51
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Rathee D, Thanki M, Bhuva S, Anandjiwala S, Agrawal R. Iridoid glycosides-Kutkin, Picroside I, and Kutkoside from Picrorrhiza kurroa Benth inhibits the invasion and migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through the down regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Liu Y, Song F, Sun J, Yu H, Liu SSY. Suture compression induced bone resorption with intensified MMP-1 and 13 expressions. Bone 2012; 51:695-703. [PMID: 22819631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Suture compression is a widely used approach to inhibit maxillary growth; however, biological responses in sutures to compressive force are still unclear. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and osteoclast activities during the midpalatal suture compression. METHODS 56 six-week old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control and compression groups. The mice in the compression and control groups received helix springs bonded to the maxillary molars delivering initial compressive forces of 0.20 and 0N (no activation), respectively. On Days 1, 4, 7 and 14, animals were sacrificed and scanned using micro-computed tomography to quantify suture width and bone mineral density. Serial histological sections were stained with HE, TRAP, and immunohistochemistry to observe changes in bone resorption, osteoclast activities, and MMP-1, 8, and 13 expressions. Bone volume/total volume (Bv/Tv) ratio, osteoclast count, osteoclast covering area, and MMP expression intensity were measured. The Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni post-hoc corrections were performed to compare differences between groups and between time points in the same group at significant level of P<0.05. RESULTS Compared to the control, suture width in the compression group was significantly reduced on Day 1, but continuously widened with reduced bone mineral density afterwards. With MMP-1 and -13 evidently intensified expressions, osteoclast number and activities significantly increased, leading to reduced Bv/Tv ratio and progressive bone resorption from Days 4 to 14. CONCLUSIONS Suture compression elevated the MMP-1 and 13 expressions, activated osteoclasts, reduced bone density, and induced bone resorption adjacent to the suture. It suggests that suture compression can be used for bone volume reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Matrix metalloproteinases in neuropathic pain and migraine: friends, enemies, and therapeutic targets. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:952906. [PMID: 22970361 PMCID: PMC3434407 DOI: 10.1155/2012/952906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that mediate extracellular matrix turnover and associated processes, such as cell survival, growth, and differentiation. This paper discusses important functions of MMP in the normal and injured nervous system, focusing on the role played by these proteases in neurological pain syndromes, most prominently in neuropathic pain and migraine headaches. In the past decade, metalloproteinases emerged as key modulators of neuropathic pain, with MMP-9 acting as an initiator of the neuropathic cascade. Increased MMP activity was detected in migraine patients, independent of aura, in tight association with metabolic derangements. The therapeutic implications of MMP inhibition are considered in the context of neurogenic pain regulation.
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Haves-Zburof D, Paperna T, Gour-Lavie A, Mandel I, Glass-Marmor L, Miller A. Cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors cystatins: expression and modulation in multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2421-9. [PMID: 21143385 PMCID: PMC3822953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are involved in a variety of physiological processes including antigen processing and presentation and extracellular matrix degradation. In the present study, we evaluated whether expression levels of cathepsins S and B and their inhibitors cystatins B and C are affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) disease state (relapse and remission) and therapies (interferon-β[IFN-β] and the glucocorticoid [GC] methylprednisolone), and whether they are associated with the IFN-β response phenotype. Real-time PCR was employed to compare RNA expression levels in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and ELISA to determine serum protein levels of MS patients and matched healthy individuals. Cathepsin S RNA was higher in MS patients in the relapse state compared to controls (by 74%, P= 3 × 10−5, n= 30 versus n= 18) with a similar increase observed in serum (66%, P= 0.002, n= 18 versus n= 20). GC treatment reduced cathepsin S levels in PBL RNA (by 44%, P= 6 × 10−6, n= 27) and serum proteins (by 27%, P= 1 × 10−5, n= 26), reduced the serum protein levels of pro-cathepsin B (by 8%, P= 0.0007, n= 23), and in parallel increased the serum levels of their inhibitor cystatin C (by 82%, P= 8 × 10−6, n= 26). IFN-β therapy significantly elevated the RNA levels (n= 16) of cathepsin B (by 16%, P= 0.03), cystatin B (44%, P= 0.004) and cystatin C (48%, P= 0.011). In the serum, only cathepsin S levels were reduced by IFN-β (16%, P= 0.006, n= 25). Interestingly, pre-treatment serum cathepsin S/cystatin C ratio was higher in ‘good responders’ to IFN-β therapy compared to patients without a good response (by 94%, P= 0.003). These results suggest that cathepsin S and cystatin C may contribute to disease activity in MS, specifically in a subgroup of patients that are responsive to IFN-β therapy, and that these proteins should be further evaluated as biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Haves-Zburof
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Ruiz PA, Jarai G. Discoidin domain receptors regulate the migration of primary human lung fibroblasts through collagen matrices. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22336030 PMCID: PMC3298810 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), DDR1 and DDR2 are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with the unique ability among RTKs to respond to collagen. We have previously shown that collagen I induces DDR1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-10 expression through DDR2 activation and a Janus kinase (JAK)2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-mediated mechanism in primary human lung fibroblasts suggesting that these signaling pathways play a role in fibroblast function. Fibroblasts can traverse basement membrane barriers during development, wound healing and pathological conditions such as cancer and fibrosis by activating tissue-invasive programs, the identity of which remain largely undefined. In the present work, we investigated the role of DDRs and DDR-associated signal transduction in these processes. RESULTS Transwell migration experiments showed that normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) transmigration through collagen I-coated inserts is mediated by DDR2 and the DDR2-associated signaling kinases JAK2 and ERK1/2, but not DDR1. Additionally, experiments with specific small interfering (si)RNAs revealed that collagen I-induced expression of MMP-10 and MMP-2 is DDR2 but not DDR1 dependent in NHLFs. Our data showed that collagen I increases NHLF migration through collagen IV, the main component of basement membranes. Furthermore, basal and collagen I-induced NHLF migration through collagen IV-coated inserts was both DDR2 and DDR1 dependent. Finally, DDR2, but not DDR1 was shown to be involved in fibroblast proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a mechanism by which the presence of collagen I in situations of excessive matrix deposition could induce fibroblast migration through basement membranes through DDR2 activation and subsequent DDR1 and MMP-2 gene expression. This work provides new insights into the role of DDRs in fibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Ruiz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, RH12 5AB, UK.
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Dahiya S, Givvimani S, Bhatnagar S, Qipshidze N, Tyagi SC, Kumar A. Osteopontin-stimulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 causes cardiomyopathy in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2723-31. [PMID: 21810612 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, is a common and lethal form of muscular dystrophy. With progressive disease, most patients succumb to death from respiratory or heart failure, or both. However, the mechanisms, especially those governing cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in DMD, remain less understood. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) are a group of extracellular matrix proteases involved in tissue remodeling in both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Previous studies have shown that MMP-9 exacerbates myopathy in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. However, the role and the mechanisms of action of MMP-9 in cardiac tissue and the biochemical mechanisms leading to increased levels of MMP-9 in mdx mice remain unknown. Our results demonstrate that the levels of MMP-9 are increased in the heart of mdx mice. Genetic ablation of MMP-9 attenuated cardiac injury, left ventricle dilation, and fibrosis in 1-y-old mdx mice. Echocardiography measurements showed improved heart function in Mmp9-deficient mdx mice. Deletion of the Mmp9 gene diminished the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt kinase in the heart of mdx mice. Ablation of MMP-9 also suppressed the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-12 in the heart of mdx mice. Finally, our experiments have revealed that osteopontin, an important immunomodulator, contributes to the increased amounts of MMP-9 in cardiac and skeletal muscle of mdx mice. This study provides a novel mechanism for development of cardiac dysfunction and suggests that MMP-9 and OPN are important therapeutic targets to mitigating cardiac abnormalities in patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Kurzepa J, Bielewicz J, Grabarska A, Stelmasiak Z, Stryjecka-Zimmer M, Bartosik-Psujek H. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to the increase of tau protein in serum during acute ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:997-9. [PMID: 20627731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that tau protein, a marker of damage to neurons, is present in the serum of healthy patients at a concentration approximately 40 percent that of patients with ischemic stroke We assumed that increased serum activity of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-2 and MMP-9) can influence the level of tau protein in serum, probably due to disruption of the blood-brain barrier. We obtained blood sera from 31 patients admitted within the first 24 hours of ischemic stroke on days 1, 5 and 10, following the onset of stroke. Tau protein was detected in the serum of 12 patients (38.7 percent). The highest MMP-9 activity was recorded on day 5 (p < 0.05). Serum gelatinase activity did not differ between tau protein-positive or -negative individuals. However, a high degree of correlation between mean MMP-9 activity and the maximum tau protein level was observed for patients with detectable tau protein (r = 0.71, p = 0.009). Our study suggests that MMP-9 can increase the tau protein level in the sera of patients during acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Kumar A, Bhatnagar S, Kumar A. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat alleviates pathology and improves skeletal muscle function in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:248-60. [PMID: 20472898 PMCID: PMC2893668 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, involves severe muscle degeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, and early death in afflicted boys. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular proteases that cause tissue degradation in several disease states. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the expression levels of various MMPs are abnormally increased and that their inhibition will ameliorate muscle pathogenesis in animal models of DMD. Our results show that the transcript levels of several MMPs are significantly up-regulated, whereas tissue inhibitors of MMPs are down-regulated, in dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. Chronic administration of batimastat (BB-94), a broad spectrum peptide inhibitor of MMPs, reduced necrosis, infiltration of macrophages, centronucleated fibers, and the expression of embryonic myosin heavy chain in skeletal muscle of mdx mice. Batimastat also reduced the expression of several inflammatory molecules and augmented the levels of sarcolemmal protein beta-dystroglycan and neuronal nitric oxide in mdx mice. In addition, muscle force production in isometric contraction was increased in batimastat-treated mdx mice compared with those treated with vehicle alone. Furthermore, inhibition of MMPs using batimastat reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activator protein-1 in myofibers of mdx mice. Our study provides the novel evidence that the expression of MMPs is atypically increased in DMD, that their inhibition ameliorates pathogenesis, and that batimastat could prove to be a significant candidate for DMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1565-74. [PMID: 20471009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize physiological and psychological characteristics that are common among women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and provide evidence suggesting that addressing psychological disturbances can reduce or alleviate physical symptoms of PCOS through behavioral pathways and physiological pathways. METHOD(S) Empirical studies and expert consensuses pertaining to physiological, psychological, and medical management aspects of PCOS were identified and presented in this review. Articles were identified by searching Pubmed, PsycInfo, Medline ISI, CINAHL, or a Web browser (i.e., Google) using numerous combinations of terms pertaining to physiological, psychological, and medical management aspects of PCOS. An article was chosen to be included in this review if it reported findings and/or provided information that related to and helped support the main purpose(s) of this review article. RESULT(S) Available literature on the physiological (i.e., hyperandrogenism, central obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance) and psychological (i.e., depression, anxiety, eating disorders) factors among women with PCOS provides evidence that these various aspects of PCOS are strongly interrelated. CONCLUSION(S) The existence of these relationships among physiological and psychological factors strongly suggests that medical management of PCOS would greatly benefit from inclusion of psychological and behavioral approaches.
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Janani P, Sivakumari K, Geetha A, Yuvaraj S, Parthasarathy C. Bacoside A downregulates matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:164-9. [PMID: 20084675 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex multi-step process, responsible for a majority of cancer-related deaths by affecting the critical organs and causing complications in therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a multi-factorial disease and is the third most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in tumor invasion and metastases and their elevated expression has been associated with poor prognosis. Our recent studies showed a strong anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effects of bacoside A (BA) against carcinogen. Nevertheless the effect of BA on the activities and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 during hepatocellular carcinoma is not yet recognized. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the same. Results of gelatin zymography study showed that BA co-treatment significantly decreased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which is increased during hepatocellular carcinoma. Further immunoblot analysis showed decreased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in rats co-treated with BA compared to DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results reveal that BA exerts its anti-metastatic effect against DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the activities and expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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61
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Shin DY, Yoon MK, Choi YW, Gweon OC, Kim JI, Choi TH, Choi YH. Effects of Aged Black Garlic Extracts on the Tight Junction Permeability and Cell Invasion in Human Gastric Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.4.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Trauma to the adult CNS initiates multiple processes including primary and secondary axotomy, inflammation, and glial scar formation that have devastating effects on neuronal regeneration. After spinal cord injury, the infiltration of phagocytic macrophages coincides with long-distance axonal retraction from the initial site of injury, a deleterious phenomenon known as axonal dieback. We have previously shown that activated macrophages directly induce long-distance retraction of dystrophic axons in an in vitro model of the glial scar. We hypothesized that treatments that are primarily thought to increase neuronal regeneration following spinal cord injury may in fact derive a portion of their beneficial effects from inhibition of macrophage-mediated axonal retraction. We analyzed the effects of protease inhibition, substrate modification, and neuronal preconditioning on macrophage-axon interactions using our established in vitro model. General inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and specific inhibition of MMP-9 prevented macrophage-induced axonal retraction despite significant physical interactions between the two cell types, whereas inhibition of MMP-2 had no effect. Chondroitinase ABC-mediated digestion of the aggrecan substrate also prevented macrophage-induced axonal retraction in the presence of extensive macrophage-axon interactions. The use of a conditioning lesion to stimulate intrinsic neuronal growth potential in the absence of substrate modification likewise prevented macrophage-induced axonal retraction in vitro and in vivo following spinal cord injury. These data provide valuable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage-mediated axonal retraction and demonstrate modifications that can alleviate the detrimental effects of this unfavorable phenomenon on the postlesion CNS.
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63
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Mądro A, Kurzepa J, Czechowska G, Słomka M, Celiński K, Szymonik-Lesiuk S. Erythropoietin inhibits liver gelatinases during galactosamine-induced hepatic damage in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:917-23. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sunagawa S, Ichiyama T, Honda R, Fukunaga S, Maeba S, Furukawa S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in perinatal asphyxia. Brain Dev 2009; 31:588-93. [PMID: 18849127 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) play important roles in the function of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). We investigated the roles of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia. Serum concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were determined by ELISA in 12 neonates with perinatal asphyxia and 15 controls on the birth day and the next day. Serum MMP-9 concentrations in asphyxiated neonates with neurological sequelae (n=5) were significantly higher than concentration in asphyxiated neonates without sequelae (n=7) and controls on birth day (p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively). The ratios of serum MMP-9/TIMP-1 on birth day in asphyxiated neonates with neurological sequelae were significantly higher than those in asphyxiated neonates without sequelae (p=0.048). There were no significant differences in the serum MMP-9 concentrations or the ratios of MMP-9/TIMP-1 between asphyxiated neonates with and without neurological sequelae on the day after birth. Our preliminary study suggests that serum MMP-9 levels on birth day are important for predicting neurological prognosis of neonates with asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Sunagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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65
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Harper J, Godwin H, Green A, Wilkes L, Holden N, Moffatt M, Cookson W, Layton G, Chandler S. A study of matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity in atopic dermatitis using a novel skin wash sampling assay for functional biomarker analysis. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:397-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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66
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Ichiyama T, Takahashi Y, Matsushige T, Kajimoto M, Fukunaga S, Furukawa S. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis. J Neurol 2009; 256:1846-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rithidech KN, Honikel L, Milazzo M, Madigan D, Troxell R, Krupp LB. Protein expression profiles in pediatric multiple sclerosis: potential biomarkers. Mult Scler 2009; 15:455-64. [PMID: 19324981 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging due to its low frequency and the overlap with other acquired childhood demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. To identify potential protein biomarkers which could facilitate the diagnosis, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in combination with mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with pediatric MS. Plasma samples from nine children with MS and nine healthy subjects, matched in aggregate by age and gender, were analyzed for differences in their patterns of protein expression. We found 12 proteins that were significantly up regulated in the pediatric MS group: alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein 1, alpha-1-B-glycoprotein, transthyretin, apoliprotein-C-III, serum amyloid P component, complement factor-I, clusterin, gelsolin, hemopexin, kininogen-1, hCG1993037-isoform, and vitamin D-binding protein. These results show that 2-DE in combination with mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive technique for the identification of blood-based biomarkers. This proteomic approach could lead to a new panel of diagnostic and prognostic markers in pediatric MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Rithidech
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US.
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68
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Weiss N, Miller F, Cazaubon S, Couraud PO. [Implication of the blood-brain barrier in neurological diseases: part II]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:1010-22. [PMID: 19487004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristic of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is its extremely low permeability, due to tight intercellular endothelial junctions and a variety of transporters, which provides the brain with a unique protection against the potential toxicity of several xenobiotics, but also constitutes a major limitation to drug delivery to the central nervous system. Several dysfunctions of the BBB have been recently implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases: inflammatory, vascular, tumoral, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Based on a better knowledge of the BBB biology, new therapeutic strategies are emerging, which by-pass the BBB or take advantage of the selective expression of membrane proteins by brain endothelial cells or circulating leucocytes to target new drugs, such as the anti-VLA4 antibody recently approved for multiple sclerosis treatment. This review will focus on the recently described BBB dysfunctions presumably involved in various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weiss
- CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, université Paris-Descartes, 22, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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69
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Lehmann HC, Köhne A, Bernal F, Jangouk P, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Dehmel T, Hartung HP, Previtali SC, Kieseier BC. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is involved in myelination of dorsal root ganglia neurons. Glia 2009; 57:479-89. [PMID: 18814268 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) comprise a large family of endopeptidases that are capable of degrading all extracellular matrix components. There is increasing evidence that MMPs are not only involved in tissue destruction but may also exert beneficial effects during axonal regeneration and nerve remyelination. Here, we provide evidence that MMP-2 (gelatinase A) is associated with the physiological process of myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In a myelinating co-culture model of Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglia neurons, MMP-2 expression correlated with the degree of myelination as determined by immunocytochemistry, zymography, and immunosorbent assay. Modulation of MMP-2 activity by chemical inhibitors led to incomplete and aberrant myelin formation. In vivo MMP-2 expression was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome as well as in CSF and sural nerve biopsies of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Our findings suggest an important, previously unrecognized role for MMP-2 during myelination in the PNS. Endogenous or exogenous modulation of MMP-2 activity may be a relevant target to enhance regeneration in demyelinating diseases of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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70
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Gold SM, Irwin MR. Depression and immunity: inflammation and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29:309-20. [PMID: 19389584 PMCID: PMC3625861 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that patients who have major depressive disorder show alterations in immunologic markers including increases in proinflammatory cytokine activity and inflammation. Inflammation of the central nervous system is a pathologic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients affected by this disease also show a high incidence of depression. Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that some aspects of depression and fatigue in MS may be linked to inflammatory markers. This article reviews the current knowledge in the field and illustrates how the sickness behavior model may be applied to investigate depressive symptoms in inflammatory neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Gold
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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71
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Boufidou F, Lambrinoudaki I, Argeitis J, Zervas IM, Pliatsika P, Leonardou AA, Petropoulos G, Hasiakos D, Papadias K, Nikolaou C. CSF and plasma cytokines at delivery and postpartum mood disturbances. J Affect Disord 2009; 115:287-92. [PMID: 18708264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety states and major depression and pregnancy is associated with a characteristic immune activation to sustain the fetus. Despite the possibility of a relation between immune parameters and postpartum mood disturbance, few studies have explored this association. Further, no study to-date has examined CSF. METHODS Fifty-six Greek parturients were recruited and a detailed medical and obstetric history was recorded. All of them completed the Postpartum Blues Questionnaire (on admission and on days 1-4 postpartum) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (at first and sixth week postpartum). At delivery, a blood sample and a CSF sample while puncturing for epidural analgesia were taken from 33 participants; blood samples only were obtained from the rest of the 23 parturients. TNF-a and IL-6 were quantified with an ELISA assay. RESULTS A multiple regression analysis of psychometric scores depending on cytokine levels revealed that cytokine levels were positively associated with depressive mood during the first four days postpartum (p=0.035 for CSF IL-6, p=0.025 for CSF TnF-a, p=0.023 for serum TnF-a) and also at sixth week postpartum (p=0.012 for CSF IL-6, p=0.072 for CSF TnF-a). Pregnancy duration had an adverse association to psychometric scores. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that immune mechanisms may play a role in the etiopathology of postpartum depressive mood shifts. The role of a "rebound" reaction of the maternal immune system postnatal should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Boufidou
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Immunology, University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Greece.
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72
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Li H, Mittal A, Makonchuk DY, Bhatnagar S, Kumar A. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition ameliorates pathogenesis and improves skeletal muscle regeneration in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2584-98. [PMID: 19401296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked genetic disorder of skeletal muscle caused by mutation in dystrophin gene. Although the degradation of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, inflammation and fibrosis are the common pathological features in DMD, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role and the mechanisms by which increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein causes myopathy in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. The levels of MMP-9 but not tissue inhibitor of MMPs were drastically increased in skeletal muscle of mdx mice. Besides skeletal muscle, infiltrating macrophages were found to contribute significantly to the elevated levels of MMP-9 in dystrophic muscle. In vivo administration of a nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitory peptide, NBD, blocked the expression of MMP-9 in dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. Deletion of Mmp9 gene in mdx mice improved skeletal muscle structure and functions and reduced muscle injury, inflammation and fiber necrosis. Inhibition of MMP-9 increased the levels of cytoskeletal protein beta-dystroglycan and neural nitric oxide synthase and reduced the amounts of caveolin-3 and transforming growth factor-beta in myofibers of mdx mice. Genetic ablation of MMP-9 significantly augmented the skeletal muscle regeneration in mdx mice. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of MMP-9 activity also ameliorated skeletal muscle pathogenesis and enhanced myofiber regeneration in mdx mice. Collectively, our study suggests that the increased production of MMP-9 exacerbates dystrophinopathy and MMP-9 represents as one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the prevention of disease progression in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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73
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Fukunaga S, Ichiyama T, Maeba S, Okuda M, Nakata M, Sugino N, Furukawa S. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the cord blood of premature infants developing BPD. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:267-72. [PMID: 19205055 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) levels in the cord blood of 29 premature infants who were <30 weeks gestation. One, 8, and 14 infants developed severe, moderate and mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respectively, and 6 did not. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in the cord blood were determined by ELISA. MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in the cord blood of infants who developed severe or moderate BPD (n = 9) were significantly higher than those who developed mild BPD or did not develop BPD (n = 20; P = 0.015). Multivariate linear regressions demonstrated that MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in the cord blood of the premature infants correlated with the oxygen supplementation period (r = 0.58, P = 0.003 and r = 0.41, P = 0.030, respectively). The MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios correlated with the severity of maternal chorioamnionitis (both trend P = 0.006). The MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in the cord blood may be related to the pathogenesis and severity of BPD and maternal chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Fukunaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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74
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Beineke A, Markus S, Borlak J, Thum T, Baumgärtner W. Increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in non-demyelinating early cerebral lesions in nervous canine distemper. Viral Immunol 2009; 21:401-10. [PMID: 19115929 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of the central nervous system results in lesions of the gray and white matter. While a biphasic disease process has been discussed for leukoencephalitis with a prominent loss of viral protein expression, polioencephalitis has been associated with virus persistence. Using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were studied in the cerebra of distemper dogs with white matter lesions in the cerebellum. Additionally, cytokine values were correlated with the degree of CDV infection, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression, and infiltration of CD4-, CD8-, and CD3epsilon-positive lymphocytes. Cerebral CDV infection was not associated with detectable light microscopic lesions or infiltration of B and T lymphocytes. However, an increasing number of CDV-antigen-positive cells was associated with an upregulation of MHC II antigen. RT-PCR results revealed a significant upregulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-alpha in the cerebra of distemper dogs, whereas IL-10 and TGF-beta showed no significant increase. Elevated cytokine values were directly related to the presence of CDV antigen and MHC II upregulation. However, succeeding increases of the latter did not result in an additional proportional elevation of cytokine expression values. In summary, the present study demonstrates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by resident neural cells following CDV infection. Furthermore, the lack of light microscopic changes indicates that additional factors besides cytokines are necessary for the development of a distemper-characteristic neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Beineke
- Institut für Pathologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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75
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Li H, Mittal A, Paul PK, Kumar M, Srivastava DS, Tyagi SC, Kumar A. Tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis augments matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) production in skeletal muscle through the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB-inducing kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: a potential role of MMP-9 in myopathy. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4439-50. [PMID: 19074147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805546200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruction of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix is an important pathological consequence of many diseases involving muscle wasting. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to extracellular matrix breakdown in skeletal muscle tissues remain unknown. Using a microarray approach, we investigated the effect of tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a recently identified muscle-wasting cytokine, on the expression of extracellular proteases in skeletal muscle. Among several other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we found that the expression of MMP-9, a type IV collagenase, was drastically increased in myotubes in response to TWEAK. The level of MMP-9 was also higher in myofibers of TWEAK transgenic mice. TWEAK increased the activation of both classical and alternative nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity blocked the TWEAK-induced production of MMP-9 in myotubes. TWEAK also increased the activation of AP-1, and its inhibition attenuated the TWEAK-induced MMP-9 production. Overexpression of a kinase-dead mutant of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase or IkappaB kinase-beta but not IkappaB kinase-alpha significantly inhibited the TWEAK-induced activation of MMP-9 promoter. The activation of MMP-9 also involved upstream recruitment of TRAF2 and cIAP2 proteins. TWEAK increased the activity of ERK1/2, JNK1, and p38 MAPK. However, the inhibition of only p38 MAPK blocked the TWEAK-induced expression of MMP-9 in myotubes. Furthermore the loss of body and skeletal muscle weights, inflammation, fiber necrosis, and degradation of basement membrane around muscle fibers were significantly attenuated in Mmp9 knock-out mice on chronic administration of TWEAK protein. The study unveils a novel mechanism of skeletal muscle tissue destruction in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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76
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Weiss N, Miller F, Cazaubon S, Couraud PO. The blood-brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:842-57. [PMID: 19061857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells are unique among endothelial cells in that they express apical junctional complexes, including tight junctions, which quite resemble epithelial tight junctions both structurally and functionally. They form the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which strictly controls the exchanges between the blood and the brain compartments by limiting passive diffusion of blood-borne solutes while actively transporting nutrients to the brain. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence indicate that BBB dysfunctions are associated with a number of serious CNS diseases with important social impacts, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain tumors, epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease. This review will focus on the implication of brain endothelial tight junctions in BBB architecture and physiology, will discuss the consequences of BBB dysfunction in these CNS diseases and will present some therapeutic strategies for drug delivery to the brain across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Weiss
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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77
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Chuang CH, Hu ML. L-carnosine inhibits metastasis of SK-Hep-1 cells by inhibition of matrix metaoproteinase-9 expression and induction of an antimetastatic gene, nm23-H1. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:526-33. [PMID: 18584487 DOI: 10.1080/01635580801911787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been suggested to inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, which plays a critical role in tumor metastasis. Because of its antioxidant activity and the ability to chelate divalent cations, L-carnosine (LC) was tested for inhibition of MMP-9 in a highly invasive hepatocarcinoma, SK-Hep-1 cells. We found that LC (50-1,000 microM) did not directly inhibit the activity of MMP-9 in a cell-free system. However, LC significantly inhibited the expression and activity of MMP-9 protein in SK-Hep-1 cells [inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC(50))| = 105 and 63 muM, respectively). Whereas LC did not inhibit the viability of SK-Hep-1 cells at concentrations up to 1,000 microM within 3 days of incubation, this dipeptide significantly inhibited cell migration (IC(50) = 82 microM) and invasion (IC(50) = 113 microM). LC significantly (P < 0.05) and dose dependently enhanced the expression of an antimetastatic gene, nonmetastatic cells 1, protein (nm23)-H1, at both protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. MMP-9 activity inversely correlated significantly with the expression of protein (r(2) = 0.77, P < 0.001) and mRNA (r(2) = 0.65, P < 0.001) of nm23-H1 in LC-treated cells. Thus, LC can inhibit the migration and invasion of SK-Hep-1 cells, and the effect is likely associated with upregulation of nm23-H1 and downregulation of MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung County, Taiwan, Republic of China
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78
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Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:1-18. [PMID: 19019458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. The natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. Canine distemper virus (CDV), an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. CDV infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and viral persistence in selected organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissue. Main manifestations include respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, immunosuppression and demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis (DL). Impaired immune function, associated with depletion of lymphoid organs, consists of a viremia-associated loss of lymphocytes, especially of CD4+ T cells, due to lymphoid cell apoptosis in the early phase. After clearance of the virus from the peripheral blood an assumed diminished antigen presentation and altered lymphocyte maturation cause an ongoing immunosuppression despite repopulation of lymphoid organs. The early phase of DL is a sequel of a direct virus-mediated damage and infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells associated with an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-12 and a lacking response of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. A CD4+-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells contribute to myelin loss in the chronic phase. Additionally, up-regulation of interferon-gamma and IL-1 may occur in advanced lesions. Moreover, an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors seems to play a pivotal role for the pathogenesis of DL. Summarized, DL represents a biphasic disease process consisting of an initial direct virus-mediated process and immune-mediated plaque progression. Immunosuppression is due to early virus-mediated lymphocytolysis followed by still poorly understood mechanisms affecting antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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79
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Yong N, Guoping C. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 dependent on hyaluronan synthesis after sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:259-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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80
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Yong N, Guoping C. The role and mechanism of the up-regulation of fibrinolytic activity in painful peripheral nerve injury. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:587-92. [PMID: 18716863 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is followed by Wallerians degeneration (WD) and degradation and regeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are very important events in these processes. We tested fibrinolytic activities and the expression level of tPA and uPA levels in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. The presented data demonstrates that in the injury nerve of CCI model, the fibrinolytic activities is upregulated and main caused by the upregulation of tPA expression. We also find that the activities of tPA and MMP-9 are co-upregulated post-CCI, both at CCI site and proximal site. These results indicate that tPA activity may regulate the MMP-9 activity in injury nerve post-CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nie Yong
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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81
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Expression and regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-12 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and by bone marrow derived macrophages in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 199:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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82
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Choi DH, Kim EM, Son HJ, Joh TH, Kim YS, Kim D, Flint Beal M, Hwang O. A novel intracellular role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 during apoptosis of dopaminergic cells. J Neurochem 2008; 106:405-15. [PMID: 18397366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the active form of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (actMMP-3) is released from dopamine(DA)rgic neurons undergoing apoptosis. Herein, whether actMMP-3 might be generated intracellularly, and if so, whether it is involved in apoptosis of DArgic neurons itself was investigated in primary cultured DArgic neurons of wild-type, MMP-3 knockout animals, and CATH.a cells. During apoptosis, gene expression of MMP-3 is induced, specifically among the various classes of MMPs, generating the proform (55 kDa) which is subsequently cleaved to the catalytically active actMMP-3 (48 kDa) involving a serine protease. Intracellular actMMP-3 activity is directly linked to apoptotic signaling in DArgic cells: (i) Pharmacologic inhibition of enzymatic activity, repression of gene expression by siRNA, and gene deficiency all lead to protection; (ii) pharmacologic inhibition causes attenuation of DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activation, the indices of apoptosis; and (iii) inhibition of the pro-apoptotic enzyme c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase leads to repression of MMP-3 induction. Under the cell stress condition, MMP-3 is released as actMMP-3 rather than the proform (proMMP-3), and catalytically active MMP-3 added to the medium does not cause cell death. Thus, actMMP-3 seems to have a novel intracellular role in apoptotic DArgic cells and this finding provides an insight into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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83
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Liu X, Han Q, Sun R, Li Z. Dexamethasone regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Brain Res 2008; 1207:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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84
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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Infect 2008; 56:376-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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Bister V, Mäkitalo L, Jeskanen L, Saarialho-Kere U. Expression of MMP-9, MMP-10 and TNF-alpha and lack of epithelial MMP-1 and MMP-26 characterize pyoderma gangrenosum. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 34:889-98. [PMID: 18001410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a non-infectious, autoimmune, chronic ulcer of the skin, often co-existing with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated as mediators of tissue destruction in chronic cutaneous and intestinal wounds. METHODS Twenty-four skin biopsies with clinically and histologically confirmed PG and acute wounds were immunostained for MMP-1, -7, -8, -9, -10 and -26; tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -3 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). RESULTS MMP-1 was generally expressed by keratinocytes distal from the wound edge, whereas MMP-10 was detected abundantly in the epithelium. MMP-26 was positive in 42% at the migratory front. Abundant stromal expression was evident for MMP-1, -9 and -10, TIMP-1 and -3 and TNF-alpha. In acute wounds, stromal MMP-1, -9 and -10 and TNF-alpha were sparse. CONCLUSIONS Unlike in normally healing cutaneous wounds, MMP-1 and -26 were detected bordering the wound in only a minority of PGs and their lack may thus retard epithelial repair. Particularly, MMP-9 and -10 and TNF-alpha would be suitable therapeutic targets as they may contribute to the degradation of provisional matrices needed for migration in healing wounds. The presence of MMP-1, -9, -10 and -26 in both PG and IBD ulcers may suggest a similar pathogenesis for cutaneous and mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Bister
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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86
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Lechpammer M, Manning SM, Samonte F, Nelligan J, Sabo E, Talos DM, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE. Minocycline treatment following hypoxic/ischaemic injury attenuates white matter injury in a rodent model of periventricular leucomalacia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:379-93. [PMID: 18221261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Periventricular white matter injury in premature infants occurs following hypoxia/ischaemia and systemic infection, and results in hypomyelination, as well as neuromotor and cognitive deficits later in life. Inflammatory infiltrates are seen within human cerebral white matter from periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) cases. METHODS In this study, we examine the time course of CD-68+ microglial cell responses relative to cell death within white matter following hypoxia/ischaemia in a rat model of PVL. We also tested the efficacy of the minocycline, an agent that suppresses microglial activation, in this model when administered as a post-insult treatment. RESULTS We show that preoligodendrocyte injury in the post-natal day 6 begins within 24 h and continues for 48-96 h after hypoxia/ischaemia, and that microglial responses occur primarily over the first 96 h following hypoxia/ischaemia. Minocycline treatment over this 96 h time window following the insult resulted in significant protection against white matter injury, and this effect was concomitant with a reduction in CD-68+ microglial cell numbers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that anti-inflammatory treatments may represent a useful strategy in the treatment of PVL, where clinical conditions would favour a post-insult treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lechpammer
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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87
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Hayashi R, Jin X, Cook GR. Synthesis and evaluation of novel heterocyclic MMP inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6864-70. [PMID: 18029173 PMCID: PMC2574968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of novel heterocyclic compounds were synthesized and evaluated for MMP inhibition. Broad spectrum inhibition of MMPs 1, 2, 9, and 12 was found with pyridinone-based compounds while N-heterocyclic triazoles and tetrazoles were largely ineffective. A highly selective tetrazole inhibitor for MMP-2 was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Hayashi
- Center for Protease Research, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Xiaomin Jin
- Center for Protease Research, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Gregory R. Cook
- Center for Protease Research, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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88
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Miller CM, Page-McCaw A, Broihier HT. Matrix metalloproteinases promote motor axon fasciculation in the Drosophila embryo. Development 2007; 135:95-109. [PMID: 18045838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large conserved family of extracellular proteases, a number of which are expressed during neuronal development and upregulated in nervous system diseases. Primarily on the basis of studies using pharmaceutical inhibitors, MMPs have been proposed to degrade the extracellular matrix to allow growth cone advance during development and hence play largely permissive roles in axon extension. Here we show that MMPs are not required for axon extension in the Drosophila embryo, but rather are specifically required for the execution of several stereotyped motor axon pathfinding decisions. The Drosophila genome contains only two MMP homologs, Mmp1 and Mmp2. We isolated Mmp1 in a misexpression screen to identify molecules required for motoneuron development. Misexpression of either MMP inhibits the regulated separation/defasciculation of motor axons at defined choice points. Conversely, motor nerves in Mmp1 and Mmp2 single mutants and Mmp1 Mmp2 double mutant embryos are loosely bundled/fasciculated, with ectopic axonal projections. Quantification of these phenotypes reveals that the genetic requirement for Mmp1 and Mmp2 is distinct in different nerve branches, although generally Mmp2 plays the predominant role in pathfinding. Using both an endogenous MMP inhibitor and MMP dominant-negative constructs, we demonstrate that MMP catalytic activity is required for motor axon fasciculation. In support of the model that MMPs promote fasciculation, we find that the defasciculation observed when MMP activity is compromised is suppressed by otherwise elevating interaxonal adhesion -- either by overexpressing Fas2 or by reducing Sema-1a dosage. These data demonstrate that MMP activity is essential for embryonic motor axon fasciculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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89
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Suenaga N, Ichiyama T, Kubota M, Isumi H, Tohyama J, Furukawa S. Roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 in acute encephalopathy following prolonged febrile seizures. J Neurol Sci 2007; 266:126-30. [PMID: 17928006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures may be followed by acute encephalopathy with neurological sequelae. To investigate the function of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) in acute encephalopathy following prolonged febrile seizures with neurological sequelae (AEPFS), the concentrations of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) were measured by ELISA in 10 children with AEPFS, 16 with prolonged febrile seizures without encephalopathy (PFS), 20 with simple febrile seizures (SFS), 23 with convulsive status epilepticus (CSE), and 18 with West syndrome. Serum MMP-9 levels in AEPFS and PFS patients were significantly higher than those in SPS and West syndrome patients and in controls, and those in CSE patients were significantly higher than in controls. Serum TIMP-1 levels in AEPFS patients were significantly lower than those in PFS, SFS, CSE and West syndrome patients and in controls. Serum MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in AEPFS patients with motor paralysis were significantly higher than for those without motor paralysis. Our results suggest that prolonged seizures are related to high serum MMP-9 levels, and that an increased MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in AEPFS might induce dysfunction of the BBB. Furthermore, an imbalance of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in patients with AEPFS may be associated with severe neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Suenaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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90
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Association of the MMP-3 5A/6A gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in patients from Serbia. J Neurol Sci 2007; 267:62-5. [PMID: 17942123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are suggested to play a role in the influx of inflammatory cells into the CNS, disruption of the blood brain barrier, and to degrade myelin in vitro. In this study, we have investigated the possible association of MMP-3 5A/6A gene polymorphism with MS susceptibility and/or severity in patients from Serbia. A total of 184 MS patients (150 RR, 34 SP) and 236 controls have been studied. Results show that the distribution of MMP-3 5A/6A genotype frequencies between MS patients and controls were not significantly different. In bout onset patients, carriers of MMP-3 6A/6A genotype had significantly higher mean MSSS values compared to the carriers of 5A allele (6.29+/-1.89 vs. 5.29+/-2.62, respectively, ANCOVA, p=0.01 Scheffe post-hoc test). In conclusion, our results indicate association of MMP-3 6A/6A genotype with significantly higher mean MSSS values. Thus, the obtained results suggest that it should be carefully considered during follow up of patients with MS. Further genetic and functional studies are needed to resolve the complex role of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors in MS pathology and/or regeneration.
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91
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important enzymes that regulate developmental processes, maintain normal physiology in adulthood and have reparative roles at specific stages after an insult to the nervous system. Conversely, the concordant presence and significant upregulation of several MMP members in virtually all neurological conditions result in pathology. Thus, the MMPs have diverse functions, capable of mediating repair and recovery on the one hand and being involved in producing injury on the other. Therefore, targeting MMPs in neurological conditions has become a complicated challenge. This article highlights the beneficial roles of MMPs in normal and reparative processes within the nervous system and discusses the detriments of MMPs encountered in pathology. We review the availability of MMP inhibitors for clinical use and propose that an important consideration for these inhibitors is timing and duration of their use. With acute injuries where a massive upregulation of several MMPs are observed in the early periods after the insult, early and short-term use of broad spectrum MMP inhibitors would seem logical. In chronic conditions where recurrent insults to the CNS are accompanied by prolonged upregulation of MMPs, thereby necessitating the chronic use of medications, the beneficial effects of MMPs in repair may be compromised by the long-term application of MMP inhibitors. In this review we have used spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis as examples of acute and chronic neurological conditions, respectively, and we consider the use of MMP inhibitors in these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Smriti M. Agrawal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - David P. Stirling
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Alberta Canada
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92
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Ichiyama T, Kajimoto M, Hasegawa M, Hashimoto K, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Cysteinyl leukotrienes enhance tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human monocytes/macrophages. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:608-14. [PMID: 17430359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important enzyme responsible for airway remodelling. Monocytes/macrophages have a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (cysLT1) receptor, but its function is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the function of the cysLT1 receptor of human monocytes/macrophages in MMP-9 production. METHODS We examined the effect of cysLTs (LTC4, -D4 and -E4) on TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukaemia cell line and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. In addition, we examined the effect of pranlukast, a cysLT1 receptor antagonist, on the enhancement of TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production by cysLTs. RESULTS ELISA revealed that LTC4 and -D4, but not -E4, enhanced TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that LTC4 and -D4, but not -E4, increased MMP-9 mRNA expression induced by TNF-alpha in THP-1 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that pranlukast completely inhibited the enhancement of TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production by LTC4 and -D4 in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. CONCLUSION LTC4 and -D4 enhanced the TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production via binding the cysLT1 receptor in human monocytes/macrophages. Pranlukast inhibited the enhancements by LTC4 and D4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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93
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endoproteinases, are effector molecules in the breakdown of the blood-brain and blood-nerve barrier, and promote neural tissue invasion by leukocytes in inflammatory diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Moreover, MMPs play an important role in synaptic remodeling, neuronal regeneration, and remyelination. Recent work concerning MMPs in patients with neuropathy, myopathy, spinal cord injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in corresponding animal models, is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Renaud
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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94
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Yong VW, Zabad RK, Agrawal S, Goncalves Dasilva A, Metz LM. Elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in multiple sclerosis and impact of immunomodulators. J Neurol Sci 2007; 259:79-84. [PMID: 17382965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes the consequences of upregulation of MMP members in MS as well as in an animal model of the disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The pathogenic roles of MMPs are considered, especially in the transmigration of leukocytes into the CNS. We review the evidence that interferon-beta, an immunomodulator that is commonly used in MS, affects MMP expression in the disease. The potential of minocycline as a therapy in MS, based on its activity as an MMP inhibitor, is discussed. Besides affecting MMPs, minocycline may have other actions that help account for its possible utility in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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95
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Leira R, Sobrino T, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Blanco M, Arias S, Castillo J. Mmp-9 immunoreactivity in acute migraine. Headache 2007; 47:698-702. [PMID: 17501851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in migraine during headache and asymptomatic periods. METHODS Thirty-four patients with migraine with and without aura (according to International Headache Society criteria) were studied. Clinical characteristic of headache were recorded. Blood samples for measurement of MMP-9 were drawn during headache attacks and during asymptomatic periods in all patients and in 10 healthy controls. RESULTS We found higher plasma MMP-9 levels in migraine patients than in control group (129.3 [78.0-258.9] vs. 49.6 [39.1-64.3] ng/mL; P < .001). Migrainous patients showed higher MMP-9 plasma levels during headache attacks than in asymptomatic periods, both in migraine without aura (338.4 [275.1-396.2] vs. 118.2 [75.3-137.5] ng/mL; P < .0001), and migraine with aura (389.3 [273.4-487.1] vs. 139.3 [107.3-191.4] ng/mL; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed an increased production of MMP-9 during migraine attacks. These data suggest a possible role of inflammation or blood-brain barrier disruption during the migraine attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Leira
- Headache and Stroke Unit and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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96
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Huang CS, Fan YE, Lin CY, Hu ML. Lycopene inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and down-regulates the binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B and stimulatory protein-1. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:449-56. [PMID: 17049831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid lycopene has been associated with decreased risks of several types of cancer, such as hepatoma. Although lycopene has been shown to inhibit metastasis, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we used SK-Hep-1 cells (from a human hepatoma) to test whether lycopene exerts its anti-invasion activity via down-regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, an important enzyme in the degradation of basement membrane in cancer invasion. The activity and expressions of MMP-9 protein and mRNA were detected by gelatin zymography, Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. The binding abilities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 and stimulatory protein-1 (Sp1) to the binding sites in the MMP-9 promoter were measured by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We showed that lycopene (1-10 microM) significantly inhibited SK-Hep-1 invasion (P<.05) and that this effect correlated with the inhibition of MMP-9 at the levels of enzyme activity (r(2)=.94, P<.001), protein expression (r(2)=.80, P=.007) and mRNA expression (r(2)=.94, P<.001). Lycopene also significantly inhibited the binding abilities of NF-kappaB and Sp1 and decreased, to some extent, the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (P<.05). The antioxidant effect of lycopene appeared to play a minor role in its inhibition of MMP-9 and invasion activity of SK-Hep-1 cells because coincubation of cells with lycopene plus hydrogen peroxide abolished the antioxidant effect but did not significantly affect the anti-invasion ability of lycopene. Thus, lycopene decreases the invasive ability of SK-Hep-1 cells by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and suppressing the binding activity of NF-kappaB and Sp1. These effects of lycopene may be related to the down-regulation of IGF-1R, while the antioxidant activity of lycopene appears to play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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97
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Wu X, Kuusisto H, Dastidar P, Huhtala H, Nikkari ST, Ukkonen M, Höyhtyä M, Elovaara I. Once-weekly 22microg subcutaneous IFN-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: a 3-year follow-up study on brain MRI measurements and serum MMP-9 levels. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116:43-8. [PMID: 17587254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of weekly injected subcutaneous interferon (IFN)-beta-1a 22 microg on the extent of brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the level of serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS All the 28 Finnish patients participating in the Nordic multicentre trial on the clinical efficacy of weekly IFN-beta-1a (Rebif) 22 microg in SPMS were studied neurologically and by volumetric MRI during a 3-year follow-up. The levels of MMP-9 in serum were measured over the 3-year study. RESULTS There was no obvious effect on the number of contrast medium-enhancing lesions, the volume of T1 or T2 lesions or level of serum MMP-9, nor was any effect detected on the relapse rate and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Brain atrophy progression was not affected by the treatment. CONCLUSION The lack of effect on MRI, clinical outcomes or the levels of MMP-9 indicates that subcutaneous administration of low-dose low-frequency IFN-beta-1a is insufficient in controlling either the inflammatory constitutes or the neurodegenerative changes of advanced SPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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98
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Abstract
There have been over 2000 publications in the last year addressing the topic of neuroprotection. Novel and emerging therapeutic targets that have been explored include cerebral inflammation, hypothermia, neural transplantation and repair and gene therapy. Unfortunately, with few exceptions, the successes of experimental neuroprotection have not been translated into clinical practice. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between experimental success and clinical benefit are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Menon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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99
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Martinez G, Musumeci G, Loreto C, Carnazza ML. Immunohistochemical changes in vulnerable rat brain regions after reversible global brain ischaemia. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:295-302. [PMID: 17551674 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human global ischaemia was simulated in adult rats by inducing 20 min brain ischaemia and 60 min post-ischaemic recirculation. Immunohistochemical expression of MMP-9, TIMP-3, Bax and Bcl-2, and DNA fragmentation (with the TUNEL reaction) were investigated. The morphological data showed different neuronal responses in the hippocampus compared with the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. MMP-9 immunoreactivity was different in the hippocampus, particularly in dentate gyrus and the CA1 region, compared with these cortices. Negative TIMP-3 staining in ischaemic hippocampal neurons may indicate a loss of its inhibitory activity on MMP-9 that could enhance cell death. Bcl-2 down regulation, Bax positivity and TUNEL+ type II cells in the dentate gyrus granular layer could be responsible for induction of apoptotic death in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells via loss of fibre input. Results suggest differential behaviours of neural cells after 60 min reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, Diagnostic Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n. 87, Catania, Italy.
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100
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Ichiyama T, Morishima T, Kajimoto M, Matsushige T, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 in influenza-associated encephalopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:542-4. [PMID: 17529876 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31803994a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) play important roles in the function of the blood-brain barrier. Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 concentrations were determined in influenza virus infection with or without neurologic complications. Our results suggest that an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 damages the blood-brain barrier and promotes febrile seizure or encephalopathy in influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ichiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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