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Babavalian H, Amoozegar MA, Zahraei S, Rohban R, Shakeri F, Moghaddam MM. Comparison of bacterial biodiversity and enzyme production in three hypersaline lakes; urmia, howz-soltan and aran-bidgol. Indian J Microbiol 2014; 54:444-9. [PMID: 25320444 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-014-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This research is a comparative study on the diversity of halophilic bacteria with hydrolytic activities in three significant hypersaline lakes; Urmia in the northwest and Howz-Soltan and Aran-Bidgol in the central desert in Iran. Isolated strains from these saline lakes were found to be halotolerant, moderately and extremely halophilic bacteria. The bacteria in each saline lake were able to produce different hydrolytic enzymes including amylase, protease, lipase, DNase, inulinase, xylanase, carboxy methyl cellulase, pectinase and pullulanase. 188, 302, 91 halophilic strains were isolated from Urmia Lake, Howz-Soltan and Aran-Bidgol playa, respectively. The numbers of Gram-positive strains were more than Gram-negatives, and among Gram-positive bacteria; spore-forming bacilli were most abundant. Due to the unique physico-chemical conditions of the lake environments, the hydrolytic activities of isolated strains were significantly different. For instance, isolated strains from Howz-Soltan playa did not produce pectinase, DNase, amylase, lipase and inulinase, while the isolates from Aran-Bidgol playa had a great ability to produce pectinase and DNase. The strains from Urmia Lake were also good producers of DNase but failed to show any chitinase activity. The diversity of halophilic bacteria from the mentioned three saline lakes was also determined using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA followed by phylogenetic analysis of the partial 16S rRNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Babavalian
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Zahraei
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Rohban
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Campus of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shakeri
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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52
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Isolation and characterization of a protease-producing novel haloalkaliphilic bacterium Halobiforma sp. strain BNMIITR from Sambhar lake in Rajasthan, India. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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53
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Purification, characterization, and potential of saline waste water remediation of a polyextremophilic α-amylase from an obligate halophilic Aspergillus gracilis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:106937. [PMID: 24949415 PMCID: PMC4053144 DOI: 10.1155/2014/106937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An obligate halophilic Aspergillus gracilis which was isolated from a hypersaline man-made saltern from Thailand was screened for its potential of producing extracellular α -amylase in the previous studies. In this study the α -amylase was extracted and purified by the help of column chromatography using Sephadex G-100 column. Presence of amylase was verified by SDS-PAGE analysis, showing a single band of approximately 35 kDa. The specific activity of the enzyme was found to be 131.02 U/mg. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed the V max and K m values of 8.36 U/mg and 6.33 mg/mL, respectively. The enzyme was found to have the best activity at 5 pH, 60°C, and 30% of NaCl concentration, showing its polyextremophilic nature. The use of various additives did not show much variation in the activity of enzyme, showing its resilience against inhibitors. The enzyme, when tested for its use for synthetic waste water remediation by comparing its activity with commercial amylase in different salt concentrations showed that the α -amylase from A. gracilis was having better performance at increasing salt concentrations than the commercial one. This shows its potential to be applied in saline waste water and other low water activity effluents for bioremediation.
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54
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Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Haloarcula sp. G41 and its application for biodiesel production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:455-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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55
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Li X, Qian P, Wu SG, Yu HY. Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Idiomarina sp. W33 and its application for biodiesel production using Jatropha oil. Extremophiles 2013; 18:171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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56
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Cultivation-dependent assessment, diversity, and ecology of haloalkaliphilic bacteria in arid saline systems of southern Tunisia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:648141. [PMID: 24324969 PMCID: PMC3842069 DOI: 10.1155/2013/648141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haloalkaliphiles are polyextremophiles adapted to grow at high salt concentrations and alkaline pH values. In this work, we isolated 122 haloalkaliphilic bacteria upon enrichments of 23 samples from 5 distinct saline systems of southern Tunisia, growing optimally in media with 10% salt and at pH 10. The collection was classified into 44 groups based on the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes allowed the identification of 13 genera and 20 distinct species. Three gram-positive isolates showing between 95 and 96% of 16S rRNA sequence homology with Bacillus saliphilus could represent new species or genus. Beside the difference in bacterial diversity between the studied sites, several species ecological niches correlations were demonstrated such as Oceanobacillus in salt crust, Nesterenkonia in sand, and Salinicoccus in the rhizosphere of the desert plant Salicornia. The collection was further evaluated for the production of extracellular enzymes. Activity tests showed that gram-positive bacteria were mostly active, particularly for protease, lipase, DNase, and amylase production. Our overall results demonstrate the huge phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of haloalkaliphiles in saline systems of southern Tunisia which represent a valuable source of new lineages and metabolites.
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57
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Kalpana BJ, Sindhulakshmi M, Pandian SK. Amylase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis S8-18: a potential desizing agent from the marine environment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 61:134-44. [PMID: 23659677 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at developing an economical medium for the production of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8-18, a marine sediment isolate from Palk Bay, with various agricultural by-products that are cheap and rich in starch. These products include wheat bran, wheat husk, rice bran, rice husk, and potato peel and are used to replace soluble starch present in the Luria Bertani (LB) broth (synthetic medium). The rice husk was found to be the best to influence enzyme production significantly (61,186 IU mL⁻¹) when compared with the yield of 30,026 IU mL⁻¹ obtained by commercial starch. Hence, LB broth containing rice husk was considered an economical medium. In addition, the effect of various nutritional and physiological factors on enzyme production was also investigated. Furthermore, the desizing efficiency of α-amylases produced by synthetic and economical media was evaluated through various assays like reducing sugar estimation, weight loss assay, drop absorbency assay, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. In addition, a commercial α-amylase from B. subtilis was also used in desizing analyses for comparative purposes. It revealed that the α-amylase from the economical medium was as effective in desizing the cotton fabrics as that of the commercial enzyme and much superior to the enzyme produced through the synthetic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Jancy Kalpana
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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58
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A broader view: microbial enzymes and their relevance in industries, medicine, and beyond. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:329121. [PMID: 24106701 PMCID: PMC3784079 DOI: 10.1155/2013/329121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are the large biomolecules that are required for the numerous chemical interconversions that sustain life. They accelerate all the metabolic processes in the body and carry out a specific task. Enzymes are highly efficient, which can increase reaction rates by 100 million to 10 billion times faster than any normal chemical reaction. Due to development in recombinant technology and protein engineering, enzymes have evolved as an important molecule that has been widely used in different industrial and therapeutical purposes. Microbial enzymes are currently acquiring much attention with rapid development of enzyme technology. Microbial enzymes are preferred due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability, and greater catalytic activity. Microbial enzymes play a major role in the diagnosis, treatment, biochemical investigation, and monitoring of various dreaded diseases. Amylase and lipase are two very important enzymes that have been vastly studied and have great importance in different industries and therapeutic industry. In this review, an approach has been made to highlight the importance of different enzymes with special emphasis on amylase and lipase in the different industrial and medical fields.
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59
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Babavalian H, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Moghaddam MM, Shakeri F. Isolation and identification of moderately halophilic bacteria producing hydrolytic enzymes from the largest hypersaline playa in Iran. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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60
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Screening and optimization of protease production from a halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis isolated from saltern sediments. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Biochemical characterization of an extracellular polyextremophilic α-amylase from the halophilic archaeon Halorubrum xinjiangense. Extremophiles 2013; 17:677-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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62
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Identification of a halophilic α-amylase gene from Escherichia coli JM109 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1061-5. [PMID: 23479413 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A halophilic α-amylase (EAMY) gene from Escherichia coli JM109 was overexpressed in E. coli XL10-Gold and the recombinant protein was purified and characterized. The activity of the EAMY depended on the presence of both Na(+) and Cl(-), and had maximum activity in 2 M NaCl at 55 °C and pH 7.0. When 2% (w/v) soluble starch was used as substrate, the specific activity was about 1,090 U mg(-1) protein. This is the first report on identifying a halophilic α-amylase with high specific activity from non-halophilic bacteria.
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63
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Mageswari A, Subramanian P, Chandrasekaran S, Sivashanmugam K, Babu S, Gothandam K. Optimization and immobilization of amylase obtained from halotolerant bacteria isolated from solar salterns. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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64
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Kumar S, Khare SK. Purification and characterization of maltooligosaccharide-forming α-amylase from moderately halophilic Marinobacter sp. EMB8. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:247-251. [PMID: 22197336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosaccharides especially maltotriose and maltotetraose producing amylases are highly desirable for application in bread making and other food industries. A maltotriose and maltotetraose producing amylase from moderately halophilic Marinobacter sp. EMB8 is described. Under optimized culture conditions, 48.0 IU/mL amylase was obtained. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G-75 column chromatography with 52% yield and 76-fold purification. It was a monomeric protein of 72 kDa. The amylase had many novel features viz. stability up to 20% NaCl, 80 °C temperature, pH 6.0-11.0 and in wide range of organic solvents at high concentrations. The enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed starch into maltooligosaccharides rich in maltotriose and maltotetraose. These novel properties make the Marinobacter sp. amylase a potentially useful enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India
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65
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Kumar S, Karan R, Kapoor S, S P S, S K K. Screening and isolation of halophilic bacteria producing industrially important enzymes. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1595-603. [PMID: 24031991 PMCID: PMC3769037 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophiles are excellent sources of enzymes that are not only salt stable but also can withstand and carry out reactions efficiently under extreme conditions. The aim of the study was to isolate and study the diversity among halophilic bacteria producing enzymes of industrial value. Screening of halophiles from various saline habitats of India led to isolation of 108 halophilic bacteria producing industrially important hydrolases (amylases, lipases and proteases). Characterization of 21 potential isolates by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis found them related to Marinobacter, Virgibacillus, Halobacillus, Geomicrobium, Chromohalobacter, Oceanobacillus, Bacillus, Halomonas and Staphylococcus genera. They belonged to moderately halophilic group of bacteria exhibiting salt requirement in the range of 3–20%. There is significant diversity among halophiles from saline habitats of India. Preliminary characterization of crude hydrolases established them to be active and stable under more than one extreme condition of high salt, pH, temperature and presence of organic solvents. It is concluded that these halophilic isolates are not only diverse in phylogeny but also in their enzyme characteristics. Their enzymes may be potentially useful for catalysis under harsh operational conditions encountered in industrial processes. The solvent stability among halophilic enzymes seems a generic novel feature making them potentially useful in non-aqueous enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi , India
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66
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Optimization and enhanced production of α-amylase and protease by a newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis ZB-05 under solid-state fermentation. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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67
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Samie N, Reddy PRM, Ashouri M. Novel extracellular hyper acidophil and thermostable α-amylase fromMicrococcussp.NS 211. STARCH-STARKE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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68
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Characterization of halophilic bacteria from environmental samples from the brackish water of Pulicat Lake, India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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69
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Li X, Yu HY. Extracellular production of beta-amylase by a halophilic isolate, Halobacillus sp. LY9. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1837-43. [PMID: 21505914 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A moderately halophilic strain LY9 with high amylolytic activity was isolated from soil sample obtained from Yuncheng, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Halobacillus. Amylase production started from the post-exponential phase of bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the early-stationary phase. The isolate LY9 was found to secrete the amylase, the production of which depended on the salinity of the growth medium. Maximum amylase production was observed in the presence of 10% KCl or 10% NaCl. Maltose was the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis, indicating a β-amylase activity. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 60°C, pH 8.0, and 10-12.5% of NaCl. It was highly active over broad temperature (50-70°C), NaCl concentration (5.0-20.0%), and pH (4.0-12.0) ranges, indicating its thermoactive and alkali-stable nature. However, activity dropped off dramatically at low NaCl concentrations, showing the amylase was halophilic. Ca(2+) was found to stimulate the β-amylase activity, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phenylarsine oxide (PAO), and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) strongly inhibited the enzyme, indicating it probably was a metalloenzyme with cysteine and histidine residues located in its active site. Moreover, the enzyme exhibited remarkable stability towards sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. This is the first report of β-amylase production from moderate halophiles. The present study indicates that the extracellular β-amylase of Halobacillus sp. LY9 may have considerable potential for industrial application owing to its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China.
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70
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Lu M, Wang S, Fang Y, Li H, Liu S, Liu H. Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of cold-adapted α-amylase from Pseudoalteromonas arctica GS230. Protein J 2011; 29:591-7. [PMID: 21080044 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A cold-adapted α-amylase (ParAmy) gene from Pseudoalteromonas arctica GS230 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed as an N-terminus His-tag fusion protein in E. coli. A recombinant protein was produced and purified with DEAE-sepherose ion exchange chromatography and Ni affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of ParAmy was estimated to be 55 KDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). With an optimum temperature for activity 30 °C, ParAmy showed 34.5% of maximum activity at 0 °C and its activity decreased sharply at above 40 °C. ParAmy was stable in the range of pH 7-8.5 at 30 °C for 1 h. ParAmy was activated by Mn(2+), K(+) and Na(+), and inhibited by Hg(2+), Cu(2+), and Fe(3+). N-Bromosuccinimid showed a significant repressive effect on enzyme activity. The K (m) and V (max) values of the α-amylase for soluble starch were 7.28 mg/mL and 13.07 mg/mL min, respectively. This research suggests that Paramy has a good potential to be a cold-stable and alkalitolerant amylase in detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Lu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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71
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Kumar L, Awasthi G, Singh B. Extremophiles: A Novel Source of Industrially Important Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.121.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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72
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Korcan SE, Mutlu MB, Ciğerci IH, Güven K, Konuk M, Kutlu HM. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of Haloarcula argentinensis isolated from Tuz Lake in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 169:229-236. [PMID: 19757112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme of a novel record for Turkish microbial flora was studied. The isolate I-113 was obtained from Tuz Lake in Turkey and identified as Haloarcula argentinensis. The ALAD enzyme of the isolate was assayed in order to determine its requirements and to be used as biomarker for lead pollution in it's ambient. In enzymic studies, the effects of various metals (Cd, Co, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), pH (3-11), temperatures (25-55 degrees C), and salinity (15-25%) conditions have been examined. The data obtained from the studies were analyzed statistically by using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, correlation, regression, variance analysis, and significance tests were performed by using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. Although its optimum pH was determined as 7, it was still active at pH 3-11. The optimal temperature for the enzyme was observed to be 30 degrees C. Mn and Pb inhibited its activity significantly (p < 0.05) while Zn increased it slightly. The ALAD enzyme in H. argentinensis could be used as a biomarker for Pb contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elif Korcan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Literature, Afyon Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, Gazligol Yolu, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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73
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de Souza PM, de Oliveira Magalhães P. Application of microbial α-amylase in industry - A review. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:850-61. [PMID: 24031565 PMCID: PMC3769773 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylases are one of the main enzymes used in industry. Such enzymes hydrolyze the starch molecules into polymers composed of glucose units. Amylases have potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. α-Amylases can be obtained from plants, animals and microorganisms. However, enzymes from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. The production of α-amylase is essential for conversion of starches into oligosaccharides. Starch is an important constituent of the human diet and is a major storage product of many economically important crops such as wheat, rice, maize, tapioca, and potato. Starch-converting enzymes are used in the production of maltodextrin, modified starches, or glucose and fructose syrups. A large number of microbial α-amylases has applications in different industrial sectors such as food, textile, paper and detergent industries. The production of α-amylases has generally been carried out using submerged fermentation, but solid state fermentation systems appear as a promising technology. The properties of each α-amylase such as thermostability, pH profile, pH stability, and Ca-independency are important in the development of fermentation process. This review focuses on the production of bacterial and fungal α-amylases, their distribution, structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monteiro de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, DF , Brasil
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74
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Giridhar PV, Chandra T. Production of novel halo-alkali-thermo-stable xylanase by a newly isolated moderately halophilic and alkali-tolerant Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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75
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Shafiei M, Ziaee AA, Amoozegar MA. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel SDS and surfactant stable, raw starch digesting, and halophilic α-amylase from a moderately halophilic bacterium, Nesterenkonia sp. strain F. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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76
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Osman O, Tanguichi H, Ikeda K, Park P, Tanabe-Hosoi S, Nagata S. Copper-resistant halophilic bacterium isolated from the polluted Maruit Lake, Egypt. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1459-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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77
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Ghasemi Y, Rasoul-Ami S, Ebrahimine A, Zarrini G, Kazemi A, Mousavi-Kh S, Ghoshoon M, Raee M. Halotolerant Amylase Production by a Novel Bacterial Strain, Rheinheimera aquimaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2010.144.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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78
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Shanmughapriya S, Seghal Kiran G, Selvin J, Gandhimathi R, Bastin Baskar T, Manilal A, Sujith S. Optimization, production, and partial characterization of an alkalophilic amylase produced by sponge associated marine bacterium Halobacterium salinarum MMD047. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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79
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Production, purification, and characterization of two extremely halotolerant, thermostable, and alkali-stable α-amylases from Chromohalobacter sp. TVSP 101. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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80
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Screening and isolation of halophilic bacteria producing extracellular hydrolyses from Howz Soltan Lake, Iran. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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81
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Amoozegar MA, Salehghamari E, Khajeh K, Kabiri M, Naddaf S. Production of an extracellular thermohalophilic lipase from a moderately halophilic bacterium, Salinivibrio sp. strain SA-2. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:160-7. [PMID: 18506896 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fifty strains of moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from various salty environments in Iran. A strain designated as SA-2 was shown to be the best producer of extracellular lipase and was selected for further studies. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rDNA sequence analysis placed SA-2 in the genus Salinivibrio. The optimum salt, pH, temperature and aeration for enzyme production were 0.1 M KCl, pH 8, 35 degrees C and 150 rpm, respectively. The enzyme production was synchronized bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the early-stationary phase in the basal medium containing 1 M NaCl. Triacylglycerols enhanced lipase production, while carbohydrates had inhibitory effects on it. The maximum lipase activity was obtained at pH 7.5, 50 degrees C and CaCl(2) concentration of 0.01 M. The enzyme was stable at pH range of 7.5-8 and retained 90% of its activity at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Different concentrations of NaNO(3), Na(2)SO(4), KCl and NaCl had no affect on lipase stability for 3 h. These results suggest that the lipase secreted by Salinivibrio sp. strain SA-2 is industrially important from the perspective of its tolerance to a broad temperature range, its moderate thermoactivity and its high tolerance to a wide range of salt concentrations (0-3 M NaCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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82
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83
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Kiran KK, Chandra TS. Production of surfactant and detergent-stable, halophilic, and alkalitolerant alpha-amylase by a moderately halophilic Bacillus sp. Strain TSCVKK. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:1023-31. [PMID: 17999060 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A moderately halophilic alkalitolerant Bacillus sp. Strain TSCVKK, with an ability to produce extracellular halophilic, alkalitolerant, surfactant, and detergent-stable alpha-amylase was isolated from soil samples obtained from a salt-manufacturing industry in Chennai. The culture conditions for higher amylase production were optimized with respect to NaCl, substrate, pH, and temperature. Maximum amylase production of 592 mU/ml was achieved in the medium at 48 h with 10% NaCl, 1% dextrin, 0.4% yeast extract, 0.2% tryptone, and 0.2% CaCl(2) at pH 8.0 at 30 degrees C. The enzyme activity in the culture supernatant was highest with 10% NaCl at pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C. The amylase that was partially purified by acetone precipitation was highly stable in various surfactants and detergents. Glucose, maltose, and maltooligosaccharides were the main end products of starch hydrolysis indicating that it is an alpha-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
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84
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Ali Amoozegar M, Zahra Fatemi A, Reza Karbalaei-Heidari H, Reza Razavi M. Production of an extracellular alkaline metalloprotease from a newly isolated, moderately halophile, Salinivibrio sp. strain AF-2004. Microbiol Res 2007; 162:369-77. [PMID: 16638631 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular protease was produced under stress conditions of high temperature and high salinity by a newly isolated moderate halophile, Salinivibrio sp. strain AF-2004 in a basal medium containing peptone, beef extract, glucose and NaCl. A modification of Kunitz method was used for protease assay. The isolate was capable of producing protease in the presence of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, potassium chloride, sodium acetate and sodium citrate. The maximum protease was secreted in the presence of 7.5 to 10% (w/v) sodium sulfate or 3% (w/v) sodium acetate (4.6 U ml(-1)). Various carbon sources including glucose, lactose, casein and peptone were capable of inducing enzyme production. The optimum pH, temperature and aeration for enzyme production were 9.0, 32 degrees C and 220 rpm, respectively. The enzyme production corresponded with growth and reached a maximum level during the mid-stationary phase. Maximum protease activity was exhibited in the medium containing 1% (w/v) NaCl at 60 degrees C, with 18% and 41% activity reductions at temperature 50 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 8.5, with 86% and 75% residual activities at pH 10 and 6, respectively. The activity of enzyme was inhibited by EDTA. These results suggest that the protease secreted by Salinivibrio sp. strain AF-2004 is industrially important from the perspectives of its activity at a broad pH ranges (5.0-10.0), its moderate thermoactivity in addition to its high tolerance to a wide range of salt concentration (0-10% NaCl).
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carbon/metabolism
- Culture Media/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Enzyme Stability
- Genes, rRNA
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Metalloproteases/biosynthesis
- Metalloproteases/chemistry
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Potassium Chloride/metabolism
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sodium Compounds/metabolism
- Temperature
- Vibrionaceae/classification
- Vibrionaceae/enzymology
- Vibrionaceae/growth & development
- Vibrionaceae/isolation & purification
- Water Microbiology
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85
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Hua NP, Kanekiyo A, Fujikura K, Yasuda H, Naganuma T. Halobacillus profundi sp. nov. and Halobacillus kuroshimensis sp. nov., moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from a deep-sea methane cold seep. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:1243-1249. [PMID: 17551037 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-positive, rod-shaped, moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from a deep-sea carbonate rock at a methane cold seep in Kuroshima Knoll, Japan. These bacteria, strains IS-Hb4T and IS-Hb7T, were spore-forming and non-motile. They were able to grow at temperatures as low as 9 °C and hydrostatic pressures up to 30 MPa. Based on high sequence similarity of their 16S rRNA genes to those of type strains of the genus Halobacillus, from 96.4 % (strain IS-Hb7T to Halobacillus halophilus NCIMB 9251T) to 99.4 % (strain IS-Hb4T to Halobacillus dabanensis D-8T), the strains were shown to belong to this genus. DNA–DNA relatedness values of 49.5 % and 1.0–33.0 %, respectively, were determined between strains IS-Hb4T and IS-Hb7T and between these strains and other Halobacillus type strains. Both strains showed the major menaquinone MK7 and l-orn–d-Asp cell-wall peptidoglycan type. Straight-chain C16 : 0, unsaturated C16 : 1
ω7c alcohol and C18 : 1
ω7c and cyclopropane C19 : 0 cyc fatty acids were predominant in both strains. The DNA G+C contents of IS-Hb4T and IS-Hb7T were respectively 43.3 and 42.1 mol%. Physiological and biochemical analyses combined with DNA–DNA hybridization results allowed us to place strains IS-Hb4T (=JCM 14154T=DSM 18394T) and IS-Hb7T (=JCM 14155T=DSM 18393T) in the genus Halobacillus as the respective type strains of the novel species Halobacillus profundi sp. nov. and Halobacillus kuroshimensis sp. nov.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillaceae/classification
- Bacillaceae/cytology
- Bacillaceae/isolation & purification
- Bacillaceae/physiology
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Base Composition
- Cold Temperature
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Genes, rRNA
- Hydrostatic Pressure
- Japan
- Locomotion
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Quinones/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Seawater/microbiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spores, Bacterial
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Phuc Hua
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kanekiyo
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hisato Yasuda
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, Monobe, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naganuma
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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86
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Gummadi SN, Kumar S, Aneesh CNA. Effect of Salts on Growth and Pectinase Production by Halotolerant Yeast, Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413. Curr Microbiol 2007; 54:472-6. [PMID: 17487528 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413 isolated from rotten apple was studied for its halotolerance and its growth was compared with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in high salt medium. The specific growth rate of D. nepalensis was not affected by KCl even up to a concentration of 1 M: , whereas NaCl and LiCl affected the growth of D. nepalensis. Among all tested salts, LiCl showed maximum inhibition on growth. At all conditions, halotolerance of D. nepalensis was much higher than that of S. cerevisiae. D. nepalensis showed maximum viability (80-100%) when grown in KCl, which was higher than with NaCl and LiCl. Pectinase production by D. nepalensis was noted at all high salt concentrations, namely, 2 M NaCl, 2 M KCl, and 0.5 M LiCl, and the maximum specific activity was observed when the strain was grown in 2 M NaCl.
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