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Identification of superior Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume germplasm for future true cinnamon breeding in the world. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Influence of Citrus Flavor Addition in Brewing Process: Characterization of the Volatile and Non-Volatile Profile to Prevent Frauds and Adulterations. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the flavored beer market has increased significantly. In particular, consumers showed a growing interest in citrus-flavored beers. Citrus fruits contain, among other class of compounds, terpenes and terpenoids and oxygenated heterocyclic compounds. The absence of a specific legislation concerning beer flavored production and ingredients reported on the labels makes these beers subject to possible adulterations. Solid phase micro extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of the volatile profile together with the characterization of the oxygen heterocyclic compounds through high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) demonstrated to be a powerful analytical strategy for quality control. In this study, we combined the volatile and non-volatile profiles of “citrus flavored mainstream beers”, in order to evaluate the authenticity and determine markers to prevent food frauds. The changes in the aroma composition of the unflavored types after the addition of peel, or citrus essential oil were also evaluated. The linear retention index (LRI) system was used for both techniques; in particular, its application in liquid chromatography is still limited and represents a novelty. The coupling of the high sensitivity of the HPLC MS/MS method with the LRI system, it has made possible for the first time a reliable identification and an accurate quantification of furocoumarins in citrus-flavored beers.
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53
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Kieslich D, Christoffers J. Formation of δ-Lactones by Cyanide Catalyzed Rearrangement of α-Hydroxy-β-oxoesters. Org Lett 2021; 23:953-957. [PMID: 33464092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
δ-Valerolactone derivatives are formed by cyanide-catalyzed ring-transformation of cyclic α-hydroxy-β-oxoesters. This unprecedented reaction defines a new synthetic methodology, and the products are obtained in up to quantitative yields. Several alkyl substitutions as well as different ester residues are tolerated. Furthermore, benzo- and heteroarene-annulated starting materials are converted without problems. As an additional benefit, the starting materials are straightforwardly accessed by cerium-catalyzed aerobic α-hydroxylation of readily available β-oxoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kieslich
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Amari NO, Razafimandimby B, Auberon F, Azoulay S, Fernandez X, Berkani A, Bouchara JP, Landreau A. Antifungal and Antiaging Evaluation of Aerial Part Extracts of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20987932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In western Algeria, Thymelaea hirsuta aerial parts are traditionally used topically for the treatment of human skin infections. For a better knowledge of its biological activities, this study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antifungal activity and antiaging properties of several extracts of the aerial parts by in vitro assays. Antifungal activity was investigated by using the reference microbroth dilution method (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) against the dermatophytes ( Microsporum audouinii, Nannizzia gypsea, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Trichophyton rubrum) and the yeast ( Candida albicans). Antiaging (inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyorazyl radical scavenging and tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activities) assays were performed in 96-well plates. All the extracts of T. hirsuta exhibited antifungal activity against M. audouinii, T. rubrum, and C. albicans, while no activity was found against N. gypsea and T. interdigitale. The highest activity was observed on M. audouinii for the aqueous leaf (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 8 µg/mL) and stem extracts (MIC = 31 µg/mL) and the methanolic leaf extract (MIC = 8 µg/mL). Additionally, some marked morphological alterations were observed on M. audouinii hyphae with all aqueous extracts. Concerning antiage bioassays, the major activity was found against hyaluronidase for the aqueous and methanolic extracts from leaves and the methanolic extract from flowers. Analysis of this last extract by high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance, allowed us to identify daphnoretin and daphnetin as major components of this extract, and, therefore, responsible for the antiaging activity. In conclusion, this study provides additional experimental data supporting the traditional use of T. hirsuta extracts on some cutaneous dermatophytosis, as well as new perspectives on the potential use of T. hirsuta to ensure better healing of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ouda Amari
- Department of Biology, Pharmacognosy and Api-Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Mostaganem University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Bienvenue Razafimandimby
- Department of Biology, Groupe d’Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Florence Auberon
- Department of Biology, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, France
| | - Stephane Azoulay
- Department of Biology, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Department of Biology, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, France
| | - Abdellah Berkani
- Department of Biology, Pharmacognosy and Api-Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Mostaganem University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Department of Biology, Groupe d’Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Anne Landreau
- Department of Biology, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, France
- Department of Biology, Faculté de Santé, Université d’Angers, France
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56
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Di Stasi LC. Coumarin Derivatives in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020422. [PMID: 33467396 PMCID: PMC7830946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory process of the gut and categorized into Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both currently without definitive pharmacological treatment and cure. The unclear etiology of IBD is a limiting factor for the development of new drugs and explains the high frequency of refractory patients to current drugs, which are also related to various adverse effects, mainly after long-term use. Dissatisfaction with current therapies has promoted an increased interest in new pharmacological approaches using natural products. Coumarins comprise a large class of natural phenolic compounds found in fungi, bacteria, and plants. Coumarin and its derivatives have been reported as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, potentially useful as complementary therapy of the IBD. These compounds produce protective effects in intestinal inflammation through different mechanisms and signaling pathways, mainly modulating immune and inflammatory responses, and protecting against oxidative stress, a central factor for IBD development. In this review, we described the main coumarin derivatives reported as intestinal anti-inflammatory products and its available pharmacodynamic data that support the protective effects of these products in the acute and subchronic phase of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology (PhytoPharmaTech), Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Metabolic activation and deactivation of dietary-derived coumarin mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes in rat and human liver preparations. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:371-378. [PMID: 34334558 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dietary-derived coumarin is of clinical interest for its potential hepatotoxicity in humans because such toxicity is especially evident in rats. In this study, the oxidative metabolism of coumarin to active coumarin 3,4-epoxide (as judged by the formation rates of o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and excretable 7-hydroxycoumarin was investigated in liver fractions from rats and humans. In rat liver microsomes, the formation rate of o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (~6 pmol/min/mg microsomal protein) from coumarin at 10 μM was dependent on the presence of liver cytosolic fractions. Rat hepatocytes mediated similar formation rates of o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 7-hydroxycoumarin (~0.1 nmol/hr/106 cells) at 0.20-20 μM coumarin. Human hepatocytes mediated the biotransformation of coumarin to o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid at roughly similar rates to those of rat hepatocytes. In contrast, the formation rates of 7-hydroxycoumarin by human hepatocytes were around 10-fold higher at ~1 nmol/hr/106 cells. In the presence of human liver cytosolic fractions, the oxidative formation rate of o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was relatively high in cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2-rich human liver microsomes. The inhibitory effects of furafylline/α-naphthoflavone and 8-methoxypsoralen, P450 1A2 and 2A6 inhibitors, respectively, were seen on the rates of o-hydroxyphenylacetic and 7-hydroxylation formations, respectively, in pooled human liver microsomes. Human liver microsomes selectively inactivated for P450 1A2 and 2A6 showed low rates of o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 7-hydroxylation formation (~20-30% of control), respectively. Among the P450 isoforms tested, recombinant human P450 1A2 predominantly mediated o-hydroxyphenylacetic formation. These results suggested that the metabolic activation and deactivation of coumarin were mediated mainly by P450 1A2 and 2A6 enzymes, respectively. The metabolic oxidation of coumarin via 3,4-epoxidation forming o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid could inform individual human risk assessments of dietary-derived coumarin, for which hepatotoxicity is especially evident in rats.
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58
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Vo QV, Thi Hoa N, Mechler A. Another look at reactions of 4-hydroxycoumarin with hydroxyl radical in the environment: deprotonation and diffusion effects. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations suggest that chemical fate of the anticoagulant rodenticide 4-hydroxycoumarin in the environment is crucially dependent on deprotonation in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V. Vo
- The University of Danang – University of Technology and Education, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- The University of Danang – University of Technology and Education, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Bejaoui L, Brahmia A, Marzouki R, Dusek M, Eigner V, Serdaroğlu G, Kaya S, Bour ME, Hassen RB. Synthesis, crystal structure, hirshfeld surface analysis, spectroscopic, biological and first-principles studies of novel aminocoumarins. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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60
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Miura T, Kamiya Y, Hina S, Kobayashi Y, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. Metabolic profiles of coumarin in human plasma extrapolated from a rat data set with a simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:695-700. [PMID: 33132243 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a dietary-derived substance that is extensively metabolized by human liver to excretable 7-hydroxycoumarin. Although coumarin under daily dietary consumption is generally regarded as nontoxic, the substance is of toxicological and clinical interest because of its potential association with hepatotoxicity, which is especially evident in rats. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of coumarin were modeled after virtual oral administration in humans. The adjusted monitoring equivalents of coumarin, along with the biotransformation of coumarin to o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (via 3,4-epoxidation) based on reported plasma concentrations from rat studies, were scaled to human coumarin equivalents using known species allometric scaling factors. Using rat and human liver preparations, data on the rapid in vitro metabolic clearance for humans (~50-fold faster than in rats) were obtained for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. For human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, the metabolic ratios to o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 7-hydroxycoumarin were set at minor (0.1) and major (0.9) levels for the total disappearance of coumarin. The resulting modeled plasma concentration curves in humans generated by simple PBPK models were consistent with reported simulated coumarin maximum concentrations. These results provide basic information to simulate plasma levels of coumarin and its primary metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin or its secondary activated metabolite o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (via 3,4-epoxidation) resulting from dietary foodstuff consumption. Under the current assumptions, little toxicological impact of coumarin was evident in humans, thereby indicating the usefulness of forward dosimetry using PBPK modeling for human risk assessment.
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61
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Nelson P, Adimabua P, Wang A, Zou S, Shah NC. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Screening of Cinnamon Essential Oils. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1341-1349. [PMID: 32406267 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820931154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon essential oil is used in food flavoring, food preservation, and for complementary medicine. The most common types of cinnamon used in essential oils are true cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia). True cinnamon is commonly adulterated with cassia cinnamon because it is cheaper. However, cassia cinnamon contains higher concentrations of coumarin which has been shown to have adverse health effects. There is a need to develop simple, nondestructive, rapid screening methods for quality control and food authentication and to identify adulteration of cinnamon essential oil. Currently, the most common methods to screen for coumarin in cinnamon include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). However, these methods require time-consuming sample preparation and detection. Vibrational spectroscopy methods are emerging as a promising alternative for rapid, nondestructive screening for food safety applications. In this study, a rapid screening method has been developed to examine cinnamon essential oils using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The experimental spectra were compared to theoretical calculations using the DFT method BP86/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The limit of detection of coumarin was determined to be 1 × 10-6 M or 1.46 mg/L using SERS with colloid paste substrates. Furthermore, 1:16 dilutions of cinnamaldehyde and 1:8 dilutions of eugenol were detected using SERS which can help determine if the cinnamon essential oil was made from bark or from leaves. Seven commercially available cinnamon essential oils were also analyzed and compared to reference solutions. SERS was able to discriminate between essential oils primarily composed of cinnamaldehyde and those composed of eugenol. Furthermore, the SERS method detected peaks that are attributed to coumarin in two of the commercially available samples. To date, this is the first time SERS has been used to rapidly screen cinnamon essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nelson
- Chemistry Department, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL, USA
| | | | - Ankai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Shengli Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nilam C Shah
- Chemistry Department, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL, USA
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62
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Mono vs. Difunctional Coumarin as Photoinitiators in Photocomposite Synthesis and 3D Printing. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to investigate three coumarin derivatives (Coum1, Coum2, and Coum3), proposed as new photoinitiators of polymerization when combined with an additive, i.e., an iodonium salt, and used for the free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylate monomers under mild irradiation conditions. The different coumarin derivatives can also be employed in three component photoinitiating systems with a Iod/amine (ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB) or N-phenylglycine (NPG)) couple for FRP upon irradiation with an LED @ 405 nm. These compounds showed excellent photoinitiating abilities, and high polymerization rates and final conversions (FC) were obtained. The originality of this work relies on the comparison of the photoinitiating abilities of monofunctional (Coum1 and Coum2) vs. difunctional (Coum3) compounds. Coum3 is a combined structure of Coum1 and Coum2, leading to a sterically hindered chemical structure with a relatively high molecular weight. As a general rule, a high molecular weight should reduce the migration of initiating molecules and favor photochemical properties such as photobleaching of the final polymer. As attempted, from the efficiency point of view, Coum3 can initiate the FRP, but a low reactivity was observed compared to the monofunctional compound (Coum1 and Coum2). Indeed, to study the photochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds, different parameters were taken into account, e.g., the light absorption and emission properties, steady state photolysis, and fluorescence quenching. To examine these different points, several techniques were used including UV-visible spectroscopy, real-time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The photochemical mechanism involved in the polymerization process is also detailed. The best coumarins investigated in this work were used for laser writing (3D printing) experiments and also for photocomposite synthesis containing glass fibers.
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63
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Wang Y, Harrington PDB, Chen P. Metabolomic profiling and comparison of major cinnamon species using UHPLC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7669-7681. [PMID: 32875369 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabolomic profiles of four major species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, C. burmannii, C. loureiroi, and C. cassia) were investigated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Thirty-six metabolites were tentatively characterized, belonging to various compound groups such as phenolic glycosides, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, terpenes, alkaloids, and aldehydes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) on the HRMS data matrix resulted in a clear separation of the four cinnamon species. Coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, methoxycinnamaldehyde, cinnamoyl-methoxyphenyl acetate, proanthocyanidins, and other components varied among the four species. Such variations were used to develop a step-by-step strategy for differentiating the four cinnamon species based on their levels of pre-selected components. This study suggests a significant variation in the phytochemical compositions of different cinnamon species, which have a direct influence on cinnamon's health benefit potentials. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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64
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Garg SS, Gupta J, Sharma S, Sahu D. An insight into the therapeutic applications of coumarin compounds and their mechanisms of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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65
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Zhu C, Yan H, Zheng Y, Santos HO, Macit MS, Zhao K. Impact of Cinnamon Supplementation on cardiometabolic Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Complement Ther Med 2020; 53:102517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Armanino N, Charpentier J, Flachsmann F, Goeke A, Liniger M, Kraft P. Heiße Luft oder cooler Duft? Die Trends der letzten 20 Jahre in der Riechstoffchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Armanino
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Felix Flachsmann
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Andreas Goeke
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Marc Liniger
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Philip Kraft
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
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67
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Armanino N, Charpentier J, Flachsmann F, Goeke A, Liniger M, Kraft P. What's Hot, What's Not: The Trends of the Past 20 Years in the Chemistry of Odorants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16310-16344. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Armanino
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Felix Flachsmann
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Andreas Goeke
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Marc Liniger
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Philip Kraft
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
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68
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Küpeli Akkol E, Genç Y, Karpuz B, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Coumarins and Coumarin-Related Compounds in Pharmacotherapy of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071959. [PMID: 32707666 PMCID: PMC7409047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of disease-related deaths worldwide. Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit uncontrolled cell division processes for the treatment of various cancers, serious side effects of these drugs are a crucial disadvantage. In addition, multi-drug resistance is another important problem in anticancer treatment. Due to problems such as cytotoxicity and drug resistance, many investigations are being conducted to discover and develop effective anticancer drugs. In recent years, researchers have focused on the anticancer activity coumarins, due to their high biological activity and low toxicity. Coumarins are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia, and they also have the ability to counteract the side effects caused by radiotherapy. Both natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives draw attention due to their photochemotherapy and therapeutic applications in cancer. In this review, a compilation of various research reports on coumarins with anticancer activity and investigation and a review of structure-activity relationship studies on coumarin core are presented. Determination of important structural features around the coumarin core may help researchers to design and develop new analogues with a strong anticancer effect and reduce the potential side effects of existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (R.C.); Tel.: +90-312-2023185 (E.K.A); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
| | - Yasin Genç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Büşra Karpuz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8330507 Santiago, Chile;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (R.C.); Tel.: +90-312-2023185 (E.K.A); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
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69
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Gonçalves OH, Moreira TFM, de Oliveira A, Bracht L, Ineu RP, Leimann FV. Antioxidant Activity of Encapsulated Extracts and Bioactives from Natural Sources. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3847-3861. [PMID: 32634076 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200707131500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The low water solubility and low bioavailability of natural bioactive substances such as polyphenols and flavonoids, either in pure form or extracts, are a major concern in the pharmaceutical field and even on the food development sector. Although encapsulation has demonstrated success in addressing these drawbacks, it is important to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the encapsulated compounds. This article reviews the encapsulation of bioactive compounds from natural sources focusing their antioxidant activity after encapsulation. Attention is given to the methods and wall materials used, and the antioxidant activity methodologies (classical in vitro techniques such as DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and others, as well as in vivo/ex vivo tests to evaluate endogenous antioxidant enzymes or oxidative stress) applied to assess the antioxidant capacity are also comprehensively summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odinei H Gonçalves
- Post-graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourao, Parana, Brazil
| | - Thaysa F M Moreira
- Post-graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourao, Parana, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Oliveira
- Post-graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourao, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-270, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Ineu
- Post-graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourao, Parana, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Leimann
- Post-graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourao, Parana, Brazil
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70
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Cruz LF, Figueiredo GFD, Pedro LP, Amorin YM, Andrade JT, Passos TF, Rodrigues FF, Souza ILA, Gonçalves TPR, Dos Santos Lima LAR, Ferreira JMS, Araújo MGDF. Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarin. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110432. [PMID: 32768935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases are very common problems; available treatments are very limited and come with a range of side effects. Coumarins are an extensive class of phenolic compounds that can be found in plants, fungi and bacteria. The 7-hydroxycoumarin, also known as umbelliferone (UMB), is a compound that comes from coumarin and has been showing biological activities in other studies. As of this scenario, the present study was designed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity, mutagenic, antidiarrheal, anti-bacterial, and antiulcerogenic effects, and antioxidant capacity of UMB. An investigation was conducted through the hippocratic screening method and through histopathological analysis in animals to evaluate the effects of acute oral administration of a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of UMB. A micronucleus test on peripheral blood of Swiss mice, which were orally treated with three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), was conducted to evaluate mutagenic activities. The antiulcerogenic activity was accomplished through the ethanol-induced damage method. Antidiarrheal activities were tested for inducing diarrhea with castor oil and evaluating intestinal transit duration; additionally, the antimicrobial effect against some enteropathogenic bacteria was analyzed. Finally, the antioxidant capability was determined by the capacity of the UMB sample to kidnap the stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Of the evaluated doses, signs of toxicity after acute administration of the compound were not observed. UMB presented antiulcerogenic activity (100 and 200 mg/kg), which was explained because of its antioxidant capacity. A gastro protective effect was similar to the positive control, and the UMB was able to significantly reduce intestinal transit, and also diarrheal symptoms. Furthermore, UMB had an anti-bacterial effect with minimum inhibitory concentration fluctuating between 62.5 and 1000 μg/mL. Based on these findings, we can suggest that UMB has important biological activities in vivo and in vitro and is not toxic under the evaluated circumstances, which demonstrates its large potential for pharmacological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Geisa Fantini de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Paula Pedro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Yuri Martins Amorin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Jessica Tauany Andrade
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago Faustino Passos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fernandes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Israel Lucas Antunes Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaís Paula Rodrigues Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
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71
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Ribeiro M, de Sousa T, Poeta P, Bagulho AS, Igrejas G. Review of Structural Features and Binding Capacity of Polyphenols to Gluten Proteins and Peptides In Vitro: Relevance to Celiac Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060463. [PMID: 32485902 PMCID: PMC7346119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their beneficial effects on human health, particularly for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress. Nevertheless, they are also known to have an anti-nutritional effect in relation to protein metabolism. This effect is a consequence of its binding to digestive enzymes and/or protein substrates. Dietary gluten is the main trigger of celiac disease, a common immune-based disease of the small intestine and for which the only treatment available is the adherence to a gluten-free diet. Recent studies have addressed the use of dietary polyphenols to interact with gluten proteins and avoid its downstream deleterious effects, taking the advantage of the anti-nutritive nature of polyphenols by protein sequestering. Flavonoids, coumarins and tannins have shown the ability to form insoluble complexes with gluten proteins. One of the most promising molecules has been epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which through its binding to gliadins, was able to reduce gliadins digestibility and its ability to stimulate monolayer permeability and transepithelial transport of immunodominant peptides in cell models. This review focuses on the structural features and binding capacity of polyphenols to gluten proteins and peptides, and the prospects of developing an adjuvant therapy in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.R.); (T.d.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829-546 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.R.); (T.d.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829-546 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829-546 Caparica, Portugal;
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Bagulho
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Estrada Gil Vaz, Ap. 6, 7350-901 Elvas, Portugal;
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.R.); (T.d.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829-546 Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350-930
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72
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Lončar M, Jakovljević M, Šubarić D, Pavlić M, Buzjak Služek V, Cindrić I, Molnar M. Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination. Foods 2020; 9:E645. [PMID: 32443406 PMCID: PMC7278589 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarin is a natural product with aromatic and fragrant characteristics, widespread in the entire plant kingdom. It is found in different plant sources such as vegetables, spices, fruits, and medicinal plants including all parts of the plants-fruits, roots, stems and leaves. Coumarin is found in high concentrations in certain types of cinnamon, which is one of the most frequent sources for human exposure to this substance. However, human exposure to coumarin has not been strictly determined, since there are no systematic measurements of consumption of cinnamon-containing foods. The addition of pure coumarin to foods is not allowed, since large amounts of coumarin can be hepatotoxic. However, according to the new European aroma law, coumarin may be present in foods only naturally or as a flavoring obtained from natural raw materials (as is the case with cinnamon). In this paper, the overview of the current European regulations on coumarin levels in food is presented, along with the most common coumarin food sources, with a special emphasis on cinnamon-containing food. Human exposure to coumarins in food is also reviewed, as well as the methods for determination and separation of coumarin and its derivatives in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Lončar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (M.J.); (D.Š.)
| | - Martina Jakovljević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (M.J.); (D.Š.)
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (M.J.); (D.Š.)
| | - Martina Pavlić
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Vinkovačka cesta 63c, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.P.); (V.B.S.)
| | - Vlatka Buzjak Služek
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Vinkovačka cesta 63c, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.P.); (V.B.S.)
| | - Ines Cindrić
- Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Trg J. J. Strossmayera 9, 47000 Karlovac, Croatia;
| | - Maja Molnar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (M.J.); (D.Š.)
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Kim JH, Choi SM, Shreatha R, Jeong GS, Jeong TC, Lee S. Deoxyshikonin reversibly inhibits cytochrome P450 2B6. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:221-225. [PMID: 32364297 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyshikonin, a natural shikonin derivative, is the major component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and exhibits various pharmacological effects such as lymphangiogenetic, antibacterial, wound healing, and anticancer effects. To investigate the herb-drug interaction potential associated with deoxyshikonin, the inhibitory effects of deoxyshikonin on eight major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were examined using cocktail substrate-incubated human liver microsomes. Deoxyshikonin strongly inhibited CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation, with a Ki value of 3.5 μM, and the inhibition was confirmed using purified human CYP2B6. The inhibition was reversible because the inhibitory effect of deoxyshikonin was not dependent on the preincubation time. The results indicated that deoxyshikonin-induced drug-drug interaction should be considered when any herb containing deoxyshikonin is used for conventional medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Min Choi
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Riya Shreatha
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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74
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Szymborska-Sandhu I, Przybył JL, Pióro-Jabrucka E, Jędrzejuk A, Węglarz Z, Bączek K. Effect of Shading on Development, Yield and Quality of Bastard Balm Herb ( Melittis melissophyllum L.). Molecules 2020; 25:E2142. [PMID: 32375290 PMCID: PMC7248885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of Melittis melissophyllum shading on its development and accumulation of phenolics. Their content (verbascoside, apiin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, coumarin, 3,4-dihydroxycoumarin, o-coumaric acid 2-O-glucoside as well as o-coumaric, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and cichoric acid) was determined in the herb using HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the content of abovementioned flavonoids and phenolic acids was highest in plants grown under full sunlight. On the other hand, a higher content of coumarin was observed in shaded plants, especially after the seed-setting stage. A similar tendency was noted for the amount of chlorophyll a and b. The content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, the activity of polyphenol oxidase and catalase and the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts (measured using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) were found to be the highest in the plants grown in full sunlight. However, the plants grown in moderate (30%) shade were found to thrive best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymborska-Sandhu
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (J.L.P.); (E.P.-J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jarosław L. Przybył
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (J.L.P.); (E.P.-J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (J.L.P.); (E.P.-J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Agata Jędrzejuk
- Section of Ornamental Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zenon Węglarz
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (J.L.P.); (E.P.-J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Bączek
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (J.L.P.); (E.P.-J.); (Z.W.)
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75
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von Eyken A, Ramachandran S, Bayen S. Suspected-target screening for the assessment of plastic-related chemicals in honey. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kishino Y, Hasegawa T, Yamoto T, Mori K. Species differences in micronucleus induction of the clastogenic compounds associated with drug metabolic profile. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 44:701-709. [PMID: 31588061 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity profiles of drugs occasionally vary across species due to species difference in drug metabolic profile. To clarify the effect of species differences in the metabolic profile on micronucleus induction, we conducted an in vitro micronucleus test for seven clastogens (benzo[a]pyrene: BaP, cyclophosphamide monohydrate: CPA coumarin, diclofenac, piroxicam, lansoprazole, and chlorpheniramine) with rat, mouse, monkey, dog, or human liver S9. BaP, CPA, coumarin, diclofenac, piroxicam, and lansoprazole induced micronucleus formation with all species of S9s, whereas chlorpheniramine did not induce micronucleus formation in any of the S9s. BaP and CPA revealed remarkable species differences in micronucleus induction, whereas coumarin, diclofenac, piroxicam, and lansoprazole did not present any differences. Interestingly, the amounts of hydroxy-BaP-epoxides and phosphamide mustard, which might be associated with micronucleus induction by BaP and CPA, respectively, were correlated with the degree of micronucleus induction among the five species. In conclusion, the species difference in micronucleus induction by BaP and CPA was attributable to the differences in the metabolic profiles of these drugs among species. Our results indicate that it is crucial to understand the effect of species differences in the metabolic profile of drug candidates on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity potential and to predict their risk in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi Yamoto
- Product Information Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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77
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Zhang R, Wang P, Yu S, Wang H. Computational prediction methods to simulate structure and binding sites of coumarin with olfactory receptor 5P3. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 82:1199-1206. [PMID: 31959074 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1709313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor 5P3 is coded by OR5P3 gene in human OR5P3 and recognized as the receptor for coumarin present in 30% of fragrances and might adversely affect human health. OR5P3 are also associated with coumarin-related breast cancer development and acquired tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Previously various investigators noted that coumarin acts as a ligand for OR5P3 and binding of this molecule to OR5P3 leads to downstream changes in the olfactory bulb and central nervous system. However, the interaction between OR5P3 and its ligands at molecular level is not well understood. The aim of this study was to develop a computerized approach to simulate the binding process of coumarin to OR5P3 and determine the binding sites at a molecular level. It is conceivable that understanding this binding mechanism to a specific OR may aid in identification of receptors responsible olfaction and non-olfaction disorders such as breast cancer. The approach employed in this study may thus be utilized in future studies to simulate bind of specific chemicals to ORs and potentially have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Minority Speech and Language Information Processing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, China
| | - Shunbang Yu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, China
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Abstract
Most of the synthetic chemical transformation reactions involve the use of different organic solvents. Unfortunately, some of these toxic solvents are used in chemical laboratory, industry and have been considered a very serious problem for the health, safety of workers and environmental damage through pollution. The purpose of green chemistry is to provide a path that reduces or eliminates the use of such hazardous toxic solvents. Therefore, the key factor of the green synthetic approach is to utilize renewable materials, nontoxic chemical and to perform the reactions under solvent-free conditions. In this review, we have discussed most recent literature survey on applications of solvent-free techniques in organic synthesis which would offer a new opportunity to a researcher to overcome the problem of using environmental harmful solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainath Zangade
- Department of Chemistry Madhavrao Patil ACS College Palam Dist. Parbhani-431720 (M S), India
| | - Pravinkumar Patil
- Research Laboratory in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, N.E.S. Science College, Nanded-431605(M S), India
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Rietjens IM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Murray IJ, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Cinnamomum and Myroxylon-derived flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhao M, Zhao H, Deng J, Guo L, Wu B. Role of the CLOCK protein in liver detoxification. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4639-4652. [PMID: 31404943 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Whether and how circadian clock proteins regulate drug detoxification are not known. Here, we have assessed the effects of CLOCK (a core circadian clock protein) on drug metabolism and detoxification. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Regulation by CLOCK protein of drug-metabolizing enzymes was assessed using Clock knockout (Clock-/- ) mice and Hepa-1c1c7/AML-12 cells. The relative mRNA and protein levels were determined by qPCR and Western blotting respectively. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic experiments were performed with Clock-/- and wild-type mice after intraperitoneal injection of coumarin or cyclophosphamide. Transcriptional gene regulation was investigated using luciferase reporter, mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. KEY RESULTS Clock deletion disrupted hepatic diurnal expressions of a number of drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice. In particular, CYP2A4/5 expressions were markedly down-regulated, whereas CYP2B10 was up-regulated. Positive regulation of Cyp2a4/5 and negative regulation of Cyp2b10 by CLOCK were confirmed in Hepa-1c1c7 and AML-12 cells. Based on a combination of luciferase reporter, mobility shift, and ChIP assays, we found that CLOCK activated Cyp2a4/5 transcription via specific binding to E-box elements in promoter region and repressed Cyp2b10 transcription through REV-ERBα/β (two target genes of CLOCK and transcriptional repressors of Cyp2b10). Furthermore, Clock ablation sensitized mice to coumarin toxicity by down-regulating CYP2A4/5-mediated metabolism (a detoxification pathway) and to cyclophosphamide toxicity by up-regulating CYP2B10-mediated metabolism (generating the toxic metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CLOCK protein regulates metabolism by the cytochrome P450 family and drug detoxification. The findings improve our understanding of the crosstalk between circadian clock and drug detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Zhao
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangming Deng
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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81
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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82
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Jang JH, Park JE, Han JS. Scopoletin increases glucose uptake through activation of PI3K and AMPK signaling pathway and improves insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells. Nutr Res 2019; 74:52-61. [PMID: 31945607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in other studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of scopoletin, which is a type of coumarin family, on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells to test the hypothesis that scopoletin exerts an antidiabetic function on adipocytes. Scopoletin significantly increased glucose uptake, which was associated with increased expression of the plasma membrane glucose transporter type 4 (PM-GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This increase in PM-GLUT4 expression was promoted by phosphorylation of protein kinase B, activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and enhanced intracellular glucose uptake. Scopoletin also promoted phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and enhanced PM-GLUT4 expression. Scopoletin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was inhibited by treatment with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the AMPK inhibitor compound C. These results suggest that scopoletin has an antidiabetic effect by stimulating GLUT4 translocation to the PM through activation of the PI3K and AMPK pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, thereby upregulating glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Hyuk Jang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sook Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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83
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do Nascimento JS, Conceição JCS, de Oliveira Silva E. Biotransformation of Coumarins by Filamentous Fungi: An Alternative Way for Achievement of Bioactive Analogs. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180803094216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins are natural 1,2-benzopyrones, present in remarkable amounts as secondary metabolites in edible and medicinal plants. The low yield in the coumarins isolation from natural sources, along with the difficulties faced by the total synthesis, make them attractive for biotechnological studies. The current literature contains several reports on the biotransformation of coumarins by fungi, which can generate chemical analogs with high selectivity, using mild and eco-friendly conditions. Prompted by the enormous pharmacological interest in the coumarin-related compounds, their alimentary and chemical applications, this review covers the biotransformation of coumarins by filamentous fungi. The chemical structures of the analogs were presented and compared with those from the pattern structures. The main chemical reactions catalyzed the insertion of functional groups, and the impact on the biological activities caused by the chemical transformations were discussed. Several chemical reactions can be catalyzed by filamentous fungi in the coumarin scores, mainly lactone ring opening, C3-C4 reduction and hydroxylation. Chunninghamella sp. and Aspergillus sp. are the most common fungi used in these transformations. Concerning the substrates, the biotransformation of pyranocoumarins is a rarer process. Sometimes, the bioactivities were improved by the chemical modifications and coincidences with the mammalian metabolism were pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Carlos Silva Conceição
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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84
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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85
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Khan E, Biswas S, Mishra SK, Mishra R, Samanta S, Mishra A, Tawani A, Kumar A. Rationally designed small molecules targeting toxic CAG repeat RNA that causes Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAs). Biochimie 2019; 163:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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86
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Cao D, Liu Z, Verwilst P, Koo S, Jangjili P, Kim JS, Lin W. Coumarin-Based Small-Molecule Fluorescent Chemosensors. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10403-10519. [PMID: 31314507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins are a very large family of compounds containing the unique 2H-chromen-2-one motif, as it is known according to IUPAC nomenclature. Coumarin derivatives are widely found in nature, especially in plants and are constituents of several essential oils. Up to now, thousands of coumarin derivatives have been isolated from nature or produced by chemists. More recently, the coumarin platform has been widely adopted in the design of small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors because of its excellent biocompatibility, strong and stable fluorescence emission, and good structural flexibility. This scaffold has found wide applications in the development of fluorescent chemosensors in the fields of molecular recognition, molecular imaging, bioorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, as well as in the biology and medical science communities. This review focuses on the important progress of coumarin-based small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors during the period of 2012-2018. This comprehensive and critical review may facilitate the development of more powerful fluorescent chemosensors for broad and exciting applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duxia Cao
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | | | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning , Guangxi 530004 , P. R. China
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87
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Tao D, Wang Y, Bao XQ, Yang BB, Gao F, Wang L, Zhang D, Li L. Discovery of coumarin Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against monoamine oxidase B and neuroinflammation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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88
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Vázquez-Fresno R, Rosana ARR, Sajed T, Onookome-Okome T, Wishart NA, Wishart DS. Herbs and Spices- Biomarkers of Intake Based on Human Intervention Studies - A Systematic Review. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:18. [PMID: 31143299 PMCID: PMC6532192 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Culinary herbs and spices have been used as both food flavoring and food preservative agents for centuries. Moreover, due to their known and presumptive health benefits, herbs and spices have also been used in medical practices since ancient times. Some of the health effects attributed to herbs and spices include antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as potential protection against cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. While interest in herbs and spices as medicinal agents remains high and their use in foods continues to grow, there have been remarkably few studies that have attempted to track the dietary intake of herbs and spices and even fewer that have tried to find potential biomarkers of food intake (BFIs). The aim of the present review is to systematically survey the global literature on herbs and spices in an effort to identify and evaluate specific intake biomarkers for a representative set of common herbs and spices in humans. A total of 25 herbs and spices were initially chosen, including anise, basil, black pepper, caraway, chili pepper, cinnamon, clove, cumin, curcumin, dill, fennel, fenugreek, ginger, lemongrass, marjoram, nutmeg, oregano, parsley, peppermint and spearmint, rosemary, saffron, sage, tarragon, and thyme. However, only 17 of these herbs and spices had published, peer-reviewed studies describing potential biomarkers of intake. In many studies, the herb or spice of interest was administrated in the form of a capsule or extract and very few studies were performed with actual foods. A systematic assessment of the candidate biomarkers was also performed. Given the limitations in the experimental designs for many of the published studies, further work is needed to better evaluate the identified set of BFIs. Although the daily intake of herbs and spices is very low compared to most other foods, this important set of food seasoning agents should not be underestimated, especially given their potential benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vázquez-Fresno
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Albert Remus R Rosana
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Tanvir Sajed
- 2Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8 Canada
| | | | - Noah A Wishart
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada.,2Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8 Canada
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89
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90
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Coumarins and P450s, Studies Reported to-Date. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081620. [PMID: 31022888 PMCID: PMC6515222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are important phase I enzymes involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds mainly through mono-oxygenation reactions into more polar and easier to excrete species. In addition to their role in detoxification, they play important roles in the biosynthesis of endogenous compounds and the bioactivation of xenobiotics. Coumarins, phytochemicals abundant in food and commonly used in fragrances and cosmetics, have been shown to interact with P450 enzymes as substrates and/or inhibitors. In this review, these interactions and their significance in pharmacology and toxicology are discussed in detail.
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91
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Gautam RK, Chatterjee A, Seth D. Photophysics, rotational dynamics and fluorescence lifetime imaging study of coumarin dyes in deep eutectic solvent. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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92
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Ryu CS, Choi YJ, Nam HS, Jeon JS, Jung T, Park JE, Choi SJ, Lee K, Lee MY, Kim SK. Short-term regulation of the hepatic activities of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase by nose-only cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:182-189. [PMID: 30610934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effects of cigarette smoke on the regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes in male BALB/c mice exposed to nose-only cigarette smoke for 4 days. There were no significant increases in serum liver injury markers (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) or oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and glutathione disulfide/reduced glutathione) following cigarette smoke exposure, but malondialdehyde was elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of smoke-exposed mice. Additionally, the hepatic microsomal protein levels of Cyp1a and Cyp2b, and the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, pentoxyresorufin O-depenylase, and chlorzoxazone 6-hydrxylase, were elevated in smoke-exposed mice. Interestingly, the hepatic activities of GST toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and ethacrynic acid, but not cumene hydroperoxide were enhanced by cigarette smoke exposure, which was consistent with the increased expression levels of mu- and pi-class GSTs, but not alpha-class GSTs, observed in immunoblot analyses. These findings indicate that the short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke induces drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP1A, CYP2B, and mu/pi-class GSTs in the absence of hepatic injury and oxidative stress. Furthermore, smoking may alter hepatic drug metabolism, as well as the disposition and toxicity of xenobiotics, including some therapeutic drugs and cigarette smoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Su Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea.
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93
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Li C, Lo I, Hsueh Y, Chung Y, Wang S, Korinek M, Tsai Y, Cheng Y, Hwang T, Wang CCC, Chang F, Wu Y. Epigenetic Manipulation Induces the Production of Coumarin‐Type Secondary Metabolite from
Arthrobotrys foliicola. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Ying Li
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Southern CaliforniaSchool of Pharmacy Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - I‐Wen Lo
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ming Chung
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of MedicineMackay Medical College New Taipei City 252 Taiwan
| | - Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research CenterChang Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human EcologyChang Gung University of Science and Technology Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Yuan‐Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Tsong‐Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research CenterChang Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human EcologyChang Gung University of Science and Technology Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Department of AnesthesiologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Southern CaliforniaSchool of Pharmacy Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern CaliforniaCollege of Letters, Arts, and Sciences Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Fang‐Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Taipei 112 Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural ProductsCollege of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products & Drug DevelopmentKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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94
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Satpathi S, Sappati S, Das K, Hazra P. Structural characteristics requisite for the ligand-based selective detection of i-motif DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5392-5399. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been explored to detect i-motif DNA structures over its complementary GQ DNA based on the hemi-protonated cytosine–cytosine (C+–C) base pairing recognition. This approach also shows its versatility by detecting various i-motif DNA structures with different chain lengths, molecularity and sizes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Satpathi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune
- India
| | - Subrahmanyam Sappati
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune
- India
| | - Konoya Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune
- India
| | - Partha Hazra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune
- India
- Centre for Energy Science
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95
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McAdam K, Enos T, Goss C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Edwards S, Wright C, Porter A, Rodu B. Analysis of coumarin and angelica lactones in smokeless tobacco products. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30569337 PMCID: PMC6768314 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in health risks between different styles of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) have prompted interest in their relative levels of toxic chemicals. We report here the development of methods for the analysis of STPs for coumarin and for α-angelica lactone (α-AL), both of which have been included in various published lists of tobacco toxicants. We have also determined the concentrations of these lactones in commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the 2010 market share for all the major STP categories in these two countries: 65 products (plus two reference products) for coumarin and 66 commercial products for α-AL. For coumarin, methanol extracts of the STPs were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were, respectively, 100 and 30 ng coumarin/g of STP on a wet weight basis (WWB). Alpha-AL was determined via direct headspace GC/MS. The LOQ and LOD were 65 and 30 ng/g WWB respectively. Coumarin was detected In 3/33 Swedish snus, 5/13 US chewing tobaccos, 16/16 moist snuffs and 5/6 dry snuffs. Concentrations in those samples with quantifiable coumarin contents ranged from 186 to 1656 ng/g WWB. Concentrations of coumarin measured in this study were consistent with levels naturally found in tobacco. None of the STPs analysed would significantly contribute to coumarin exposure in consumers compared with dietary sources, and estimated exposure levels were 1000× lower than the European Food Safety Authority Tolerable Daily Intake. Hence the relevance of coumarin to the toxicity of STPs and its inclusion in the FDA's list of harmful and potentially harmful compounds list is questionable. Measurements of α-AL in these STPs found that the majority did not have quantifiable contents, however, for three STPs concentrations of α-AL were above the LOQ (116-140 ng/g WWB) and for four other STPs concentrations of α-AL could be estimated between the LOD and LOQ. Beta-angelica lactone was tentatively identified in three of the STPs but the levels could not be reliably quantified. The levels of α-AL in tobacco products are reported here for the first time, but the relevance of α-AL to the toxicity of STPs is also highly questionable given that it has GRAS status as a permitted food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Trevor Enos
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Carol Goss
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Harriet Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Arif Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Steve Edwards
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Christopher Wright
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | | | - Brad Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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97
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Deng J, Guo L, Wu B. Circadian Regulation of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1538-1545. [PMID: 30154104 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CYP2A6 (Cyp2a5 in mice) plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification of various drugs and chemicals. Here, we investigated a potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Ppar-γ) in circadian regulation of the Cyp2a5 enzyme. We first showed that Cyp2a5 mRNA and protein in mouse liver displayed robust circadian oscillations. Consistent with a circadian protein pattern, Cyp2a5-mediated 7-hydroxylation of coumarin was circadian time-dependent. Formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin was more extensive at a dosing time of Zeitgeber time 2 (ZT2) than that at ZT14. Interestingly, the nuclear receptor Ppar-γ was also a circadian gene. Circadian Ppar-γ protein level was strongly correlated with the Cyp2a5 mRNA level (r = 0.989). Furthermore, Ppar-γ activation (by a selective agonist, rosiglitazone) upregulated Cyp2a5 expression in Hepa-1c1c7 cells, whereas Ppar-γ knockdown downregulated Cyp2a5 expression. Also, Ppar-γ knockdown blunted the rhythmicity of Cyp2a5 mRNA in serum-shocked Hepa-1c1c7 cells. In addition, a combination of promoter truncation analysis, mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Ppar-γ directly bound to a PPAR response element (i.e., the -1418- to -1396-bp region) within Cyp2a5 promoter and activated the gene transcription. Taken together, Ppar-γ was a transcriptional activator of Cyp2a5, and its rhythmic expression contributed to circadian expression of Cyp2a5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangming Deng
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (J.D., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research (J.D., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (J.D., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research (J.D., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (J.D., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research (J.D., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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98
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Oketch-Rabah HA, Marles RJ, Brinckmann JA. Cinnamon and Cassia Nomenclature Confusion: A Challenge to the Applicability of Clinical Data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:435-445. [PMID: 29947417 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several Cinnamomum species' barks are generally labeled as cinnamon, although only Cinnamomum verum carries the common name of true cinnamon. Cassia, a common name for a related species, is rarely used on labels; instead, various cassia types may also be labeled "cinnamon." Confusion of true cinnamon and cassia spices in foods generally does not present a risk to health, except possibly at the highest intake levels. However, clinical studies with Cinnamomum investigational products have been published that inadequately describe or lack botanical identification information. The results of such studies are confounded by an inability to determine which species was responsible for the observed effects. Due to differences in the quality and composition of various Cinnamomum species, safety and efficacy data are not generalizable or transferable. Pharmacopeial monographs for characterizing the identity, composition, purity, quality, and strength of Cinnamomum investigational products should be applied to remove the ambiguity of cinnamon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J Marles
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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99
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Rody HVS, Gontijo DDC, Coelho VPDM, Ventrella MC, Pádua RMD, Fietto LG, Leite JPV. Mutagenic activity and chemical composition of phenolic-rich extracts of leaves from two species of Ficus medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:861-872. [PMID: 30036158 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1498420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant species from the Ficus genus are widely used as food, and in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agents, although some of these species are known to produce adverse effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the chemical composition as well as in vitro antioxidant and mutagenic activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves from F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula. Phytochemical screening using thin-layer chromatography identified 6 classes of secondary metabolites in the extracts. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the phenolic profile was determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by the DPPH radical assay and by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. Mutagenic activity was measured by the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test with 4 strains, in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Flavonoids, coumarins, and tannins were detected in both extracts, and 6 major derivatives were identified as flavone compounds. Antioxidant activities were demonstrated for both extracts, while F. obtusiuscula contained higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. Mutagenic activity of the TA97 strain without metabolic activation was observed for both tested extracts, as well as the TA102 strain with metabolic activation. In addition, the extract of F. adhatodifolia was shown to be mutagenic to the TA102 strain without metabolic activation. Evidence indicates that the use of teas obtained from these two plant extracts in folk medicine may raise concerns and needs further investigation as a result of potential pro-oxidant mutagenic effects in the absence or presence of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - Douglas da Costa Gontijo
- b Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Maia de Pádua
- b Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Luciano Gomes Fietto
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Viana Leite
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
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100
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Smith RL, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:618-646. [PMID: 30090611 PMCID: PMC6062396 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Smith
- Molecular Toxicology , Imperial College School of Medicine , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Centre , 983135 Nebraska Medical Centre , Omaha , NE 68198-3135 , USA
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Centre , 2445 Hirasawa , Hadano , Kanagawa 257-0015 , Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College of Science , Sir Alexander Fleming Building , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Centre and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Minnesota , Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building , 2231 6th St , SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 638B Robinson Research Building , 2200 Pierce Avenue , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Tuinlaan 5 , 6703 HE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
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