51
|
Wolf G, Yirmiya R, Kreisel T, Goshen I, Weidenfeld J, Poole S, Shavit Y. Interleukin-1 signaling modulates stress-induced analgesia. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:652-9. [PMID: 17222530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful stimuli is often accompanied by reduced pain sensitivity, termed "stress-induced analgesia" (SIA). In the present study, the hypothesis that interleukin-1 (IL-1) may play a modulatory role in SIA was examined. Two genetic mouse models impaired in IL-1-signaling and their wild-type (WT) controls were employed. Another group of C57 mice was acutely administered with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Mice were exposed to 2min swim stress at one of three water temperatures: 32 degrees C (mild stress), 20-23 degrees C (moderate stress), or 15 degrees C (severe stress); and then tested for pain sensitivity using the hot-plate test. Corticosterone levels were assessed in separate groups of WT and mutant mice following exposure to the three types of stress. Mild stress induced significant analgesia in the two WT strains and saline-treated mice, but not in the mutant strains or the IL-1ra-treated mice. Similarly, mild stress induced significantly elevated corticosterone levels in WT mice, and blunted corticosterone response in mutant mice. In contrast, both WT and mutant strains, as well as IL-1ra-treated mice, displayed analgesic and corticosterone responses following moderate and severe stress. Interestingly, the analgesic response to moderate stress was markedly potentiated in the mutant strains, as compared with their WT controls. The present results support our previous findings that in the absence of IL-1, stress response to mild stress is noticeably diminished. However, the analgesic response to moderate stress is markedly potentiated in mice with impaired IL-1 signaling, corroborating the anti-analgesic role of IL-1 in several pain modulatory conditions, including SIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wolf
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Garfias HR, Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovsky A, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:681-92. [PMID: 17590521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of restraint stress on the intestinal humoral immune system, particularly those about intestinal IgA production, have not been explored in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of restraint stress on the production and secretion of intestinal IgA as well as on the number of IgA+ cells in the intestinal lamina propria. The involvement of glucocorticoids and catecholamines were also evaluated. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4 h restraint stress for 4 d. The intestinal IgA concentration was quantified by ELISA and the number of IgA containing cells in the lamina propria was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone and epinephrine. The main findings were that (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the intestinal IgA concentration without changing the number of IgA+ cells in lamina propria; (2) adrenalectomy restored the production of IgA in stressed mice; (3) RU486 and chemical sympathectomy partially blocked the decrease in intestinal IgA in stressed mice; and (4) pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and epinephrine significantly reduced the intestinal IgA concentration and the number of IgA+ cells. The restraint stress probably reduced the intestinal IgA concentration through the effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP 11340, México, DF
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Liu YL, Bi H, Chi SM, Fan R, Wang YM, Ma XL, Chen YM, Luo WJ, Pei JM, Chen JY. The effect of compound nutrients on stress-induced changes in serum IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in rats. Cytokine 2007; 37:14-21. [PMID: 17433709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of compound nutrients on serum concentrations of the cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6 in immobilization and cold water-immersion stressed rat were investigated. Oral (gavage) administration of compound nutrients was found to attenuate the acute and chronic immobilization and cold water-immersion stress-induced increase in serum IL-6 level and decrease in IL-2 level. Compound nutrients exerted different effects on TNF-alpha level in two different models studied, with reduced serum TNF-alpha level in acute stress, while no significant effect in chronic stress. These results suggested that compound nutrients might be proposed as a possible candidate in the research or therapeutic modulation of stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Pig acute-phase protein levels after stress induced by changes in the pattern of food administration. Animal 2007; 1:133-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107283909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
55
|
Liang KZ, Mu WJ. Flow-injection immuno-bioassay for interleukin-6 in humans based on gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed graphite electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 580:128-35. [PMID: 17723764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A flow-injection electrochemical immunoassay system based on a disposable immunosensor for the determination of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was proposed. The immunosensor was prepared by entrapping horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled IL-6 antibody into gold nanoparticles-modified composite membrane at a screen-printed graphite electrode. With a non-competitive immunoassay format, the immunosensor was inserted in the flow system with an injection of sample, and the injected sample containing IL-6 antigen was produced transparent immunoaffinity reaction with the immobilized HRP-labeled IL-6 antibody. The formed antigen-antibody complex inhibited partly the active center of HRP, and decreased the immobilized HRP to H2O2 reduction. The performance and factors influencing the performance of the immunosensor were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the current change obtained from the labeled HRP relative to thionine-H2O2 system was proportional to the IL-6 concentration in the range of 5-100 ng L(-1) with a detection limit of 1.0 ng L(-1) (at 3delta). The flow-injection immunoassay system could automatically control the incubation, washing and measurement steps with acceptable reproducibility and good stability. Moreover, the proposed immunosensors were used to analyze IL-6 in human serum specimens. Analytical results of clinical samples show the developed immunoassay has a promising alternative approach for detecting IL-6 in the clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 400400, PR China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sudo N. Stress and gut microbiota: Does postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
57
|
Abstract
Although anecdotal comments on detrimental effects of psychosocial stress on liver diseases can be found even in the early literature, only recently has scientific evidence been reported. The present article reviewed such evidence to demonstrate how stress exacerbates liver diseases. A search of the literature from the last two decades was performed using MEDLINE by pairing 'psychological stress' with 'liver' or 'hepatitis.' Additional research was conducted by screening the bibliographies of articles retrieved in the MEDLINE search. The search results showed that the principal effectors of the activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, glucocorticoids, can exert a facilitative effect on the hepatic inflammatory response and even increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. For certain liver diseases, defective HPA axis activation, which probably contributed to the exacerbation of the liver disease, has been reported. The efferent sympathetic/adrenomedullary system mainly contributes to the stress-induced exacerbation of liver diseases via its neurotransmitters, the catecholamines. In contrast, the efferent parasympathetic nervous system elicits an inhibitory effect on the development of hepatic inflammation. In conclusion, the pathophysiological interaction between stress and the liver appears to be regulated by the complex, dynamic networks of both the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, which implies a further need for basic research into the involved mechanisms and for clinical evidence to apply psychosocial support to patients with chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chida
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes, the prevalence of which is increased in individuals with diabetes. Monocytes and macrophages, T cells and mast cells contribute to the initiation, development and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques by synthesising a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha. Cytokines upregulate endothelial cell adhesion molecules, recruit leukocytes and induce smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Cytokines act systemically to initiate the acute phase response, up-regulating proteins involved in inflammation and haemostasis and resulting in a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state. Expression of tissue factor by inflammatory cells potently induces thrombus formation upon plaque rupture, leading to acute coronary syndromes. Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, complement proteins, interleukin 6 and white blood cell count, predict development of acute coronary syndromes. C-reactive protein has been widely studied and consistently predicts future acute coronary syndrome events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Carter
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Murata H, Shimada N, Yoshioka M. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. Vet J 2004; 168:28-40. [PMID: 15158206 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase proteins (APP) are a group of blood proteins that contribute to restoring homeostasis and limiting microbial growth in an antibody-independent manner in animals subjected to infection, inflammation, surgical trauma or stress. In the last two decades, many advances have been made in monitoring APP in both farm and companion animals for clinical and experimental purposes. Also, the mechanism of the APP response is receiving attention in veterinary science in connection with the innate immune systems of animals. This review describes the results of recent research on animal APP, with special reference to their induction and regulatory mechanisms, their biological functions, and their current and future applications to veterinary diagnosis and animal production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Murata
- Department of Safety Research, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Sonoda J, Oyama N, Yu XN, Kubo C, Koga Y. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol 2004; 558:263-75. [PMID: 15133062 PMCID: PMC1664925 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1713] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous microbiota have several beneficial effects on host physiological functions; however, little is known about whether or not postnatal microbial colonization can affect the development of brain plasticity and a subsequent physiological system response. To test the idea that such microbes may affect the development of neural systems that govern the endocrine response to stress, we investigated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reaction to stress by comparing germfree (GF), specific pathogen free (SPF) and gnotobiotic mice. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone elevation in response to restraint stress was substantially higher in GF mice than in SPF mice, but not in response to stimulation with ether. Moreover, GF mice also exhibited reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression levels in the cortex and hippocampus relative to SPF mice. The exaggerated HPA stress response by GF mice was reversed by reconstitution with Bifidobacterium infantis. In contrast, monoassociation with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, but not with its mutant strain devoid of the translocated intimin receptor gene, enhanced the response to stress. Importantly, the enhanced HPA response of GF mice was partly corrected by reconstitution with SPF faeces at an early stage, but not by any reconstitution exerted at a later stage, which therefore indicates that exposure to microbes at an early developmental stage is required for the HPA system to become fully susceptible to inhibitory neural regulation. These results suggest that commensal microbiota can affect the postnatal development of the HPA stress response in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Chida Y, Sudo N, Motomura Y, Kubo C. Electric foot-shock stress drives TNF-alpha production in the liver of IL-6-deficient mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2004; 11:419-24. [PMID: 15467358 DOI: 10.1159/000080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) has pleiotropic effects on a variety of biological functions, including its antiapoptotic potential during liver injury. Our previous work demonstrated that restraint stress-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 negatively regulates plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Herein, we further clarified the mechanism underlying the above finding and investigated the effect of IL-6 on liver apoptosis triggered by stress. METHODS Male C57BL/6J and IL-6-deficient C57BL/SV129 mice were exposed to 1 h of electric foot-shock stress. Thereafter, the serum, liver and spleen TNF-alpha levels were measured at several time points. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) activities were analyzed to evaluate the severity of liver injury and apoptosis. RESULTS The liver, but not the spleen, of the IL-6-deficient mice exhibited a significant increase in TNF-alpha level after stress in parallel with serum TNF-alpha elevation, whereas no such TNF-alpha responses were found in the wild animals. No significant differences in stress-induced elevation of serum ALT levels, liver caspase-3 activities and the number of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes were found between the wild and IL-6-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that IL-6 may play a critical role in suppressing TNF-alpha production in the liver, thereby decreasing the blood TNF-alpha level. In contrast, IL-6 secretion was shown to have no protective effect on stress-triggered liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chida
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
Social defeat involves a clear physical component in the form of fight-induced injuries. The impact of body injuries on the immune response is not yet well known. In this study we compared the endocrine and immune responses to two types of social defeat in mice, one limiting the occurrence of skin injuries (mild social stress, MSS), and the other not (social disruption stress, SDR). In the two situations, six defeats were applied within 1 week. Plasma corticosterone and IL-6 levels were measured in blood samples taken after social defeat. Reactivity to LPS and sensitivity to corticosterone (CS) of spleen cells was assessed by measuring the in vitro production of cytokines (IL-6, IFN-gamma and IL-10) in response to LPS under a range of increasing concentrations of CS. The two types of stressors induced a similar plasma corticosterone response, but SDR mice showed significantly higher plasma IL-6 than MSS mice. Splenocytes from SDR but not from MSS mice produced more IL-6 and IL-10 in response to LPS and presented an altered responsiveness to CS in comparison to control mice. We conclude that the procedure involving fights and skin injuries was able to modulate the immune response in the spleen, whereas the procedure preventing the occurrence of fights did not. The increased immune reactivity observed in the fight-associated procedure could result from either a stronger psychological stress or a direct immune activation through the wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Merlot
- Neurobiologie Intégrative, INRA-INSERM, Institut François Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ishihara Y, Iijima H, Yagi Y, Matsunaga K. Enhanced recovery of NK cell activity in mice under restraint stress by the administration of a biological response modifier derived from the mycelia of the basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Stress 2003; 6:141-8. [PMID: 12775334 DOI: 10.1080/1025389031000116479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Some types of stressor act on the immune system via the network comprising the endocrine-immune-nervous systems, and are reportedly responsible for the onset of diseases as well as giving impetus to their advance. It is important for the maintenance and promotion of health to cope with stress-induced changes in immunocompetence. Therefore, we studied the effects of administration of a novel biological response modifier (CM6271) derived from the mycelia of the basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake on the NK cell activity in mice under restraint stress, in order to evaluate its potential to modulate immune responsiveness in stress-loaded individuals. (1) When C57BL/6 mice were restrained in 50-ml tubes for more than 6 h, splenic NK cell activity decreased significantly, but recovered gradually after the mice were released. The extent of the reduction of activity and the degree of recovery depended on the duration of the restraint. (2) The oral administration of CM6271 caused a significant acceleration of the recovery of the activity. This effect was dependent on the timing of administration and the dose given. (3) The administration of CM6271 had no clear effect on the blood levels of ACTH, corticosterone or lipid peroxide levels in the liver. These findings suggest that CM6271 promotes recovery from the decrease in NK cell activity induced by restraint stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ishihara
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health (I), School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawata-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Although a considerable amount of evidence has shown that psychological stress alters peripheral and brain cytokines, the physiological significance of cytokine alteration in psychological stress remains to be elucidated. The aims of this review are to analyze the influence of acute and chronic psychological stresses on the cytokine network in animals and in humans, and to explore the pathophysiological implication of the cytokine changes in psychological stress. Acute psychological stress may increase proinflammatory cytokines both in animals and in humans, and increase T-helper-1 cell cytokines in humans. Investigations into the effect of chronic psychological stress on cytokine production in animals gives mixed results. However, in humans, academic exam stress or care-giver's stress appears to induce a shift in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance toward a Th2 response and increase proinflammatory cytokines. Psychological stress-induced cytokines stimulate the activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and could induce serotonin depletion-related disorders such as depression in susceptible individuals. Psychological stress-induced production of cytokines may increase the risk for human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines may also play a regulatory role in glucocorticoid resistance and may be involved in wound healing and skin barrier function alterations. Finally, psychological stress-induced production of cytokines may play a role in neurodegenerative changes in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- 1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael Maes
- 2Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kusnecov AW, Rossi-George A. Stressor-induced modulation of immune function: a review of acute, chronic effects in animals. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2002; 14:279-91. [PMID: 26984575 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.140603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews recent studies on the effects of stress on immune function in laboratory animals. The emphasis is on those studies where a simultaneous comparison of acute and chronic stress regimens was determined, although additional relevant studies are also reviewed. The effects of stress on basic measurements of cellular and humoral immune measures are discussed, including the growing number of studies that have reported alterations in macrophage functions. The latter are key elements in the innate immune response, and like measurements of T cell function and antibody production, are inhibited and enhanced by stressor exposure. This review does not focus on the mechanisms by which stress alters immune function, there being little to add conceptually in terms of what was reported previously (see Kusnecov AW, Rabin BS, Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1994;105:107-121.). However, a question is raised in the conclusion as to how stressor effects on immune function should be interpreted, for it is clear that immunological processes in and of themselves elicit central nervous system responses that neurochemically and endocrinologically do not differ from those produced in response to psychological stressors. Therefore, at least in the short term stressor-induced immune changes may not necessarily reflect maladaptive adjustments, although, as demonstrated by some studies reviewed in this paper, they may pose a serious risk to health should stressor exposure be persistent and uncontrolled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Kusnecov
- 1Department of Psychology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alba Rossi-George
- 1Department of Psychology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Stark JL, Avitsur R, Hunzeker J, Padgett DA, Sheridan JF. Interleukin-6 and the development of social disruption-induced glucocorticoid resistance. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 124:9-15. [PMID: 11958817 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Following social disruption (SDR) stress in male mice, corticosterone resistance of splenocytes was accompanied by enhanced LPS-stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. The present study examined the role of IL-6 in the development of corticosterone resistance. Addition of IL-6 to control splenocyte cultures did not induce corticosterone resistance. SDR also elevated IL-6 in plasma and liver, but not in spleen. IL-6 deficient mice that were exposed to SDR developed glucocorticoid resistance despite the absence of systemic IL-6. These findings suggest that although SDR enhanced IL-6 responses, IL-6 was not essential for the development of stress-induced splenocyte corticosterone resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stark
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, OH 43218, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Rivier C. Inhibitory effect of neurogenic and immune stressors on testosterone secretion in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2002; 10:17-29. [PMID: 12207160 DOI: 10.1159/000064411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the ability of foot shocks, endotoxemia and turpentine-induced tissue injury, to interfere with luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) secretion, and the putative role of beta-adrenergic, opiate- and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in these responses. METHODS Adult male rats were exposed to mild intermittent foot shocks for 1 h, administered endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] intravenously (i.v., 5 microg/kg), or injected with turpentine intradermally (i.m., 400 microl/kg), prior to injection with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 1 U/kg i.v.). In some cases, antagonists to CRF, adrenergic or opiate receptors, or their vehicle were administered prior to the stressors. Levels of LH, T, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and/or corticosterone were measured in serial blood samples. RESULTS All three challenges significantly lowered basal LH and T levels and blunted the T response to hCG, though the magnitude of this inhibition was significantly (p < 0.01) smaller in shocked rats (42%), compared to animals injected with LPS (92%) or turpentine (78%). Shocks, LPS and turpentine all significantly stimulated ACTH and corticosterone release, and the magnitude and time course of these responses were also stressor specific. While turpentine only increased circulating IL-6 concentrations, shocks and LPS both significantly increased circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, but the effect of shocks was markedly smaller. Pretreatment with propranolol did not restore T responses, while naloxone produced small and inconsistent effects. However, the CRF antagonist Astressin B, which significantly prevented stressor-induced increase in circulating levels of ACTH and corticosterone, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of LPS on hCG-induced T release. CONCLUSION (1) Both neurogenic and systemic stressors lower basal plasma LH and T levels and blunt the T response to hCG. (2) LPS, whose ability to release ACTH and corticosterone was similar to that of shocks, but caused increases in circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels that were significantly larger than those due to the other stressors, was the most potent inhibitor of the T response to hCG. (3) Neither beta-adrenergic nor opiate receptors play a major role in the ability of the stressors we used to inhibit T release.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Animals
- Chorionic Gonadotropin/pharmacology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Electric Stimulation
- Gonads/drug effects
- Gonads/immunology
- Gonads/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
- Immune System/drug effects
- Immune System/immunology
- Immune System/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Luteinizing Hormone/blood
- Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism
- Male
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/immunology
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/blood
- Stress, Physiological/chemically induced
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Testosterone/blood
- Testosterone/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rivier
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Sudo N, Oyama N, Yu XN, Kubo C. Restraint stress-induced elevation of endogenous glucocorticoids decreases Peyer's patch cell numbers via mechanisms that are either dependent or independent on apoptotic cell death. Neuroimmunomodulation 2001; 9:333-9. [PMID: 12045361 DOI: 10.1159/000059391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether restraint stress induces either apoptotic cell death or lymphocyte migration in Peyer's patches. Exposure to stress induced a striking decrease in the number of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ and B220+ cells. Such decreases were accompanied by the enhanced induction of apoptosis in Peyer's patches. The apoptosis of Peyer's patch cells was completely reversed by pretreatment with either high or low doses of RU-486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. In contrast, the stress-induced lymphopenia was little affected by administration of low doses of RU-486, although such lymphopenia was perfectly inhibited by treatment with high doses of RU-486. Taken together, these results suggest that the stress-induced lymphopenia in Peyer's patches is partly due to apoptotic cell death, although other systems such as lymphocyte migration, may contribute to such a reduction in the number of Peyer's patch cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/drug effects
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Count
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Glucocorticoids/immunology
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Peyer's Patches/cytology
- Peyer's Patches/drug effects
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/immunology
- Restraint, Physical
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- fas Receptor/drug effects
- fas Receptor/immunology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sudo
- Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|