolated from CP-treated control mice. PAG-derived polysaccharides directly activated Peyer’s patch cells isolated from normal mice to produce cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, interferon-γ, granulocyte-CSF, and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF. The cytokines produced by polysaccharide-stimulated Peyer’s patch cells had potent proliferation-inducing activity on mouse bone marrow cells. In addition, oral administration of PAG restored IgA secretion in the intestine after CP treatment. These results indicated that PAG could be an effective immunomodulator and that it could prevent CP-induced immunotoxic side effects.
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Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, Lara-Arias J, Chávez-Montes A. Acemannan, an Extracted Polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A Literature Review. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the composition, actions, and clinical applications of acemannan in medicine and its effectiveness as an adjunct in the treatment of diseases are presented. An electronic literature search was performed up to January 2014 for studies and research presenting data to validate the efficacy of acemannan. A total of 50 titles, abstracts and full-text studies were selected and reviewed. Acemannan has various medicinal properties like osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial, which accelerate healing of lesions. Also, acemannan is known to have antiviral and antitumor activities in vivo through activation of immune responses. It was concluded that Aloe vera has immense potential as a therapeutic agent. Even though the plant is a promising herb with various clinical applications in medicine and dentistry, more clinical research needs to be undertaken to validate and explain the action of acemannan in healing, so that it can be established in the field of medicine and a more precise understanding of the biological activities of these is required to develop Aloe vera as a pharmaceutical source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Castro-Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México
| | - Azucena González-Horta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge Lara-Arias
- Bone and Tissue Bank, University Hospital Dr José E. González, Monterrey, México
| | - Abelardo Chávez-Montes
- Department of Chemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México
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Khan MJA, Khan SH, Naz S, Gilani SS, Shafi J, Hassan F, Hassan M, Anwar M. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Aloe vera Leaves on Growth Performance and Immunity of Fayoumi Chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.191.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Adriazola IO, Amaral AED, Amorim JC, Correia BL, Petkowicz CLO, Mercê ALR, Noleto GR. Macrophage activation and leishmanicidal activity by galactomannan and its oxovanadium (IV/V) complex in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 132:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Javed S, Atta-ur-Rahman. Aloe Vera Gel in Food, Health Products, and Cosmetics Industry. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63294-4.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rathor N, Arora T, Manocha S, Patil AN, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. Anticonvulsant activity of Aloe vera leaf extract in acute and chronic models of epilepsy in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:477-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The effect of Aloe vera in epilepsy has not yet been explored. This study was done to explore the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf powder on three acute and one chronic model of epilepsy.
Methods
In acute study, aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder was administered in doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Dose of 400 mg/kg of Aloe vera leaf extract was chosen for chronic administration. Oxidative stress parameters viz. malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also estimated in brain of kindled animals.
Key findings
In acute study, Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder in a dose-dependent manner significantly decreased duration of tonic hind limb extension in maximal electroshock seizure model, increased seizure threshold current in increasing current electroshock seizure model, and increased latency to onset and decreased duration of clonic convulsion in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model as compared with control group. In chronic study, Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder prevented progression of kindling in PTZ-kindled mice. Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder 400 mg/kg p.o. also reduced brain levels of MDA and increased GSH levels as compared to the PTZ-kindled non-treated group.
Conclusions
The results of study showed that Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder possessed significant anticonvulsant and anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Rathor
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Manocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Amol N Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod K Mediratta
- Department of Pharmacology, Sharda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Sharda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Antonios JK, Yao Z, Li C, Rao AJ, Goodman SB. Macrophage polarization in response to wear particles in vitro. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:471-82. [PMID: 24013843 PMCID: PMC3818297 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Total joint replacement is a highly successful surgical procedure for treatment of patients with disabling arthritis and joint dysfunction. However, over time, with high levels of activity and usage of the joint, implant wear particles are generated from the articulating surfaces. These wear particles can lead to activation of an inflammatory reaction, and subsequent bone resorption around the implant (periprosthetic osteolysis). Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage orchestrate this chronic inflammatory response, which is dominated by a pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage phenotype rather than an anti-inflammatory pro-tissue healing (M2) macrophage phenotype. While it has been shown that interleukin-4 (IL-4) selectively polarizes macrophages towards an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype which promotes bone healing, rather than inflammation, little is known about the time course in which this occurs or conditions in which repolarization through IL-4 is most effective. The goal of this work was to study the time course of murine macrophage polarization and cytokine release in response to challenge with combinations of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-4 in vitro. Treatment of particle-challenged monocyte/macrophages with IL-4 led to an initial suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production and subsequent polarization into an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. This result was optimized when IL-4 was delivered before PMMA particle challenge, to an M1 phenotype rather than to uncommitted (M0) macrophages. The effects of this polarization were sustained over a 5-day time course. Polarization of M1 macrophages into an M2 phenotype may be a strategy to mitigate wear particle associated periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Sekhar Sin C, Rao Bethap R, Chari Muru A, Pullagummi C, Latha T, Venkatesh K, Jyothi Bhe A, Pudutha A, Roja Rani A. Cultivation, Phytochemical Studies, Biological Activities and Medicinal Uses of Aloe ferox, Grandfather of Aloes an Important Amazing Medicinal Plant. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2013.405.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Montanhini Neto R, Ceccantini ML, Fernandes JIM. Immune response of broilers fed conventional and alternative diets containing multi-enzyme complex. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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69
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Silva S, Popa E, Gomes M, Cerqueira M, Marques A, Caridade S, Teixeira P, Sousa C, Mano J, Reis R. An investigation of the potential application of chitosan/aloe-based membranes for regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6790-7. [PMID: 23462554 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of therapeutics derived from natural polymers and plants have been developed to replace or to be used in conjunction with existing dressing products. The use of the therapeutic properties of aloe vera could be very useful in the creation of active wound dressing materials. The present work was undertaken to examine issues concerning structural features, topography, enzymatic degradation behavior, antibacterial activity and cellular response of chitosan/aloe vera-based membranes. The chitosan/aloe vera-based membranes that were developed displayed satisfactory degradation, roughness, wettability and mechanical properties. A higher antibacterial potency was displayed by the blended membranes. Moreover, in vitro assays demonstrated that these blended membranes have good cell compatibility with primary human dermal fibroblasts. The chitosan/aloe vera-based membranes might be promising wound dressing materials.
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Mukherjee C, Mäkinen K, Savolainen J, Leino R. Chemistry and Biology of Oligovalent β-(1→2)-Linked Oligomannosides: New Insights into Carbohydrate-Based Adjuvants in Immunotherapy. Chemistry 2013; 19:7961-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sehgal I, Winters WD, Scott M, Kousoulas K. An in vitro and in vivo toxicologic evaluation of a stabilized aloe vera gel supplement drink in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:363-70. [PMID: 23376510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aloe vera gel is increasingly consumed as a beverage dietary supplement. The purpose of this study was to determine potential toxicity of a stabilized aloe vera gel derived from the inner gel fillet and marketed as a drink. The gel juice was assessed through assays of genotoxicity in vivo and acute and subchronic toxicity in B6C3F1 mice. Aloe vera did not increase the SOS DNA repair response in Escherichia coli and at 1× and 0.25× it did not increase mutagenesis of Salmonella TA100 resulting in histidine biosynthesis. At 3 and 14days following acute exposure, male and female mice gavaged with the stabilized aloe gel had daily appearances, total body weight gain, selected organ weights, necropsy and hematology tests similar to control mice gavaged with water. After a 13-week aloe gel feed study, male and female mice evaluated by the same criteria as the acute study plus feed consumption and serum chemistry tests were found to be equivalent to control groups. These data indicate that a commercial stabilized aloe gel consumed as a beverage was not genotoxic or toxic in vivo. These results contrast with those obtained using preparations containing aloe latex phenolic compounds such as anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Sehgal
- LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Akhtar M, Hai A, Awais MM, Iqbal Z, Muhammad F, Haq AU, Anwar MI. Immunostimulatory and protective effects of Aloe vera against coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Beneke C, Viljoen A, Hamman J. In Vitro Drug Absorption Enhancement Effects of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox. Sci Pharm 2012; 80:475-86. [PMID: 22896832 PMCID: PMC3383217 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1202-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of whole leaf and gel materials from two aloe species (Aloe vera and A. ferox) was compared with that of the precipitated polysaccharides from these aloe materials on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as transport of a model compound (atenolol) in the apical-to-basolateral direction across rat intestinal tissue. All the aloe leaf materials and precipitated polysaccharides had a statistically significant effect of lowering the TEER (P < 0.05) compared to the control group, which indicates their ability to open tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells. In contrast to the expectation from the TEER results, only the precipitated polysaccharides from dehydrated A. vera gel (Daltonmax 700®) had a statistically significant effect of enhancing the transport of atenolol (P < 0.05). These in vitro results therefore indicate that A. vera gel polysaccharides have potential as drug absorption enhancing agents in novel pharmaceutical drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Beneke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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74
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Darabighane B, Zarei A, Shahneh AZ. The effects of different levels of Aloe vera gel on ileum microflora population and immune response in broilers: a comparison to antibiotic effects. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.620435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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75
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Thakur M, Weng A, Fuchs H, Sharma V, Bhargava CS, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK, Bhargava S. Rasayana properties of Ayurvedic herbs: Are polysaccharides a major contributor. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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76
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77
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Djuv A, Nilsen OG. Aloe vera juice: IC₅₀ and dual mechanistic inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Phytother Res 2011; 26:445-51. [PMID: 21842479 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potency (IC₅₀ values) of ethanol extracts of two commercially available aloe vera juice (AVJ) products, on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities in vitro and to determine if such inhibitions could be mechanism-based. Recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzymes were used and the activities were expressed by the metabolism of testosterone and dextromethorphan with ketoconazole and quinidine as positive inhibitor controls, respectively. The formed metabolites were quantified by validated HPLC techniques. Time- and NADPH- dependent inhibition assays were performed to evaluate a possible mechanism-based inhibition. One of the AVJ extracts showed about twice the inhibitory potency towards both CYP enzymes over the other with IC₅₀ values of 8.35 ± 0.72 and 12.5 ± 2.1 mg/mL for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively. The AVJ was found to exert both CYP mediated and non-CYP mediated inhibition of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. This dual mechanistic inhibition, however, seems to be governed by different mechanisms for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Estimated IC₅₀ inhibition values indicate no major interference of AVJ with drug metabolism in man, but the dual mechanistic inhibition of both enzymes might be of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Djuv
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology-Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
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78
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Gertsch J, Viveros-Paredes JM, Taylor P. Plant immunostimulants--scientific paradigm or myth? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:385-391. [PMID: 20620205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In traditional medicine, numerous plant preparations are used to treat inflammation both topically and systemically. Several anti-inflammatory plant extracts and a few natural product-based monosubstances have even found their way into the clinic. Unfortunately, a number of plant secondary metabolites have been shown to trigger detrimental pro-allergic immune reactions and are therefore considered to be toxic. In the phytotherapy research literature, numerous plants are also claimed to exert immunostimulatory effects. However, while the concepts of plant-derived anti-inflammatory agents and allergens are well established, the widespread notion of immunostimulatory plant natural products and their potential therapeutic use is rather obscure, often with the idea that the product is some sort of "tonic" for the immune system without actually specifying the mechanisms. In this commentary it is argued that the paradigm of oral plant immunostimulants lacks clinical evidence and may therefore be a myth, which has originated primarily from in vitro studies with plant extracts. The fact that no conclusive data on orally administered immunostimulants can be found in the scientific literature inevitably prompts us to challenge this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern, Switzerland.
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79
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Immunotherapeutic effects of some sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) extracts against coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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80
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Farahnejad Z, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R. Immunomodulatory effects ofAloe veraand its fractions on response of macrophages againstCandida albicans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:676-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.560158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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81
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Atiba A, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Hiraoka T, Goryo M, Shimada Y, Ueno H, Uzuka Y. Aloe vera oral administration accelerates acute radiation-delayed wound healing by stimulating transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor production. Am J Surg 2011; 201:809-18. [PMID: 21396624 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed wound healing is a significant clinical problem in patients who have had previous irradiation. This study investigated the effectiveness of Aloe vera (Av) on acute radiation-delayed wound healing. METHODS The effect of Av was studied in radiation-exposed rats compared with radiation-only and control rats. Skin wounds were excised on the back of rats after 3 days of local radiation. Wound size was measured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after wounding. Wound tissues were examined histologically and the expressions of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were examined by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Wound contraction was accelerated significantly by Av on days 6 and 12 after wounding. Furthermore, the inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and the expression levels of TGF-β-1 and bFGF were significantly higher in the radiation plus Av group compared with the radiation-only group. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the potential application of Av to improve the acute radiation-delayed wound healing by increasing TGF-β-1 and bFGF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Atiba
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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82
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ATIBA A, UENO H, UZUKA Y. The Effect of Aloe Vera Oral Administration on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:583-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman ATIBA
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Hiroshi UENO
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Yuji UZUKA
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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83
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Li Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Li Z, Cao Y. Effects of β-mannanase expressed by Pichia pastoris in corn–soybean meal diets on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, energy utilization and immunoglobulin levels. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Rodríguez Rodríguez E, Darias Martín J, Díaz Romero C. Aloe vera as a functional ingredient in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:305-26. [PMID: 20301017 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802544454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main scientific discoveries on Aloe vera published mainly in the last three decades are presented in this work. After describing Aloe from a botanical point of view, the papers related with the chemical composition of different parts of the leaf of Aloe, particularly those in which the gel is described and are presented in a synthetic manner. The chemical analyses reveal that Aloe gel contains mannose polymers with some glucose and other sugars, among which the most important is Acemannan. Besides these, other components such as glycoproteins, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are described. Different factors also affecting the chemical composition of the gel, such as species and variety, climatic and soil conditions, cultivation methods, processing and preservation, are enumerated and discussed. On the other hand, the main therapeutic applications have been revised and the possible damaging effects of Aloe are also commented upon. A special emphasis is placed on the biologically active compounds or groups of compounds responsible for the therapeutic applications and which are their action mechanisms. The paper concludes that more research is needed to confirm the therapeutic and beneficial effects and to definitively clarify the myth surrounding Aloe vera. A general view on the problem of the commercialization and establishment of the quality and safety of Aloe products in the food industry has been offered here. The main points and European regulations that need to be considered regarding the quality control of prepared Aloe products are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodríguez Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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85
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Im SA, Lee YR, Lee YH, Lee MK, Park YI, Lee S, Kim K, Lee CK. In vivo evidence of the immunomodulatory activity of orally administered Aloe vera gel. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:451-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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86
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Jain N, Vijayaraghavan R, Pant SC, Lomash V, Ali M. Aloe vera gel alleviates cardiotoxicity in streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:115-23. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Persistent hyperglycaemia results in oxidative stress along with the generation of oxygen free radicals and appears to be an important factor in the production of secondary complications in diabetes. The aim of this work was to evaluate markers of oxidative stress in heart tissue along with the protective, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of 30% Aloe vera gel in diabetic rats.
Methods
Streptozocin was given as a single intravenous injection and 30% Aloe vera gel was given in two doses for 20 days, orally. Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood reduced glutathione, serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum creatine kinase levels were measured on day 21 after drug treatment. Heart rate and mean blood pressure were recorded at the end of the study. Different biochemical variables were evaluated in the heart tissue, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in diabetic and in Aloe vera-treated diabetic rats.
Key findings
In streptozocin diabetic rats, the TBARS level was increased significantly, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione significantly decreased, and the catalase level was significantly increased. Aloe vera 30% gel (200 mg/kg) treatment in diabetic rats reduced the increased TBARS and maintained the superoxide dismutase and catalase activity up to the normal level. Aloe vera gel increased reduced glutathione by four times in diabetic rats.
Conclusions
Aloe vera gel at 200 mg/kg had significant antidiabetic and cardioprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Jain
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Satish Chandra Pant
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Vinay Lomash
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Department of Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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87
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Csupor D, Blazsó G, Balogh A, Hohmann J. The traditional Hungarian medicinal plant Centaurea sadleriana Janka accelerates wound healing in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:193-5. [PMID: 19799977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dezso Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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88
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Kosif R, Aktas RG. Investigation of the effects of Aloe barbadensis on rat ovaries: a preliminary study. J Med Food 2010; 12:1393-7. [PMID: 20041799 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Aloe barbadensis, a type of Aloe vera, on ovaries were investigated during pregnancy. A. vera gel, a commercial and nontherapeutic form of A. barbadensis, was used for this purpose. Three groups (one control and two test groups) of female Wistar albino rats with no prior births were studied. Group I was administered 25 mg (140 mg/kg) of A. barbadensis/day both orally and through gavage. A. barbadensis was contained in capsules with 500 mg of soybean oil; therefore Group II was administered 500 mg of soybean oil. Group III was the control group. All three groups were given normal food and water ad libitum. The substance had been administered for 20 days until birth. Ovaries were examined histologically. Vascular increase and the hyperemic form of ovary in the group administered A. barbadensis were notable. Decrease in primary follicle numbers, increase in secondary follicle numbers, and diminishment of secondary follicle diameters occurred in ovaries. The histological changes imply an angiogenesis effect of A. barbadensis and an effect like that of follicle-stimulating hormone in ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengin Kosif
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
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89
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Lobo R, Prabhu KS, Shirwaikar A, Ballal M, Balachandran C, Shirwaikar A. A HPTLC densitometric method for the determination of aloeverose in Aloe vera gel. Fitoterapia 2009; 81:231-3. [PMID: 19761820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aloe vera gel is a familiar ingredient in a range of widely available and advertisement healthcare and cosmetic products. As to date there are no documented reports on the standardization of A. vera gel and the following study is an attempt in this direction. A. vera gel was evaluated for its aloeverose content for the first time. Aloeverose, was separated on a thin-layer of silica gel by isocratic gradient elution technique was determined by using HPTLC-photodensitometry. The proposed method is simple and sensitive and can be used for the routine assay of aloeverose in phytomedicines containing A. vera gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lobo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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90
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Jia Y, Jia J. Ultraviolet Light Absorption of an Ophthalmic Formulation with Aloe Extracts. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloin and polysaccharide present in extracts of Aloe arborescens Miller were formulated into a binary solution to protect eyes from bacterial infection and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The UVR absorption spectrum was recorded from 190 to 440 nm using a UV spectrometer. The physical properties of the product were examined in terms of its appearance, odor, pH, viscosity, density, refractive index, and stability. The binary solution exhibited three absorption peaks in the UVA, B and C regions, respectively. Such UV absorption capability was attributed to the phenolic chromophores pertaining to aloin. The present study suggested that the formulated binary solution has potential application as an UV absorption agent with built-in antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- RunHua Functional Chemical Research Institution, 11 Haidian, Luojiazhuang, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jicheng Jia
- RunHua Functional Chemical Research Institution, 11 Haidian, Luojiazhuang, Beijing 100083, China
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91
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Simões J, Madureira P, Nunes FM, do Rosário Domingues M, Vilanova M, Coimbra MA. Immunostimulatory properties of coffee mannans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:1036-43. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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92
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Jettanacheawchankit S, Sasithanasate S, Sangvanich P, Banlunara W, Thunyakitpisal P. Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:525-31. [PMID: 19372635 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08204fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera has long been used as a traditional medicine for inducing wound healing. Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) play an important role in oral wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effects of acemannan, a polysaccharide extracted from Aloe vera gel, on GF proliferation; keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type I collagen production; and oral wound healing in rats. [(3)H]-Thymidine incorporation assay and ELISA were used. Punch biopsy wounds were created at the hard palate of male Sprague Dawley rats. All treatments (normal saline; 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide; plain 1% Carbopol; and Carbopol containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% acemannan (w/w)) were applied daily. Wounded areas and histological features were observed at day 7 after treatment. From our studies, acemannan at concentrations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/ml significantly induced cell proliferation (P<0.05). Acemannan concentrations between 2 - 16 mg/ml significantly stimulated KGF-1, VEGF, and type I collagen expressions (P<0.05). Wound healing of animals receiving Carbopol containing 0.5% acemannan (w/w) was significantly better than that of the other groups (P<0.05). These findings suggest that acemannan plays a significant role in the oral wound healing process via the induction of fibroblast proliferation and stimulation of KGF-1, VEGF, and type I collagen expressions.
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93
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Yao H, Chen Y, Li S, Huang L, Chen W, Lin X. Promotion proliferation effect of a polysaccharide from Aloe barbadensis Miller on human fibroblasts in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 45:152-6. [PMID: 19409414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A polysaccharide fraction was isolated from fresh Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves, which can promote the wound healing of the superficial II scald model mice. The monosaccharide composition and linkage determination were investigated by methylation and GC-MS, acetylation and GC, 13C NMR and DEPT. The results show that its glycosyl components contain D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose in a molar ratio of 5:5:1, and the API consists of a backbone of -->2)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->, having a branch of alpha-D-xylofuranosyl residue that is (1-->3) linkage at O-3 of alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residue. It was found that the API could enhance proliferation of the human fibroblasts in vitro. The mechanisms of promotion proliferation were studied preliminarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China.
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94
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Djuv A, Nilsen OG. Caco-2 cell methodology and inhibition of the P-glycoprotein transport of digoxin by Aloe vera juice. Phytother Res 2009; 22:1623-8. [PMID: 19003953 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to carry out a thorough quality control setup for essential Caco-2 cell characteristics in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition studies and to explore if Aloe vera juice (AVJ) inhibits the bidirectional transport of the P-gp substrate digoxin (30 nm). Seven AVJ concentrations (0.00001-1.0 mg/mL), anticipated to cover a clinically relevant range, were tested and digoxin apparent permeability coefficients (Papp), net Papp values (Papp(Net)) and net flux values (J(Net)) were calculated. Relevant validation parameters for P-gp inhibition studies in Caco-2 cells are suggested to include, as a minimum, an assay linearity test with and without a known P-gp inhibitor, cell cytotoxicity testing (MTT-test) for substrates and inhibitors, and cell integrity testing by TEER and mannitol transport measurements. The question is also raised whether a minimum effect of a reference P-gp inhibitor as verapamil should be demanded. Cell cytotoxicity was seen for digoxin at concentrations >or=3 microM and for AVJ at 10 mg/mL. AVJ did not inhibit the P-gp transport of digoxin in any of the concentrations tested. This indicates that AVJ is no inhibitor of the P-gp mediated transport of digoxin in vitro if AVJ is present in clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Djuv
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
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95
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Final report on the safety assessment of AloeAndongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice,aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice,aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract. Int J Toxicol 2008; 26 Suppl 2:1-50. [PMID: 17613130 DOI: 10.1080/10915810701351186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant materials derived from the Aloe plant are used as cosmetic ingredients, including Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract. These ingredients function primarily as skin-conditioning agents and are included in cosmetics only at low concentrations. The Aloe leaf consists of the pericyclic cells, found just below the plant's skin, and the inner central area of the leaf, i.e., the gel, which is used for cosmetic products. The pericyclic cells produce a bitter, yellow latex containing a number of anthraquinones, phototoxic compounds that are also gastrointestinal irritants responsible for cathartic effects. The gel contains polysaccharides, which can be acetylated, partially acetylated, or not acetylated. An industry established limit for anthraquinones in aloe-derived material for nonmedicinal use is 50 ppm or lower. Aloe-derived ingredients are used in a wide variety of cosmetic product types at concentrations of raw material that are 0.1% or less, although can be as high as 20%. The concentration of Aloe in the raw material also may vary from 100% to a low of 0.0005%. Oral administration of various anthraquinone components results in a rise in their blood concentrations, wide systemic distribution, accumulation in the liver and kidneys, and excretion in urine and feces; polysaccharide components are distributed systemically and metabolized into smaller molecules. aloe-derived material has fungicidal, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, and has been effective in wound healing and infection treatment in animals. Aloe barbadensis (also known as Aloe vera)-derived ingredients were not toxic in acute oral studies using mice and rats. In parenteral studies, the LD(50) using mice was > 200 mg/kg, rats was > 50 mg/kg, and using dogs was > 50 mg/kg. In intravenous studies the LD(50) using mice was > 80 mg/kg, rats was > 15 mg/kg, and dogs was > 10 mg/kg. The 14-day no observed effect level (NOEL) for the Aloe polysaccharide, acemannan, in the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats, was 50,000 ppm or 4.1 to 4.6 g/kg day(-1). In a 3-month study using mice, Aloe vera (extracted in ethanol) given orally in drinking water at 100 mg/kg produced reproductive toxicity, inflammation, and mortality above that seen in control animals. Aloe vera extracted in methanol and given to mice at 100 mg/kg in drinking water for 3 months caused significant sperm damage compared to controls. Aloe barbadensis extracted with water and given to pregnant Charles Foster albino rats on gestational days (GDs) 0 through 9 was an abortifacient and produced skeletal abnormalities. Both negative and positive results were found in bacterial and mammalian cell genotoxicity assays using Aloe barbadensis-derived material, Aloe Ferox-derived material, and various anthraquinones derived from Aloe. Aloin (an anthraquinone) did not produce tumors when included in the feed of mice for 20 weeks, nor did aloin increase the incidence of colorectal tumors induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Aloe-emodin (an anthraquinone) given to mice in which tumor cells had been injected inhibited growth of malignant tumors. Other animal data also suggest that components of Aloe inhibit tumor growth and improve survival. Various in vitro assays also demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity of aloe-emodin. Diarrhea was the only adverse effect of note with the use of Aloe-derived ingredients to treat asthma, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, ulcers, skin disease, and cancer. Case reports include acute eczema, contact urticaria, and dermatitis in individuals who applied Aloe-derived ingredients topically. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that anthraquinone levels in the several Aloe Barbadensis extracts are well understood and can conform to the industry-established level of 50 ppm. Although the phototoxicity anthraquinone components of Aloe plants have been demonstrated, several clinical studies of preparations derived from Aloe barbadensis plants demonstrated no phototoxicity, confirming that the concentrations of anthraquinones in such preparations are too low to induce phototoxicity. The characterization of aloe-derived ingredients from other species is not clear. In the absence of well-characterized derivatives, biological studies of these materials are considered necessary. The studies needed are 28-day dermal toxicity studies on Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice (ingredients should be tested at current use concentrations). In Aloe-derived ingredients used in cosmetics, regardless of species, anthraquinone levels should not exceed 50 ppm. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel advised the industry that the total polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)/pesticide contamination of any plant-derived cosmetic ingredient should be limited to not more than 40 ppm, with not more than 10 ppm for any specific residue and that limits were appropriate for the following impurities: arsenic (3 mg/kg maximum), heavy metals (20 mg/kg maximum), and lead (5 mg/kg maximum).
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96
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Abstract
Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. These biological activities include promotion of wound healing, antifungal activity, hypoglycemic or antidiabetic effects antiinflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective properties. While the known biological activities of A. vera will be briefly discussed, it is the aim of this review to further highlight recently discovered effects and applications of the leaf gel. These effects include the potential of whole leaf or inner fillet gel liquid preparations of A. vera to enhance the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of co-administered compounds as well as enhancement of skin permeation. In addition, important pharmaceutical applications such as the use of the dried A. vera gel powder as an excipient in sustained release pharmaceutical dosage forms will be outlined.
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97
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Potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in post-antibiotic era. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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98
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Abstract
Beta-mannan, also known as beta-galactomannan, is found in a number of feed ingredients for poultry. Of these, soybean meal (SBM) is by far the most commonly used, being the primary source of protein in poultry feeds in most countries. Although beta-mannan has clearly been shown to be deleterious to poultry and animal performance, a survey of its concentration in SBM has yet to be reported. Thirty-six samples of SBM, identified as either dehulled or nondehulled, were obtained from commercial sources in a number of countries and assayed for beta-mannan content. Results confirmed that all samples of SBM assayed contained at least 1.0% beta-mannan and that concentrations are higher in nondehulled (1.61 +/- 0.20%) than in dehulled samples (1.26 +/- 0.14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Hsiao
- ChemGen Corporation, 211 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
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99
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Leung MYK, Liu C, Koon JCM, Fung KP. Polysaccharide biological response modifiers. Immunol Lett 2006; 105:101-14. [PMID: 16554097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances which augment immune response. BRMs can be cytokines which are produced endogenously in our body by immune cells or derivatives of bacteria, fungi, brown algae, Aloe vera and photosynthetic plants. Such exogeneous derivatives (exogeneous BRMs) can be nucleic acid (CpG), lipid (lipotechoic acid), protein or polysaccharide in nature. The receptors for these exogeneous BRMs are pattern recognition receptors. The binding of exogeneous BRMs to pattern recognition receptors triggers immune response. Exogenous BRMs have been reported to have anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor activities. Among different exogeneous BRMs, polysaccharide BRMs have the widest occurrence in nature. Some polysaccharide BRMs have been tested for their therapeutic properties in human clinical trials. An overview of current understandings of polysaccharide BRMs is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y K Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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100
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Im SA, Kim K, Lee CK. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1451-8. [PMID: 16846839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several types of immunomodulatory polysaccharides originated from plants or mushrooms have been used as immunotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancers. Here, we describe an immunomodulatory polysaccharide that cannot only activate monocytic cells strongly, but also induce differentiation of monocytic cells into macrophages. High molecular weight substances, SHE, were isolated from Salicornia herbacea, which has been used to treat a variety of diseases including cancers in traditional oriental remedy. The immunomodulatory activities of SHE were examined on a mouse monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. We found that SHE activated RAW cells to produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, and nitric oxide (NO) dose dependently. SHE also induced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1 and CD40, and increased phagocytic activity on opsonized sheep red blood cells. While increasing these parameters of macrophage activation, SHE inhibited the growth of RAW cells dose dependently inducing morphological changes from slightly adherent monocytic cells to strongly adherent macrophages. The active components of SHE appeared to be polysaccharides, and not an endotoxin. These results show that polysaccharides originated from S. herbacea possess potent immunomodulatory activity on monocyte/macrophage lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
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