51
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Gangurde PK, Ajitkumar B. N, Kumar L. Lamotrigine Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Epilepsy: a Focus on Brain Targeting via Nasal Route. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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52
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Goh LC, Arvin B, Zulkiflee AB, Prepageran N. Lidocaine/Phenylephrine Nasal Spray versus Nebulization Prior to Nasoendoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 159:783-788. [PMID: 30126325 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818795852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective To objectively compare the nasal decongestion potency of lidocaine/phenylephrine when delivered with a nasal nebulizer and a nasal spray before a rigid nasoendoscopic examination. Study Design Open-label randomized controlled trial. Setting Multicenter study. Methods This prospective clinical trial involved 106 participants with untreated chronic rhinitis. Fifty-three participants had 400 μL of lidocaine/phenylephrine administered into the right nostril with a nasal nebulizer, while the remaining 53 participants had 400 μL administered with a nasal spray. The control was the left nostril. Nasal resistance at 150-Pa fixed pressure was evaluated with an active anterior rhinomanometry at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes postintervention. Pain score was assessed subjectively by applying pressure to the inferior turbinate 30 minutes after intervention. Results There was an overall reduction in nasal resistance of the right nostril when lidocaine/phenylephrine was administered with the nasal nebulizer in comparison with the nasal spray. However, a statistically significant difference in nasal resistance was seen only at 5 minutes ( P = .047), 15 minutes ( P = .016), and 30 minutes ( P = .036). The examining endoscopist further supported the degree of nasal decongestion via subjective assessment of the nasal cavity ( P = .001). Pain scores obtained after the intervention showed a significant decrease in pain threshold when the nasal nebulizer was used instead of the nasal spray ( P = .040). Conclusions This study suggests that the delivery of lidocaine/phenylephrine to the nasal cavity by the nasal nebulizer provides better decongestive and analgesic potency as compared with the delivery by nasal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chye Goh
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang, Malaysia
| | - Balachandran Arvin
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Zulkiflee
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Prepageran
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gieszinger P, Tomuta I, Casian T, Bartos C, Szabó-Révész P, Ambrus R. Definition and validation of the Design Space for co-milled nasal powder containing nanosized lamotrigine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1622-1630. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1483388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Gieszinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I. Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - T. Casian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cs. Bartos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - P. Szabó-Révész
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - R. Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Moraga-Espinoza D, Warnken Z, Moore A, Williams RO, Smyth HDC. A modified USP induction port to characterize nasal spray plume geometry and predict turbinate deposition under flow. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:305-313. [PMID: 29960037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no in vitro technique for assessing plume geometry of nasal sprays under airflow conditions. However, a majority of FDA approved nasal products recommend that patients inhale during actuation. Therefore, a reproducible in vitro test that measures plume angles under physiologically relevant inhalation flow rates would be useful. The purpose of this study was to adapt the recently described Plume Induction Port Evaluator (PIPE) apparatus for nasal sprays under flow and correlate these with nasal cast deposition patterns. Mass Median Plume Angles (MMPAs) of four nasal spray formulations with increasing viscosities were determined using the PIPE apparatus in the absence and presence of airflow. MMPAs were then correlated to drug deposition within 3D printed nasal casts using airflow. We evaluated different inhalation instructions obtained from the package insert of nasal products. MMPAs significantly reduced (narrower angles) when using flow for the three formulations with the lowest viscosities. An increase in the turbinate deposition was observed in the nasal casts when just one of the nostrils was closed during inhalation, except by the highest viscosity formulation. The turbinate deposition numerically correlated with changes in the plume angles observed using PIPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moraga-Espinoza
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Zachary Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Amanda Moore
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Kanojia G, Have RT, Soema PC, Frijlink H, Amorij JP, Kersten G. Developments in the formulation and delivery of spray dried vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 13:2364-2378. [PMID: 28925794 PMCID: PMC5647985 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray drying is a promising method for the stabilization of vaccines, which are usually formulated as liquids. Usually, vaccine stability is improved by spray drying in the presence of a range of excipients. Unlike freeze drying, there is no freezing step involved, thus the damage related to this step is avoided. The edge of spray drying resides in its ability for particles to be engineered to desired requirements, which can be used in various vaccine delivery methods and routes. Although several spray dried vaccines have shown encouraging preclinical results, the number of vaccines that have been tested in clinical trials is limited, indicating a relatively new area of vaccine stabilization and delivery. This article reviews the current status of spray dried vaccine formulations and delivery methods. In particular it discusses the impact of process stresses on vaccine integrity, the application of excipients in spray drying of vaccines, process and formulation optimization strategies based on Design of Experiment approaches as well as opportunities for future application of spray dried vaccine powders for vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kanojia
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rimko Ten Have
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Henderik Frijlink
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Gideon Kersten
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,c Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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In Vitro Assessment of Spray Deposition Patterns in a Pediatric (12 Year-Old) Nasal Cavity Model. Pharm Res 2018; 35:108. [PMID: 29582159 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasal sprays available for the treatment of cold and allergy symptoms currently use identical formulations and devices for adults as well as for children. Due to the obvious differences between the nasal airway dimensions of a child and those of an adult, the performance of nasal sprays in children was evaluated. METHODS Deposition patterns of nasal sprays administered to children were tested using a nasal cast based on MRI images obtained from a 12 year old child's nasal cavity. Test formulations emitting a range of spray patterns were investigated by actuating the device into the pediatric nasal cast under controlled conditions. RESULTS The results showed that the nasal sprays impacted in the anterior region of the 12 year old child's nasal cavity, and only limited spray entered the turbinate region - the effect site for most topical drugs and the primary absorptive region for systemically absorbed drugs. CONCLUSION Differences in deposition patterns following the administration of nasal sprays to adults and children may lead to differences in efficacy between these populations. Greater anterior deposition in children may result in decreased effectiveness, greater anterior dosage form loss, and the increased potential for patient non-compliance.
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Intranasal immunization with dry powder vaccines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 122:167-175. [PMID: 29122735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination represents a cost-effective weapon for disease prevention and has proven to dramatically reduce the incidences of several diseases that once were responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The nasal cavity constitutes the initial stage of the respiratory system and the first contact with inhaled pathogens. The intranasal (IN) route for vaccine administration is an attractive alternative to injection, due to the ease of administration as well as better patient compliance. Many published studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of IN immunization with liquid vaccines. Currently, two liquid IN vaccines are available and both contain live attenuated influenza viruses. FluMist® was approved in 2003 in the United States, and Nasovac® H1N1 vaccine was approved in India in 2010. Preclinical studies showed that IN immunization with dry powder vaccines (DPVs) is feasible. Although there is not a commercially available DPV yet, DPVs have the inherent advantage of being relatively more stable than liquid vaccines. This review focuses on recent developments of DPVs as next-generation IN vaccines.
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Khan AR, Liu M, Khan MW, Zhai G. Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route. J Control Release 2017; 268:364-389. [PMID: 28887135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the transport of potential therapeutic moieties to the brain. Direct targeting the brain via olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by passing the BBB has gained an important consideration for delivery of wide range of therapeutics to brain. Intranasal route of transportation directly delivers the drugs to brain without systemic absorption, thus avoiding the side effects and enhancing the efficacy of neurotherapeutics. Over the last several decades, different drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been studied for targeting the brain by the nasal route. Novel DDSs such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes and polymeric micelles have gained potential as useful tools for targeting the brain without toxicity in nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS). Complex geometry of the nasal cavity presented a big challenge to effective delivery of drugs beyond the nasal valve. Recently, pharmaceutical firms utilized latest and emerging nasal drug delivery technologies to overcome these barriers. This review aims to describe the latest development of brain targeted DDSs via nasal administration. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE Carbopol 934p (PubChem CID: 6581) Carboxy methylcellulose (PubChem CID: 24748) Penetratin (PubChem CID: 101111470) Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PubChem CID: 23111554) Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5284448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Muhammad Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China.
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Nasal powders of thalidomide for local treatment of nose bleeding in persons affected by hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Int J Pharm 2017; 514:229-237. [PMID: 27863666 PMCID: PMC5120990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work nasal powder formulations of thalidomide were designed and studied to be used by persons affected by hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia as a complementary anti-epistaxis therapy, with the goal of sustaining the effect obtained with thalidomide oral treatment after its discontinuation for adverse effects. Three nasal powders were prepared using as carriers β-CD or its more hydrophilic derivatives such as hydropropyl-β-CD and sulphobutylether-β-CD and tested with respect to technological and biopharmaceutical features after emission with active and passive nasal powder devices. For all formulated powders, improved dissolution rate was found compared to that of the raw material, making thalidomide promptly available in the nasal environment at a concentration favouring an accumulation in the mucosa. The very limited transmucosal transport measured in vitro suggests a low likelihood of significant systemic absorption. The topical action on bleeding could benefit from the poor absorption and from the fact that about 2-3% of the thalidomide applied on the nasal mucosa was accumulated within the tissue, particularly with the β-CD nasal powder.
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Esposito S, Rosazza C, Sciarrabba CS, Principi N. Inhaled Antibiotic Therapy for the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:14-19. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2016.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Rosazza
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Calogero Sathya Sciarrabba
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Menzel C, Jelkmann M, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Nasal drug delivery: Design of a novel mucoadhesive and in situ gelling polymer. Int J Pharm 2016; 517:196-202. [PMID: 27890621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a novel polymeric excipient for liquid nasal dosage forms exhibiting viscosity increasing properties, improved mucoadhesion and stability towards oxidation in solution. In order to achieve this goal, 2-mercaptonicotinic acid was first coupled to l-cysteine by disulfide exchange reaction and after purification directly attached to the polymeric backbone of xanthan gum by carbodiimide mediated amide bond formation. The resulting conjugate was characterized with respect to the amount of coupled ligand, the in situ gelling behavior, mucoadhesive properties and stability towards oxidation. Furthermore, the influence of preactivated polymers on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of porcine nasal epithelial cells was investigated. Results showed, that 252.52±20.54μmol of the ligand was attached per gram polymer. No free thiol groups could be detected on the polymeric backbone indicating entire preactivation. Rheological investigations of polymer mucus mixtures revealed a 1.7-fold and 2.5-fold enhanced mucoadhesion of entirely preactivated xanthan (Xan-Cys-MNA) compared to thiolated xanthan (Xan-Cys) and unmodified xanthan (Xan). Tensile force evaluation reported a 2.87 and 5.11-fold higher total work of adhesion (TWA) as well as a 1.63 and 2.41-fold higher maximum detachement force of Xan-Cys-MNA compared to Xan-Cys and Xan. In the presence of H2O2 as an oxidizing agent Xan-Cys-MNA showed unlike Xan-Cys no increase in viscosity, indicating high stability towards oxidation. Addition of CaCl2 to Xan-Cys-MNA solutions caused a decrease in viscosity at nevertheless higher total viscosity. Results from CBF studies proved nasal safety for the novel conjugate. According to these results, entirely preactivated thiolated xanthan gum seems to be a promising excipient for nasal dosage forms in order to improve drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Menzel
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Max Jelkmann
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Warnken ZN, Smyth HD, Watts AB, Weitman S, Kuhn JG, Williams RO. Formulation and device design to increase nose to brain drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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An assessment of the central disposition of intranasally administered insulin lispro in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy volunteers and beagle dogs. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 7:11-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kapoor M, Cloyd JC, Siegel RA. A review of intranasal formulations for the treatment of seizure emergencies. J Control Release 2016; 237:147-59. [PMID: 27397490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizure emergencies are life-threatening conditions, which in their most severe form, status epilepticus, have a high mortality rate if not quickly terminated. Treatment requires rapid delivery of anti-epileptics such as benzodiazepines to the brain. The nasal route is attractive due to its non-invasiveness, potential for direct nose to brain delivery, high vascularity, relatively large absorptive surface area, and avoidance of intestinal/liver metabolism. However, the limited volume of the nasal cavity and poor water solubility of anti-epileptics restrict absorption, leading to insufficient therapeutic brain levels. This review covers various formulation approaches adopted to improve nasal delivery of drugs, especially benzodiazepines, used to treat seizure emergencies. Other general topics such as nasal anatomy, challenges to nasal delivery, and drug/formulation considerations for nose to brain delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kapoor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James C Cloyd
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Rassu G, Soddu E, Cossu M, Gavini E, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Particulate formulations based on chitosan for nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ahmed TA, Aljaeid BM. Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:483-507. [PMID: 26869768 PMCID: PMC4734734 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polymers, particularly of the polysaccharide type, have been used pharmaceutically for the delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Chitosan, the second abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide next to cellulose, is a biocompatible and biodegradable mucoadhesive polymer that has been extensively used in the preparation of micro-as well as nanoparticles. The prepared particles have been exploited as a potential carrier for different therapeutic agents such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, DNA, and drugs for parenteral and nonparenteral administration. Therapeutic agent-loaded chitosan micro- or nanoparticles were found to be more stable, permeable, and bioactive. In this review, we are highlighting the different methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan micro- and nanoparticles, while reviewing the pharmaceutical applications of these particles in drug delivery. Moreover, the roles of chitosan derivatives and chitosan metal nanoparticles in drug delivery have been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bader M Aljaeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dalpiaz A, Fogagnolo M, Ferraro L, Capuzzo A, Pavan B, Rassu G, Salis A, Giunchedi P, Gavini E. Nasal chitosan microparticles target a zidovudine prodrug to brain HIV sanctuaries. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:146-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hasan A, Khattab A, Islam MA, Hweij KA, Zeitouny J, Waters R, Sayegh M, Hossain MM, Paul A. Injectable Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Repair after Myocardial Infarction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500122. [PMID: 27668147 PMCID: PMC5033116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue damage due to myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The available treatments of MI include pharmaceutical therapy, medical device implants, and organ transplants, all of which have severe limitations including high invasiveness, scarcity of donor organs, thrombosis or stenosis of devices, immune rejection, and prolonged hospitalization time. Injectable hydrogels have emerged as a promising solution for in situ cardiac tissue repair in infarcted hearts after MI. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic hydrogels for potential application as injectable hydrogels in cardiac tissue repair and regeneration is presented. The review starts with brief discussions about the pathology of MI, its current clinical treatments and their limitations, and the emergence of injectable hydrogels as a potential solution for post MI cardiac regeneration. It then summarizes various hydrogels, their compositions, structures and properties for potential application in post MI cardiac repair, and recent advancements in the application of injectable hydrogels in treatment of MI. Finally, the current challenges associated with the clinical application of injectable hydrogels to MI and their potential solutions are discussed to help guide the future research on injectable hydrogels for translational therapeutic applications in regeneration of cardiac tissue after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge MA 02139 USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA; Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture American University of Beirut Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Khattab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture American University of Beirut Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA; Laboratory for Nanoengineering and Drug Delivery Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Khaled Abou Hweij
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture American University of Beirut Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Joya Zeitouny
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture American University of Beirut Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Renae Waters
- BioIntel Research Laboratory Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Bioengineering Graduate Program School of Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | | | - Md Monowar Hossain
- Department of Medicine Lyell McEwin Hospital University of Adelaide South Australia 5112 Australia
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research Laboratory Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Bioengineering Graduate Program School of Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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Tlaxca JL, Ellis S, Remmele RL. Live attenuated and inactivated viral vaccine formulation and nasal delivery: potential and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:56-78. [PMID: 25312673 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective for the prevention of infectious diseases and have significantly reduced mortality and morbidity. Novel approaches are needed to develop safe and effective vaccines against disease. Major challenges in vaccine development include stability in a suitable dosage form and effective modes of delivery. Many live attenuated vaccines are capable of eliciting both humoral and cell mediated immune responses if physicochemically stable in an appropriate delivery vehicle. Knowing primary stresses that impart instability provides a general rationale for formulation development and mode of delivery. Since most pathogens enter the body through the mucosal route, live-attenuated vaccines have the advantage of mimicking natural immunization via non-invasive delivery. This presentation will examine aspects of formulation design, types of robust dosage forms to consider, effective routes of delivery (invasive and noninvasive), and distinctions between live attenuated or inactivated vaccines.
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Influence of Dosage Form, Formulation, and Delivery Device on Olfactory Deposition and Clearance: Enhancement of Nose-to-CNS Uptake. J Pharm Innov 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-015-9222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Karsdal MA, Riis BJ, Mehta N, Stern W, Arbit E, Christiansen C, Henriksen K. Lessons learned from the clinical development of oral peptides. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:720-32. [PMID: 25408230 PMCID: PMC4415709 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral delivery of peptides and proteins has been hampered by an array of obstacles. However, several promising novel oral delivery systems have been developed. This paper reviews the most advanced oral formulation technologies, and highlights key lessons and implications from studies undertaken to date with these oral formulations. Special interest is given to oral salmon calcitonin (CT), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, PYY-(3-36), recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH(1-31)-NH2) and PTH(1-34), by different technologies. The issues addressed include (i) interaction with water, (ii) interaction with food, (iii) diurnal variation, (iv) inter- and intra-subject variability, (v) correlation between efficacy and exposure and (vi) key deliverables of different technologies. These key lessons may aid research in the development of other oral formulations.
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73
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Current understanding of nasal morphology and physiology as a drug delivery target. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:4-15. [PMID: 25787863 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The nasal cavity is both a target for locally and systemically acting medications. An adequate treatment for rhinosinusitis continues to be an unmet need. With the recent approval of intranasal medications for the treatment of pain, the nasal cavity continues to be a viable route for rapid uptake into the systemic circulation. Despite the opportunities, there is still a void in the knowledge of how therapeutic entities interact with the nasal epithelium. In addition, new opportunities in mucosal immunity via nasal vaccination as well as the elusive nose to brain uptake continue to drive innovation. To facilitate understanding of the issues involved that facilitate drug delivery in the nose, a review of nasal morphology and physiology is presented.
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Rassu G, Soddu E, Cossu M, Brundu A, Cerri G, Marchetti N, Ferraro L, Regan RF, Giunchedi P, Gavini E, Dalpiaz A. Solid microparticles based on chitosan or methyl-β-cyclodextrin: a first formulative approach to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate. J Control Release 2015; 201:68-77. [PMID: 25620068 PMCID: PMC4330128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose the formulation and characterization of solid microparticles as nasal drug delivery systems able to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate (DFO), a neuroprotector unable to cross the blood brain barrier and inducing negative peripheral impacts. Spherical chitosan chloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrin microparticles loaded with DFO (DCH and MCD, respectively) were obtained by spray drying. Their volume-surface diameters ranged from 1.77 ± 0.06 μm (DCH) to 3.47 ± 0.05 μm (MCD); the aerodynamic diameters were about 1.1 μm and their drug content was about 30%. In comparison with DCH, MCD enhanced the in vitro DFO permeation across lipophilic membranes, similarly as shown by ex vivo permeation studies across porcine nasal mucosa. Moreover, MCD were able to promote the DFO permeation across monolayers of PC 12 cells (neuron-like), but like DCH, it did not modify the DFO permeation pattern across Caco-2 monolayers (epithelial-like). Nasal administration to rats of 200 μg DFO encapsulated in the microparticles resulted in its uptake into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with peak values ranging from 3.83 ± 0.68 μg/mL (DCH) to 14.37 ± 1.69 μg/mL (MCD) 30 min after insufflation of microparticles. No drug CSF uptake was detected after nasal administration of a DFO water solution. The DFO systemic absolute bioavailabilities obtained by DCH and MCD nasal administration were 6% and 15%, respectively. Chitosan chloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrins appear therefore suitable to formulate solid microparticles able to promote the nose to brain uptake of DFO and to limit its systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Soddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Cossu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brundu
- Department of Natural and Territorial Sciences, University of Sassari, via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Guido Cerri
- Department of Natural and Territorial Sciences, University of Sassari, via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Laube BL, Sharpless G, Vikani AR, Harrand V, Zinreich SJ, Sedberry K, Knaus D, Barry J, Papania M. Intranasal Deposition of Accuspray™ Aerosol in Anatomically Correct Models of 2-, 5-, and 12-Year-Old Children. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28:320-33. [PMID: 25679810 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, quantification of intranasal deposition of aerosol generated by Accuspray(™) (AS) in children has never been published. We hypothesized that deposition would vary significantly with age and with placement of the device within, or outside, of the nostril. METHODS We tested these hypotheses in anatomically-correct physical models based on CT scans of 2-, 5-, and 12-year-old children with normal, intranasal airways. Models included a removable anterior nose (AN) with exterior facial features and interior nasal vestibule and nasal valve area and a main nasal airway (MNA), subdivided into upper (superior turbinates and olfactory area), middle (middle turbinates), and lower (inferior turbinates and nasopharynx) thirds. Aerosol was generated from distilled water admixed with (99m)technetium pertechnetate and administered during static airflow by AS inserted inside the right nostril (eight runs/model), or outside the right nostril (six runs/model). Mean aerosol Dv(50) ± standard deviation was 67.8 ± 24.7 μm. Deposition was quantified by 2D gamma scintigraphy and expressed as percentage of the emitted dose. RESULTS When placed inside the nostril, mean (± standard deviation) deposition within the MNA was significantly less in the 2-year-old, compared to the 5- and 12-year-old, averaging 46.8 ± 33.8% (AN:55.4 ± 29.9%), 75.4 ± 26.7% (AN:23.3 ± 13.6%), and 72.1 ± 18.5% (AN:25.8 ± 18.5%), respectively (p<0.05). When placed outside the nostril, MNA was significantly less in the 2- and 5-year-old compared to the 12-year-old, with 1.4 ± 2.5% (AN:69.7 ± 40.7%), 7.4 ± 9.0% (AN:77.8 ± 32.8%), and 21.1 ± 29.1% (AN:29.2 ± 19.3%), respectively (p<0.05). Deposition in the MNA of all age models was highest when AS was placed inside the nostril (p<0.05). Deposition in the lower third was significantly increased for the 5- and 12-year-old and in the middle third of the 5-year-old when AS was placed inside the nostril. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that age and device placement play important roles in terms of intranasal deposition, when administering aerosol with Accuspray(™) to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Laube
- 1 The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gail Sharpless
- 1 The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ami R Vikani
- 2 The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Papania
- 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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76
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Hosny KM, Hassan AH. Intranasal in situ gel loaded with saquinavir mesylate nanosized microemulsion: Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Merkel OM, Rubinstein I, Kissel T. siRNA delivery to the lung: what's new? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:112-28. [PMID: 24907426 PMCID: PMC4160355 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been thought of as the general answer to many unmet medical needs. After the first success stories, it soon became obvious that short interfering RNA (siRNA) is not suitable for systemic administration due to its poor pharmacokinetics. Therefore local administration routes have been adopted for more successful in vivo RNAi. This paper reviews nucleic acid modifications, nanocarrier chemistry, animal models used in successful pulmonary siRNA delivery, as well as clinical translation approaches. We summarize what has been published recently and conclude with the potential problems that may still hamper the efficient clinical application of RNAi in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Thomas Kissel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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78
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Elmowafy E, Osman R, El-Shamy AEHA, Awad GAS. Nasal polysaccharides-glucose regulator microparticles: optimization, tolerability and antidiabetic activity in rats. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 108:257-65. [PMID: 24751272 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to load the post-prandial glucose regulator, repaglinide (REP), on spray dried mucoadhesive microparticles (MPs) comprising anionic polysaccharides. The formulation parameters of the polysaccharides-REP spray dried powders (SDP) namely, polysaccharide type and drug to polymer (D/P) ratio, were optimized for % release after 5 min (R%5 min) and time required for 80% release (T80%). The suitability of the selected formulae for nasal application was evaluated by ex vivo mucoadhesion, in vitro cytocompatability and tolerability studies. A pharmacodynamic study in diabetic rats was conducted. Results showed that both polysaccharide type and amount greatly influenced the chosen responses. REP was highly incorporated in mucoadhesive MPs with proven safety on the rat nasal mucosa. The selected REP loaded powders exhibited a significant two to threefold increase in total decrease in blood glucose compared to the nasal and intravenous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
| | - Abd El-Hameed A El-Shamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Gehanne A S Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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79
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Emanuel IA, Blaiss MS, Meltzer EO, Evans P, Connor A. Nasal deposition of ciclesonide nasal aerosol and mometasone aqueous nasal spray in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28:117-21. [PMID: 24598007 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory attributes of intranasal corticosteroids, such as rundown to the back of the throat, may influence patient treatment preferences. This study compares the nasal deposition and nasal retention of a radiolabeled solution of ciclesonide nasal aerosol (CIC-hydrofluoroalkane [HFA]) with a radiolabeled suspension of mometasone furoate monohydrate aqueous nasal spray (MFNS) in subjects with either perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) or seasonal AR. METHODS In this open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover scintigraphy study, 14 subjects with symptomatic AR received a single dose of radiolabeled 74-μg CIC-HFA (37 μg/spray, 1 spray/each nostril) via a nasal metered-dose inhaler or a single dose of radiolabeled 200-μg MFNS (50 μg/spray, 2 sprays/each nostril), with a minimum 5-day washout period between treatments. Initial deposition (2 minutes postdose) of radiolabeled CIC-HFA and MFNS in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and on nasal wipes, and retention of radioactivity in the nasal cavity and nasal run-out on nasal wipes at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes postdose were quantified with scintigraphy. RESULTS At 2 and 10 minutes postdose, deposition of radiolabeled CIC-HFA was significantly higher in the nasal cavity versus radiolabeled MFNS (99.42% versus 86.50% at 2 minutes, p = 0.0046; and 81.10% versus 54.31% at 10 minutes, p < 0.0001, respectively; p values unadjusted for multiplicity). Deposition of radioactivity on nasal wipes was significantly higher with MFNS versus CIC-HFA at all five time points, and posterior losses of radiolabeled formulation were significantly higher with MFNS at 6, 8, and 10 minutes postdose. CONCLUSION In this scintigraphic study, significantly higher nasal deposition and retention of radiolabeled aerosol CIC-HFA were observed versus radiolabeled aqueous MFNS in subjects with AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor A Emanuel
- San Francisco Ear, Nose, Throat & Allergy, San Francisco, California, USA
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80
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Le Guellec S, Le Pennec D, Gatier S, Leclerc L, Cabrera M, Pourchez J, Diot P, Reychler G, Pitance L, Durand M, Jamar F, Vecellio L. Validation of anatomical models to study aerosol deposition in human nasal cavities. Pharm Res 2013; 31:228-37. [PMID: 24065586 PMCID: PMC3889297 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Intranasal deposition of aerosols is often studied using in vitro nasal cavity models. However, the relevance of these models to predict in vivo human deposition has not been validated. This study compared in vivo nasal aerosol deposition and in vitro deposition in a human plastinated head model (NC1) and its replica constructed from CT-scan (NC2). Methods Two nebulizers (Atomisor Sonique® and Easynose®) were used to administer a 5.6 μm aerosol of 99mTc-DTPA to seven healthy volunteers and to the nasal models. Aerosol deposition was quantified by γ-scintigraphy in the nasal, upper nasal cavity and maxillary sinus (MS) regions. The distribution of aerosol deposition was determined along three nasal cavity axes (x, y and z). Results There was no significant difference regarding aerosol deposition between the volunteers and NC1. Aerosol deposition was significantly lower in NC2 than in volunteers regarding nasal region (p < 0.05) but was similar for the upper nasal cavity and MS regions. Mean aerosol distribution for NC1 came within the standard deviation (SD) of in vivo distribution, whereas that of NC2 was outside the in vivo SD for x and y axes. Conclusions In conclusion, nasal models can be used to predict aerosol deposition produced by nebulizers, but their performance depends on their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Le Guellec
- DTF-Aerodrug, Faculté de Médecine, Bâtiment M, 10 ter bd Tonnellé, F-37032, Tours, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Kolhe
- Pharmaceutical R&D-BioTx Pharmaceutical, Chesterfield, Missouri USA
| | - Mrinal Shah
- LifeCell Corporation, Bridgewater, New Jersey USA
| | - Nitin Rathore
- Drug Product Engineering, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California USA
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Hosny KM, Banjar ZM. The formulation of a nasal nanoemulsion zaleplon in situ gel for the treatment of insomnia. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1033-41. [PMID: 23795561 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.812069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zaleplon is a drug used for the treatment of insomnia and is available in tablet form; however, it has two major problems. First, the drug undergoes extensive first pass metabolism, resulting in only 30% bioavailability, and second, the drug has a poor aqueous solubility, which delays the onset of action. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to utilise nanotechnology to formulate zaleplon into a nasal in situ nanoemulsion gel (NEG) to provide a solution for the previously mentioned problems. METHODS The solubility of zaleplon in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants was estimated. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various nanoemulsion (NE) formulations were prepared; these formulations were subjected to visual characterisation, thermodynamic stability study and droplet size and conductivity measurements. Carbopol 934 was used as an in situ gelling agent. The gel strength, pH, gelation time, in vitro release and ex vivo nasal permeation were determined. The pharmacokinetic study of the NEG was carried out in rabbits. RESULTS Stable NEs were successfully developed with a droplet size range of 35 to 73 nm. A NEG composed of 15% Miglyol, 30% Labrasol and 10% PEG 200 successfully provided the maximum in vitro and ex vivo permeation and enhanced the bioavailability in the rabbits by eightfold, when compared with the marketed tablets. CONCLUSION The nasal NEG is a promising novel formula for zaleplon that has higher nasal tissue permeability and enhanced systemic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mohamed Hosny
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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83
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Guastella AJ, Hickie IB, McGuinness MM, Otis M, Woods EA, Disinger HM, Chan HK, Chen TF, Banati RB. Recommendations for the standardisation of oxytocin nasal administration and guidelines for its reporting in human research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:612-25. [PMID: 23265311 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies have reported on the salubrious effects of oxytocin nasal spray on social cognition and behavior in humans, across physiology (e.g., eye gaze, heart rate variability), social cognition (e.g., attention, memory, and appraisal), and behavior (e.g., trust, generosity). Findings suggest the potential of oxytocin nasal spray as a treatment for various psychopathologies, including autism and schizophrenia. There are, however, increasing reports of variability of response to oxytocin nasal spray between experiments and individuals. In this review, we provide a summary of factors that influence transmucosal nasal drug delivery, deposition, and their impact on bioavailability. These include variations in anatomy and resultant airflow dynamic, vascularisation, status of blood vessels, mode of spray application, gallenic formulation (including presence of uptake enhancers, control release formulation), and amount and method of administration. These key variables are generally poorly described and controlled in scientific reports, in spite of their potential to alter the course of treatment outcome studies. Based on this review, it should be of no surprise that differences emerge across individuals and experiments when nasal drug delivery methods are employed. We present recommendations for researchers to use when developing and administering the spray, and guidelines for reporting on peptide nasal spray studies in humans. We hope that these recommendations assist in establishing a scientific standard that can improve the rigor and subsequent reliability of reported effects of oxytocin nasal spray in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Guastella
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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84
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Pardeshi CV, Belgamwar VS. Direct nose to brain drug delivery via integrated nerve pathways bypassing the blood-brain barrier: an excellent platform for brain targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:957-72. [PMID: 23586809 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.790887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a stringent barrier for delivery of neurotherapeutics in vivo. An attempt to overcome this barrier is represented by the direct transport of drugs from the nose to the brain along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. These nerve pathways initiate in the nasal cavity at olfactory neuroepithelium and terminate in the brain. An enormous range of neurotherapeutics, both macromolecules and low molecular weight drugs, can be delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) via this route. AREAS COVERED Present review highlights the literature on the anatomy-physiology of the nasal cavity, pathways and mechanisms of neurotherapeutic transport across nasal epithelium and their biofate and various strategies to enhance direct nose to brain drug delivery. The authors also emphasize a variety of drug molecules and carrier systems delivered via this route for treating CNS disorders. Patents related to direct nose to brain drug delivery systems have also been listed. EXPERT OPINION Direct nose to brain drug delivery system is a practical, safe, non-invasive and convenient form of formulation strategy and could be viewed as an excellent alternative approach to conventional dosage forms. Existence of a direct transport route from the nasal cavity to the brain, bypassing the BBB, would offer an exciting mode of delivering neurotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakantsing Vijaysing Pardeshi
- R C Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Near Karwand Naka, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India.
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Shah SA, Dickens CJ, Ward DJ, Banaszek AA, George C, Horodnik W. Design of experiments to optimize an in vitro cast to predict human nasal drug deposition. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2013; 27:21-9. [PMID: 23461532 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2012.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed nasal spray in vitro tests cannot predict in vivo deposition, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics. This challenge makes it difficult to assess deposition achieved with new technologies delivering to the therapeutically beneficial posterior nasal cavity. In this study, we determined best parameters for using a regionally divided nasal cast to predict deposition. Our study used a model suspension and a design of experiments to produce repeatable deposition results that mimic nasal deposition patterns of nasal suspensions from the literature. METHODS The seven-section (the nozzle locator, nasal vestibule, front turbinate, rear turbinate, olfactory region, nasopharynx, and throat filter) nylon nasal cast was based on computed tomography images of healthy humans. It was coated with a glycerol/Brij-35 solution to mimic mucus. After assembling and orienting, airflow was applied and nasal spray containing a model suspension was sprayed. After disassembling the cast, drug depositing in each section was assayed by HPLC. The success criteria for optimal settings were based on nine in vivo studies in the literature. The design of experiments included exploratory and half factorial screening experiments to identify variables affecting deposition (angles, airflow, and airflow time), optimization experiments, and then repeatability and reproducibility experiments. RESULTS We found tilt angle and airflow time after actuation affected deposition the most. The optimized settings were flow rate of 16 L/min, postactuation flow time of 12 sec, a tilt angle of 23°, nozzle angles of 0°, and actuation speed of 5 cm/sec. Neither cast nor operator caused significant variation of results. CONCLUSION We determined cast parameters to produce results resembling suspension nasal sprays in the literature. The results were repeatable and unaffected by operator or cast. These nasal spray parameters could be used to assess deposition from new devices or formulations. For human deposition studies using radiolabeled formulations, this cast could show that radiolabel deposition represents drug deposition. Our methods could also be used to optimize settings for other casts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Shah
- 1 Respiratory Product Development, Merck Research Labs , Summit, NJ 07901
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Djupesland PG. Nasal drug delivery devices: characteristics and performance in a clinical perspective-a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2013; 3:42-62. [PMID: 23316447 PMCID: PMC3539067 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nasal delivery is the logical choice for topical treatment of local diseases in the nose and paranasal sinuses such as allergic and non-allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. The nose is also considered an attractive route for needle-free vaccination and for systemic drug delivery, especially when rapid absorption and effect are desired. In addition, nasal delivery may help address issues related to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation, and adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract and avoids the first-pass metabolism in the liver. However, when considering nasal delivery devices and mechanisms, it is important to keep in mind that the prime purpose of the nasal airway is to protect the delicate lungs from hazardous exposures, not to serve as a delivery route for drugs and vaccines. The narrow nasal valve and the complex convoluted nasal geometry with its dynamic cyclic physiological changes provide efficient filtration and conditioning of the inspired air, enhance olfaction, and optimize gas exchange and fluid retention during exhalation. However, the potential hurdles these functional features impose on efficient nasal drug delivery are often ignored. With this background, the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging nasal delivery devices and dispersion technologies are reviewed with focus on their clinical performance. The role and limitations of the in vitro testing in the FDA guidance for nasal spray pumps and pressurized aerosols (pressurized metered-dose inhalers) with local action are discussed. Moreover, the predictive value and clinical utility of nasal cast studies and computer simulations of nasal airflow and deposition with computer fluid dynamics software are briefly discussed. New and emerging delivery technologies and devices with emphasis on Bi-Directional™ delivery, a novel concept for nasal delivery that can be adapted to a variety of dispersion technologies, are described in more depth.
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87
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Gavini E, Rassu G, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Alhalaweh A, Velaga S, Marchetti N, Bandiera P, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Influence of polymeric microcarriers on the in vivo intranasal uptake of an anti-migraine drug for brain targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 83:174-83. [PMID: 23153670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polymeric microcarriers on the in vivo intranasal uptake of an anti-migraine drug for brain targeting. Mucoadhesive powder formulations consisted of antimigraine drug, zolmitriptan, and chitosans (various molecular weights and types) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Their suitability for nasal administration was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo mucoadhesion and permeation tests. The formulations based on chitosan glutamate (CG) or HPMC were tested in vivo because they showed good mucoadhesive properties and altered the permeation rate of the drug. The in vivo results from intravenous infusion and nasal aqueous suspension of the drug or nasal particulate powders were compared. The plasmatic AUC values obtained within 8h following intravenous administration appeared about three times higher than those obtained by nasal administration, independent of the formulations. Zolmitriptan concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from nasal and intravenous administrations were, respectively, 30 and 90 times lower than the concentrations of the drug in the blood. Thus, nasal administration potentiated the central zolmitriptan activity, allowing a reduction in the drug peripheral levels, with respect to the intravenous administration. Among nasally administered formulations, CG microparticles showed the highest efficacy in promoting the central uptake of zolmitriptan within 1h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Sitaram Velaga
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | | | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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88
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Rose MA, Zielen S, Baumann U. Mucosal immunity and nasal influenza vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:595-607. [PMID: 22827245 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza remains a threat to public health, with immunization being a suitable method of infection prevention and control. Our understanding of the immunological regulations at the mucosa, antigen processing and presentation, and B-cell activation has improved, enabling research and targeted induction of immune responses at the site of antigen delivery. Nasal influenza immunization has distinct features compared with intramuscular vaccines, providing protection at the pathogen's entry site, higher levels of mucosal antibodies, cross-protection and needle-free application. This review summarizes our knowledge about mucosal immunity and the experience from clinical trials on the impact and safety of nasal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Rose
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis, Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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89
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Chaturvedi M, Kumar M, Pathak K. A review on mucoadhesive polymer used in nasal drug delivery system. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 2:215-22. [PMID: 22247888 PMCID: PMC3255357 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.90876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This update review is on mucoadhesive polymers used in nasal dosage forms. The nasal mucosa provides a potentially good route for systemic drug delivery. One of the most important features of the nasal route is that it avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby reducing metabolism. The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery systems has gained to promote dosage form residence time in the nasal cavity as well as improving intimacy of contact with absorptive membranes of the biological system. The various new technology uses in development of nasal drug delivery dosage forms are discussed. The various dosage forms are vesicular carriers (liposome, noisome), nanostructured particles, prodrugs, in situ gelling system with special attention to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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90
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Buttini F, Colombo P, Rossi A, Sonvico F, Colombo G. Particles and powders: Tools of innovation for non-invasive drug administration. J Control Release 2012; 161:693-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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91
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Pisal PB, Patil SS, Pokharkar VB. Rheological investigation and its correlation with permeability coefficient of drug loaded carbopol gel: influence of absorption enhancers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:593-9. [PMID: 22663597 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.692377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The present study was planned to investigate the effect of absorption enhancers on the microstructure of Losartan potassium gel and hence its influence on the diffusion of Losartan potassium across nasal mucosa. METHOD Losartan potassium loaded carbopol gel (1% w/v) with and without absorption enhancers was prepared. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and ethanol were used as absorption enhancers. Microstructural elucidation of prepared gels was done using shear rheology. Ex vivo drug release studies were performed on the prepared gels. RESULTS It was observed that the absorption enhancers PEG 4000 and ethanol altered the gel microstructure. The prepared gels were viscoelastic in nature suggesting their suitability for topical application. Permeability coefficient of Losartan potassium loaded into gels was found to be inversely proportional to the storage modulus. Thus increase in storage modulus lead to slow drug diffusion. CONCLUSION The current study emphasizes on the fact that selection of polymeric carrier for nasal drug delivery and/or absorption enhancer strongly influence the microstructure of the gel and hence the pharmaceutical performance of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant B Pisal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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92
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Ozsoy Y, Güngör S. Nasal route: an alternative approach for antiemetic drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 8:1439-53. [PMID: 22004793 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.607437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiemetic drugs are used in the treatment of nausea and emesis. Development of novel delivery systems for antiemetic drugs, as an alternative to conventional preparations, is important in terms of good patient compliance and improving bioavailability. The nasal route offers unique superiorities, such as fast and high drug absorption, and high patient compliance. Therefore, a considerable amount of research has been carried out on the development of nasal delivery systems for antiemetic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review deals with the importance of nasal delivery of antiemetic drugs and the studies performed on this subject. The first part of this review summarizes the properties of the nasal route, its advantages and limitations, parameters affecting drug absorption through nasal mucosa, nasal passage pathways and general approaches to improve nasal transport. The second part reviews the studies conducted on the development of nasal delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION Due to its superiorities, the nasal route could be considered as an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. To overcome the barrier properties of the nasal epithelium and to enhance transport of antiemetic drugs, several approaches, including permeation enhancers, in situ gel formulations and micro- and nanoparticulate systems, have been evaluated. The results obtained are promising and indicate that nasal formulations of some antiemetic drugs may enter the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Ozsoy
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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93
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Bahadur S, Pathak K. Physicochemical and physiological considerations for efficient nose-to-brain targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:19-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.636801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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94
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Colombo G, Lorenzini L, Zironi E, Galligioni V, Sonvico F, Balducci AG, Pagliuca G, Giuliani A, Calzà L, Scagliarini A. Brain distribution of ribavirin after intranasal administration. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:408-14. [PMID: 22001322 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin has proved to be effective in vitro against several RNA viruses responsible for encephalitis in humans and animals. However, the in vivo efficacy towards the cerebral viral load seems to be limited by the blood-brain barrier. Since the nose-to-brain pathway has been indicated for delivering drugs to the brain, we investigated here the distribution of ribavirin in the central nervous system (CNS) after intranasal administration. We first tested in vitro ribavirin diffusion from an aqueous solution across a biological membrane, using Franz cells and rabbit nasal mucosa. About 35% of ribavirin permeated in 4 h across the mucosa, after reaching steady-state flux in less than 30 min. In the first in vivo experiment, ribavirin aqueous solution was administered intranasally to Sprague Dawley rats (10 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed at 10, 20 or 30 min after administration to collect brain areas (cerebellum, olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus) and biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid and plasma). Ribavirin, quantified by LC-MS/MS spectrometry, was detected at each time point in all compartments with the highest concentration in olfactory bulb and decreasing in rostro-caudal direction. Two subsequent in vivo experiments compared the nasal route (ribavirin solution) with the intravenous one and the nasal administration of ribavirin solution with ribavirin powder (10 mg/kg). It was found that 20 min after administration, ribavirin concentration in olfactory bulb was similar after intravenous or nasal administration of the ribavirin solution, whereas the powder led to significantly higher levels. Ribavirin was also present in deeper compartments, such as basal ganglia and hippocampus. Even if the mechanisms involved in ribavirin nose-to-brain transport are not clear, these results suggest a rapid extracellular diffusive flux from the nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb and different CNS areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
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95
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Pomázi A, Ambrus R, Sipos P, Szabó-Révész P. Analysis of co-spray-dried meloxicam-mannitol systems containing crystalline microcomposites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:183-90. [PMID: 21652159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal size, form, wettability and rate of dissolution of a drug are factors limiting its nasal or pulmonary administration. The aim of this work was to achieve an ideal crystal habit, good wettability and the rapid release of meloxicam (MEL), a poorly water-soluble non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The structures of MEL and the carrier-based systems were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The particle size and morphology were investigated by laser diffraction and SEM analyses. The novelty of this work was the use of a co-spray-drying technique, which resulted in mannitol-based crystalline microcomposites (1-6 μm) containing MEL microcrystals (1-5 μm). The particle size and form of the MEL microcrystals were adjusted by a top-down method. The presence of mannitol (with a MEL:mannitol mass ratio of 1:1) with additives ensured the homogeneous distribution of MEL in the microcomposites with good wettability and rapid release (100% MEL within 5 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Pomázi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Eötvös 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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96
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Alsarra IA, Hamed AY, Alanazi FK, Neau SH. Rheological and mucoadhesive characterization of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels designed for nasal mucosal drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:573-82. [PMID: 21544722 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogels were crosslinked by gamma irradiation to add structure and rigidity, and then rheological and mucoadhesive properties were evaluated. The effects of PVP concentration, radiation dose, and additives, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and glycerol, on rheological properties were investigated. In an oscillatory analysis, an increase in polymer concentrations increased the storage modulus (G') and the loss modulus (G″) but decreased the loss tangent (tan δ < 1). The relationships between G'or G″ and the frequency levelled off at higher frequencies, which is indicative of polymer chain entanglement and network formation. Each of the 6% PVP hydrogels exhibited plastic flow with rheopectic behavior. PVP concentration, radiation dose, and the presence of PEG or glycerol influenced the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of the hydrogels. However, adding acyclovir to the formulation did not have a profound effect on the rheological behavior of the hydrogels. The results suggest that a 3% PVP hydrogel with 1% PEG crosslinked with 20 kGy is the most appropriate hydrogel. The results demonstrated the successful complementary application of oscillatory and flow rheometry to characterize and develop a hydrogel for mucosal drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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97
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Effect of formulation- and administration-related variables on deposition pattern of nasal spray pumps evaluated using a nasal cast. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1895-904. [PMID: 21499839 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the effect of formulation- and administration-related variables on nasal spray deposition using a nasal cast. METHODS Deposition pattern was assessed by uniformly coating a transparent nose model with Sar-Gel®, which changes from white to purple on contact with water. Sprays were subsequently discharged into the cast, which was then digitally photographed. Images were quantified using Adobe® Photoshop. The effects of formulation viscosity (which influences droplet size), simulated administration techniques (head orientation, spray administration angle, spray nozzle insertion depth), spray pump design and metering volume on nasal deposition pattern were investigated. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the deposition area associated with sprays of increasing viscosity. This appeared to be mediated by an increase in droplet size and a narrowing of the spray plume. Administration techniques and nasal spray pump design also had a significant effect on the deposition pattern. CONCLUSIONS This simple color-based method provides quantitative estimates of the effects that different formulation and administration variables may have on the nasal deposition area, and provides a rational basis on which manufacturers of nasal sprays can base their patient instructions or post approval changes when it is impractical to optimize these using a clinical study.
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98
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Amorij JP, Hinrichs WL, Frijlink HW, Wilschut JC, Huckriede A. Needle-free influenza vaccination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:699-711. [PMID: 20883966 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the cornerstone of influenza control in epidemic and pandemic situations. Influenza vaccines are typically given by intramuscular injection. However, needle-free vaccinations could offer several distinct advantages over intramuscular injections: they are pain-free, easier to distribute, and easier to give to patients, and their use could reduce vaccination costs. Moreover, vaccine delivery via the respiratory tract, alimentary tract, or skin might elicit mucosal immune responses at the site of virus entry and better cellular immunity, thus improving effectiveness. Although various needle-free vaccination methods for influenza have shown preclinical promise, few have progressed to clinical trials-only live attenuated intranasal vaccines have received approval, and only in some countries. Further clinical investigation is needed to help realise the potential of needle-free vaccination for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Gröningen, Netherlands
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99
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Makidon PE, Nigavekar SS, Bielinska AU, Mank N, Shetty AM, Suman J, Knowlton J, Myc A, Rook T, Baker JR. Characterization of stability and nasal delivery systems for immunization with nanoemulsion-based vaccines. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:77-89. [PMID: 19778268 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, could be preventable through vaccination. The effort to produce safe, thermally stable, and needle-free mucosal vaccines has become increasingly important for global health considerations. We have previously demonstrated that a thermally stable nanoemulsion, a mucosal adjuvant for needle-free nasal immunization, is safe and induces protective immunity with a variety of antigens, including recombinant protein. The successful use of nanoemulsion-based vaccines, however, poses numerous challenges. Among the challenges is optimization of the formulation to maintain thermal stability and potency and another is accuracy and efficiency of dispensing the vaccines to the nasal mucosa in the anterior and turbinate region of the nasal cavity or potentially to the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue. METHODS We have examined the effects of different diluents [phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.9% NaCl] on the stability and potency of nanoemulsion-based vaccines. In addition, we have determined the efficiency of delivering them using commercially available nasal spray devices (Pfeiffer SAP-62602 multidose pump and the BD Hypak SCF 0.5 ml unit dose Accuspray(TM)). RESULTS We report the stability and potency of PBS-diluted ovalbumin-nanomeulsion mixtures for up to 8 months and NaCl-diluted mixtures up to 6 months when stored at room temperature. Significant differences in spray characteristics including droplet size, spray angle, plume width, and ovality ratios were observed between the two pumps. Further, we have demonstrated that the nanoemulsion-based vaccines are not physically or chemically altered and retain potency following actuation with nasal spray devices. Using either device, the measured spray characteristics suggest deposition of nanoemulsion-based vaccines in inductive tissues located in the anterior region of the nasal cavity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that nanoemulsion-based vaccines do not require specially engineered delivery devices and support their potential use as nasopharyngeal vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Makidon
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5648, USA.
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Luppi B, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Zecchi V. Chitosan-based hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: from inserts to nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:811-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.495981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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