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Zhang Y, Li J, Meng Z, Zhu X, Gan H, Gu R, Wu Z, Zheng Y, Wei J, Dou G. A sharp, robust, and quantitative method by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of EAD for acute radiation syndrome and its application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:45-50. [PMID: 28445846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
17-Ethinyl-3,17-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (EAD) is an agent designed for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Given its vital role played in the prevention and mitigation of ARS, the development of a sharp, sensitive and robust liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to monitor the metabolism of EAD in vivo was crucial. A new method was constructed and validated for the determination of EAD with the internal standard of androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (5-AED). The blood samples were precipitated with methanol, centrifuged, from which the supernatant was separated on UPLC with C18 column and eluted in gradient with acetonitrile and Milli-Q water both containing 0.1% formic acid (FA). Quantification was performed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electro spray ionization (ESI) in multiple reactive monitoring (MRM) positive mode. A good linearity was obtained with R>0.99 for EAD within its calibration range from 5 to 1000ngmL-1 with a lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5ngmL-1. Inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision of three levels of quality control (QC) samples were within the range of 15%, while the LLOQ was within 20%. Samples were stable under the circumstances of the experiments. The method was simple, accurate and robust applied to determine the concentrations of EAD in Wistar rat after a single administration of EAD orally at the dose of 100mgkg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530000, China; Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Gan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruolan Gu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhuona Wu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jinbin Wei
- Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530000, China.
| | - Guifang Dou
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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52
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Palermo A, Botrè F, de la Torre X, Zamboni N. Non-targeted LC-MS based metabolomics analysis of the urinary steroidal profile. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:112-122. [PMID: 28351627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The urinary steroidal fraction has been extensively explored as non-invasive alternative to monitor pathological conditions as well as to unveil the illicit intake of pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport. However, the majority of previous approaches involved the a priori selection of potentially relevant target analytes. Here we describe the non-targeted analysis of the urinary steroidal profiles. The workflow includes minimal sample pretreatment and normalization according to the specific gravity of urine, a 20 min reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation hyphenated to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As initial validation, we analyzed a set of quality control urines spiked with glucurono- and sulfo-conjugated steroids at physiological ranges. We then applied the method for the analysis of samples collected after single transdermal administration of testosterone in hypogonadal men. The method allowed profiling of approximately three thousand metabolic features, including steroids of clinical and forensic relevance. It successfully identified metabolic pathways mostly responsible for groups clustering even in the context of high inter-individual variability and allowed the detection of currently unknown metabolic features correlating with testosterone administration. These outcomes set the stage for future studies aimed at implementing currently monitored urinary steroidal markers both in clinical and forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Palermo
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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53
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Pedersen M, Frandsen HL, Andersen JH. Optimised deconjugation of androgenic steroid conjugates in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:482-488. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1276637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pedersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik L. Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jens H. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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54
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Dhayat NA, Dick B, Frey BM, d'Uscio CH, Vogt B, Flück CE. Androgen biosynthesis during minipuberty favors the backdoor pathway over the classic pathway: Insights into enzyme activities and steroid fluxes in healthy infants during the first year of life from the urinary steroid metabolome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:312-322. [PMID: 27471148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The steroid profile changes dramatically from prenatal to postnatal life. Recently, a novel backdoor pathway for androgen biosynthesis has been discovered. However, its role remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated androgen production from birth to one year of life with a focus on minipuberty and on production of androgens through the backdoor pathway. Additionally, we assessed the development of the specific steroid enzyme activities in early life. To do so, we collected urine specimens from diapers in 43 healthy newborns (22 females) at 13 time points from birth to one year of age in an ambulatory setting, and performed in house GC-MS steroid profiling for 67 steroid metabolites. Data were analyzed for androgen production through the classic and backdoor pathway and calculations of diagnostic ratios for steroid enzyme activities were performed. Analysis revealed that during minipuberty androgen production is much higher in boys than in girls (e.g. androsterone (An)), originates largely from the testis (Anboys-Angirls), and uses predominantly the alternative backdoor pathway (An/Et; Δ5<Δ4 lyase activity). Modelling of steroid enzyme activities showed age-related effects for 21-, 11-, 17-hydroxylase and P450 oxidoreductase activities as well as 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase type 1/2 and 5α-reductase activities. Sex-related characteristics were found for 21-hydroxylase and 5α-reductase activities. Overall, our study shows that androgen biosynthesis during minipuberty favors the backdoor pathway over the classic pathway. Calculations of specific diagnostic ratios for enzyme activities seem to allow the diagnosis of specific steroid disorders from the urinary steroid metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte M Frey
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia H d'Uscio
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. claudia.d'
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital) and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15/C845, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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55
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Ma L, Yates SR, Ashworth D. Parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River: Determination, occurrence, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2657-2664. [PMID: 27061433 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of 13 parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River. With the exception of the synthetic hormones 17α-ethynylestradiol and mestranol, other compounds were detected at least twice at 10 representative sites, with the ubiquitous estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate as the dominant compounds quantified (0.24-6.37 ng/L and 0.49-9.25 ng/L, respectively). Sites near dairy farms exhibited high levels of conjugates, whereas those close to a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent outlet displayed relatively high concentrations of E1. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression revealed dairy farms and the STP as the 2 significant contamination sources, accounting for 69.9% and 31.1% of the total hormone burden, respectively. Risk assessment results suggested E1 and 17β-estradiol (E2) as the 2 hormones with the largest risks to aquatic organisms, and which combined, contributed >90% of the total estrogenicity. Most of the sites investigated showed that E1 and E2 posed a medium risk (0.1 < risk quotient < 1), whereas each induced a high risk (risk quotient >1) at sites severely impacted by the STP and dairy farms. These results suggest that river health would benefit from effective treatment of waste at the STP and dairy farms prior to discharge. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2657-2664. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Scott R Yates
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Daniel Ashworth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
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56
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5-α-reductase gene (SRD5A2) is associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in chemotherapy-treated testicular cancer survivors. Eur J Cancer 2016; 54:104-111. [PMID: 26751392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy-treated testicular cancer survivors are at risk for development of the metabolic syndrome, especially in case of decreased androgen levels. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding steroid 5-α-reductase type II (SRD5A2) are involved in altered androgen metabolism. We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs523349 (V89L) and rs9282858 (A49T) in SRD5A2 are associated with cardiometabolic status in testicular cancer survivors. METHODS In 173 chemotherapy-treated testicular cancer survivors, hormone levels and cardiometabolic status were evaluated cross-sectionally (median 5 years [range 3-20] after chemotherapy) and correlated with SNPs in SRD5A2. RESULTS The metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in survivors who were homozygous or heterozygous variant for SRD5A2 rs523349 compared to wild type (33% versus 19%, P = 0.032). In particular, patients with lower testosterone levels (<15 nmol/l) and a variant genotype showed a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (66.7%). Mean intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and urinary albumin excretion, both markers of vascular damage, were higher in the group of survivors homozygous or heterozygous variant for rs523349 (0.62 versus 0.57 mm, P = 0.026; 5.6 versus 3.1 mg/24 h, P = 0.017, respectively). No association was found between cardiometabolic status and SNP rs9282858 in SRD5A2. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome develops more frequently in testicular cancer survivors homozygous or heterozygous variant for SNP rs523349 in SRD5A2. Altered androgen sensitivity appears to be involved in the development of adverse metabolic and vascular changes in testicular cancer survivors and is a target for intervention.
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57
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Dhayat NA, Frey AC, Frey BM, d'Uscio CH, Vogt B, Rousson V, Dick B, Flück CE. Estimation of reference curves for the urinary steroid metabolome in the first year of life in healthy children: Tracing the complexity of human postnatal steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:226-36. [PMID: 26297192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Complex steroid disorders such as P450 oxidoreductase deficiency or apparent cortisone reductase deficiency may be recognized by steroid profiling using chromatographic mass spectrometric methods. These methods are highly specific and sensitive, and provide a complete spectrum of steroid metabolites in a single measurement of one sample which makes them superior to immunoassays. The steroid metabolome during the fetal-neonatal transition is characterized by (a) the metabolites of the fetal-placental unit at birth, (b) the fetal adrenal androgens until its involution 3-6 months postnatally, and (c) the steroid metabolites produced by the developing endocrine organs. All these developmental events change the steroid metabolome in an age- and sex-dependent manner during the first year of life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide normative values for the urinary steroid metabolome of healthy newborns at short time intervals in the first year of life. METHODS We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study to measure 67 urinary steroid metabolites in 21 male and 22 female term healthy newborn infants at 13 time-points from week 1 to week 49 of life. Urine samples were collected from newborn infants before discharge from hospital and from healthy infants at home. Steroid metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and steroid concentrations corrected for urinary creatinine excretion were calculated. RESULTS 61 steroids showed age and 15 steroids sex specificity. Highest urinary steroid concentrations were found in both sexes for progesterone derivatives, in particular 20α-DH-5α-DH-progesterone, and for highly polar 6α-hydroxylated glucocorticoids. The steroids peaked at week 3 and decreased by ∼80% at week 25 in both sexes. The decline of progestins, androgens and estrogens was more pronounced than of glucocorticoids whereas the excretion of corticosterone and its metabolites and of mineralocorticoids remained constant during the first year of life. CONCLUSION The urinary steroid profile changes dramatically during the first year of life and correlates with the physiologic developmental changes during the fetal-neonatal transition. Thus detailed normative data during this time period permit the use of steroid profiling as a powerful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea C Frey
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte M Frey
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia H d'Uscio
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. claudia.d'
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Valentin Rousson
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Biopôle 2, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital) and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Switzerland.
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58
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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59
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Haga-Yamanaka S, Ma L, Yu CR. Tuning properties and dynamic range of type 1 vomeronasal receptors. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:244. [PMID: 26236183 PMCID: PMC4501179 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) expresses chemosensory receptors that detect intra-species as well as inter-species cues. The vomeronasal neurons are thought to be highly selective in their responses. The tuning properties of individual receptors remain difficult to characterize due to the lack of a robust heterologous expression system. Here, we take a transgenic approach to ectopically express two type 1 vomeronasal receptors in the mouse VNO and characterize their responses to steroid compounds. We find that V1rj2 and V1rj3 are sensitive to two sulfated estrogens (SEs) and can be activated by a broad variety of sulfated and glucuronidated steroids at high concentrations. Individual neurons exhibit narrow range of concentration-dependent activation. Collectively, a neuronal population expressing the same receptor covers a wide dynamic range in their responses to SEs. These properties recapitulate the response profiles of endogenous neurons to SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Limei Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City, MO, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
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60
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Fabregat A, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Factors affecting urinary excretion of testosterone metabolites conjugated with cysteine. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Oscar J. Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
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61
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Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
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62
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Choi MH, Chung BC. Bringing GC-MS profiling of steroids into clinical applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:219-236. [PMID: 24965919 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of steroid biosynthesis and excretion are responsible for the development and prevention of endocrine disorders, such as metabolic syndromes, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to their biochemical roles in endocrine system, qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in various biological specimens is needed to elucidate their altered expression. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based steroid profiling can reveal the states of metabolites in biological systems and provide comprehensive insights by allowing comparisons between metabolites present in cells, tissues, or organisms. In addition, the activities of many enzymes related to steroid metabolism often lead to hormonal imbalances that have serious consequences, and which are responsible for the progress of hormone-dependent diseases. In contrast to immunoaffinity-based enzyme assays, MS-based methods are more reproducible in quantification. In particular, high-resolution gas chromatographic (GC) separation of steroids with similar chemical structures can be achieved to provide rapid and reproducible results with excellent purification. GC-MS profiling therefore has been widely used for steroid analysis, and offers the basis for techniques that can be applied to large-scale clinical studies. Recent advances in analytical technologies combined with inter-disciplinary strategies, such as physiology and bioinformatics, will help in understanding the biochemical roles of steroid hormones. Therefore, comprehensive analytical protocols in steroid analysis for different research purposes may contribute to the elucidation of complex metabolic processes relevant to steroid function in many endocrine disorders, and in the identification of diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho Choi
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
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63
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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64
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Dutov AA, Nikitin DA, Luk'ianova YL, Sverkunova AV, Martynova AV, Ermolina AV. [HPLC analysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in serum with use of solid-phase extraction on hyper cross-linked polystyrene (Purosep-200)]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2014; 60:651-654. [PMID: 25552504 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146006651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple HPLC method for analysis of the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-sulfate) in serum with use a new procedure of solid-phase extraction (SPE) on hyper cross-linked polystyrene (Purosep-200) and fast chromatographic separation on the monolithic column under isocratic elution and UV detection at 200 nm. Complete SPE procedure lasts for about 7 min, chromatographic separation takes less than 6 min. Simplicity and high reproducibility of this method makes it attractive in routine clinical practice.
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65
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Ke Y, Bertin J, Gonthier R, Simard JN, Labrie F. A sensitive, simple and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of seven androgen- and estrogen-related steroids in postmenopausal serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:523-34. [PMID: 25158021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroids were first analyzed by immunoassay-based methods followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS or GC-MS/MS) with derivatization techniques since steroids are neutral and do not ionize at a high level using the electrospray ionization technique. We now report a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of seven steroidal compounds, i.e., estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), testosterone (Testo), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (5-diol), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (4-dione). The system used is a UPLC-MS/MS (Qtrap 6500) system. With this method, the sample preparation is the combination of liquid-liquid extraction and a simple selective derivatization for only E1 and E2. This assay method is simple and practically eliminates potential contamination. Low quantification limits of 1pg/mL, 4pg/mL, 50pg/mL, 10pg/mL, 100pg/mL, 500pg/mL and 100pg/mL have been found, respectively for the steroids mentioned above. Without derivatization, DHT sensitivity can be as low as 4pg/mL with S/N≥5. A full validation has been performed for the seven compounds in compliance with GLP and FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method development and validation. Recovery of all seven compounds in unstripped serum is similar to that in stripped serum: 72.1-84.7% for E2, 83.6-94.5% for E1, 88.2-90.3% for Testo, 82.0-90.6% for DHT, 84.9-92.0% for 5-diol, 88.1-93.8% for DHEA and 86.2-90.3% for 4-dione, respectively. A good linearity is obtained with R>0.99 for each compound within its calibration range. Accuracies of all levels of QC are within the range of 15% for all seven compounds. The between day variation coefficients are 6.1-8.9% for the low limits of quantification of all seven compounds with 0.7-6.1% for higher levels of QCs for all seven compounds. All results of other test parameters similarly meet the acceptance criteria of EndoCeutics SOPs and FDA guidelines. By comparison of GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS data for six derivatized and nonderivatized free steroids, the present data show the crucial importance to use validated assays according to the FDA guidelines to increase specificity, precision and reliability of the absolute values associated with MS/MS-based assays. This method has already been applied to series of samples from clinical trials and is ready for wide clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bertin
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Renaud Gonthier
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Jean-Nicolas Simard
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada.
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66
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Haga-Yamanaka S, Ma L, He J, Qiu Q, Lavis LD, Looger LL, Yu CR. Integrated action of pheromone signals in promoting courtship behavior in male mice. eLife 2014; 3:e03025. [PMID: 25073926 PMCID: PMC4107909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian vomeronasal organ encodes pheromone information about gender, reproductive status, genetic background and individual differences. It remains unknown how pheromone information interacts to trigger innate behaviors. In this study, we identify vomeronasal receptors responsible for detecting female pheromones. A sub-group of V1re clade members recognizes gender-identifying cues in female urine. Multiple members of the V1rj clade are cognate receptors for urinary estrus signals, as well as for sulfated estrogen (SE) compounds. In both cases, the same cue activates multiple homologous receptors, suggesting redundancy in encoding female pheromone cues. Neither gender-specific cues nor SEs alone are sufficient to promote courtship behavior in male mice, whereas robust courtship behavior can be induced when the two cues are applied together. Thus, integrated action of different female cues is required in pheromone-triggered mating behavior. These results suggest a gating mechanism in the vomeronasal circuit in promoting specific innate behavior.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03025.001.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Limei Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jie He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - Loren L Looger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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67
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Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: frequency in children with precocious pubarche and in adolescent girls with menstrual disturbances and/or hirsutism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s100570050001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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68
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Casals G, Marcos J, Pozo OJ, Alcaraz J, Martínez de Osaba MJ, Jiménez W. Microwave-assisted derivatization: application to steroid profiling by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:8-13. [PMID: 24780701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains as the gold-standard technique for the study of the steroid metabolome. A main limitation is the need of performing a derivatization step since incubation with strong silylations agents for long periods of time (usually 16 h) is required for the derivatization of hindered hydroxyls present in some steroids of interest. In the present work, a rapid, simple and reproducible microwave-assisted derivatization method was developed. In the method, 36 steroids already treated with methoxyamine (2% in pyridine) were silylated with 50 μl of N-trimethylsilylimidazole by using microwave irradiation, and the formed methyloxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by GC-MS. Microwave power and derivatization time silylation conditions were optimized being the optimum conditions 600 W and 3 min respectively. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this technique, the urine steroid profiles for 20 healthy individuals were analyzed. The results of a comparison of microwave irradiation with the classical heating protocol showed similar derivatization yields, thus suggesting that microwave-assisted silylation is a valid tool for the rapid steroid metabolome study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregori Casals
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcaraz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
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69
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Obedkova EV, Kartsova LA, Kirsanov DO, Velikanova LI, Legin AV. Generation of characteristic profiles of steroid hormones by reversed-phase HPLC. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Investigation of endogenous corticosteroids profiles in human urine based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 812:92-104. [PMID: 24491769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The accurate and precise measurement of endogenous corticosteroids in urine is a powerful tool to understand the biochemical state in several diseases. In this study, a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of 67 endogenous gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids and progestins has been developed and validated. Sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric detection were optimized. Urine samples (0.5 mL) were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase and the released analytes were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was performed in 20 min after redisolution of the extract. MS behavior of endogenous corticosteroids was evaluated in order to select the most specific precursor ion ([M+H](+), [M+NH4](+), or [M+H-nH2O](+)) for the detection. MS/MS determination was performed under selected reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization in positive mode. The method was shown to be linear (r>0.99) in the range of endogenous concentrations for all studied metabolites. Limits of detection (LOD) below 1 ng mL(-1) were typically obtained for analytes with a 3-oxo-4-ene structure whereas LODs below 15 ng mL(-1) were common for the rest of analytes. Recoveries were higher than 80% and intra-assay precisions below 20%, evaluated at three concentration levels, were found for most steroids. No significant or moderate matrix effect, ranging from 54 to 155%, was observed for most of the analytes. The applicability of the method was confirmed by analyzing 24h urine samples collected from twenty healthy volunteers and comparing the results with previously established normal ranges. The wide coverage of corticosteroid metabolism, together with short analysis time, low sample volume, simple sample preparation, and satisfactory quantitative results make this method useful for clinical purposes.
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71
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Gomez C, Fabregat A, Pozo ÓJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Analytical strategies based on mass spectrometric techniques for the study of steroid metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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72
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Current status and bioanalytical challenges in the detection of unknown anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2661-77. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic effects. Doping control laboratories usually face the screening of AAS misuse by target methods based on MS detection. Although these methods allow for the sensitive and specific detection of targeted compounds and metabolites, the rest remain undetectable. This fact opens a door for cheaters, since different AAS can be synthesized in order to evade doping control tests. This situation was evidenced in 2003 with the discovery of the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone. One decade after this discovery, the detection of unknown AAS still remains one of the main analytical challenges in the doping control field. In this manuscript, the current situation in the detection of unknown AAS is reviewed. Although important steps have been made in order to minimize this analytical problem and different analytical strategies have been proposed, there are still some drawbacks related to each approach.
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73
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Christakudis G, Taylor NF. 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the neonate - trends in steroid anabolism and catabolism during the first weeks of life. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:334-47. [PMID: 23916492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase provides an in vivo model of intrauterine induction of enzymes participating in steroid anabolism and catabolism. Quantitative data for 93 steroid metabolites in urine from 111 patients and 7 controls (25 samples) were compared over the first six weeks of life. Net flux through the key anabolic enzymes was examined by comparison of the totals of steroids derived from the intermediates prior to and following each enzymatic step. Metabolic relationships were established on structural grounds and by Pearson correlation. The relative importance of each catabolic route was evaluated after summing metabolites classified according to their structure as fetal, neonatal, and classical (adult) type. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified the structure at C3-C5 as a key distinguishing feature of the major catabolic streams and demonstrated a split point in metabolic pattern in patients at 7 days. Changes with time in steroid metabolism, larger in patients than in controls, could be interpreted as reflecting increased cortisol demand post partum, the clinical onset of salt-wasting and a transition in catabolism from fetal to postnatal life. Faster involution of the fetal zone and pronounced enhancement of steroid production in zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa were indicated in patients. Predominant at birth were 'planar' fetal-type 5α-reduced metabolites, adapted to placental excretion, which gave way to additionally hydroxylated neonatal-type metabolites, facilitating renal excretion. Classical metabolism made gains over the study period. Overproduction of steroids in utero in 21-hydroxylase deficiency would have induced fetal catabolic pathways dependent on 5α-reduction. A progressive increase of steroids likely to arise from 5α-reductase type 2 activity, again more distinct in disease, was observed. We demonstrate that the key intermediates in the hypothetical 'backdoor' pathway of androgen synthesis are part of a broader catabolic network and should not be examined in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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74
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Gouveia MJ, Brindley PJ, Santos LL, da Costa JMC, Gomes P, Vale N. Mass spectrometry techniques in the survey of steroid metabolites as potential disease biomarkers: a review. Metabolism 2013; 62:1206-17. [PMID: 23664145 PMCID: PMC3755027 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric approaches have been fundamental to the identification of metabolites associated with steroid hormones, yet this topic has not been reviewed in depth in recent years. To this end, and given the increasing relevance of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) studies on steroid hormones and their metabolites, the present review addresses this subject. This review provides a timely summary of the use of various mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques during the evaluation of steroidal biomarkers in a range of human disease settings. The sensitivity and specificity of these technologies are clearly providing valuable new insights into breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. We aim to contribute to an enhanced understanding of steroid metabolism and how it can be profiled by LC-MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto
- INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences – Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Ross Hali, 20037 Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathology Research Group - IPO-Porto, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto
- INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author: CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal Tel.: +351 220402567; fax: + 351 220402563,
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75
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Behavior and adrenal activity in a group of zoo golden snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus roxellana, following social structure change. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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76
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. Steroids excreted in urine by neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 4. Characterization, using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, of 11oxo-pregnanes and 11oxo-pregnenes. Steroids 2013; 78:468-75. [PMID: 23454217 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, urinary metabolites of 21-deoxycortisol, mainly derived from its 11oxo form 21-deoxycortisone, are indicators of intra-adrenal overproduction of 17-hydroxyprogesterone. In affected neonates these metabolites are numerous and most have not been previously described. This work forms the concluding part of a comprehensive study of urinary steroids, aiming to enhance the diagnosis of this disorder and to further elucidate steroid metabolism in neonates. Cortisol metabolites found in untreated patients, similarly almost exclusively present in their 11oxo form in neonates, have been included for completeness. Steroids were analyzed, after extraction and enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis, as methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on gas-chromatographs coupled to quadrupole and ion-trap mass-spectrometers. GC-MS and GC-MS/MS spectra were used together to determine the structure of hitherto undescribed 11oxo-pregnane(enes). Few GC-MS features were associated with the presence of the non-derivatizeable 11oxo group in pregnane(ene)s. GC-MS/MS contributed only to the characterization of structures outside the C-ring, as described in the preceding parts of this study. Parallels were found between the metabolism of 21-deoxycortisone and cortisone. The major metabolic pathway was that of classical 3α,5β-reduction with a prominent further hydroxylation, predominantly at C6. Oxidation of the 6-hydroxyl was also common. We conclude that further oxygenated metabolites of 21-deoxycortisone have potential as more reliable markers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the early neonatal period, because their levels are higher during that period of life than for the classical marker 11oxo-pregnanetriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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77
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Mirick DK, Bhatti P, Chen C, Nordt F, Stanczyk FZ, Davis S. Night shift work and levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cortisol in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1079-87. [PMID: 23563887 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Night shift work is associated with cancer among men, but the biologic mechanism is unclear. We investigated whether male night shift workers showed changes in levels of melatonin and cortisol, potential biomarkers of cancer risk. METHODS Urine was collected from 185 night shift and 158 day shift-working male healthcare providers, aged 22 to 55 years, throughout work and sleep periods, and assayed for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cortisol. Morning serum was collected within 90 minutes of completing the night and assayed for cortisol. RESULTS Night shift workers had significantly lower 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels during daytime sleep, nighttime work, and nighttime sleep on off-nights (57%, 62%, and 40% lower, respectively), relative to the day shift workers during nighttime sleep (P < 0.0001); urinary cortisol in night shift workers was 16% higher during daytime sleep and 13% lower during nighttime sleep on off-nights (P < 0.05). Morning serum cortisol post-work and post-sleep in night shift workers were 24% and 43% lower, respectively, than post-sleep levels among day shift workers (P < 0.0001). Within-subject comparisons among the night shift workers revealed significantly lower melatonin levels and significantly higher urinary cortisol levels during daytime sleep and nighttime work, relative to nighttime sleep (P < 0.01); morning serum cortisol levels post-work were lower than those post-sleep. CONCLUSIONS Night shift workers have substantially lower 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during night work and daytime sleep, and levels remain low when night shift workers sleep at night. Chronic reduction in melatonin among night shift workers may be an important carcinogenic mechanism. Cortisol secretion patterns may be impacted by night shift work, which could affect cancer risk. IMPACT Shift work could be an important risk factor for many types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Mirick
- Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4-A830, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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78
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Casals G, Marcos J, Pozo ÓJ, Aguilera P, Herrero C, To-Figueras J. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of steroids in urine of patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:819-24. [PMID: 23499585 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease that results from a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase, the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway. AIP carriers may present acute neurovisceral attacks with hepatic overproduction of heme-precursors. In some patients, remission of the acute symptoms leads to long-term hepatic metabolic abnormalities. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to investigate urinary steroid metabolome of AIP patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Steroid profiling in urine was performed in a group of AIP patients with biochemically active disease (n=22) and healthy controls (n = 20). Five asymptomatic AIP family carriers were also studied. Commonly used ratios for the evaluation of disturbances in the steroid metabolism were calculated. RESULTS We found that etiocholanolone/androsterone and tetrahydrocortisol/5α-tetrahydrocortisol (THF/5α-THF) metabolic ratios were significantly increased in the urine of AIP patients compared to controls (2.3 ± 0.3 vs 0.8 ± 0.1; p < 0.001 and 2.9 ± 0.7 vs 0.9 ± 0.1; p < 0.01). The (THF+5α-THF)/tetrahydrocortisone ratio was reduced among the AIP patients (p < 0.01). Quantification of the steroid absolute concentrations showed that these variations were due to a decrease of the 5α metabolites. Other ratios, like cortisol/cortisone and 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol in the free steroid fraction did not show differences between patients and controls. All ratios were normal among the family carriers. CONCLUSION A significant number of AIP patients present a basal decrease of steroid 5α-reductase activity in the liver. The deficiency may be related to malnutrition and hepatic energy misbalance associated with active AIP. Urinary steroid profiling by GC/MS may be a valuable tool to assess hepatic metabolome in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregori Casals
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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79
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Ludwig C, Wachter B, Silinski-Mehr S, Ganswindt A, Bertschinger H, Hofer H, Dehnhard M. Characterisation and validation of an enzyme-immunoassay for the non-invasive assessment of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 180:15-23. [PMID: 23108105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The non-invasive measurement of adrenocortical function in cheetahs is an important tool to assess stress in captive and free-ranging individuals, because stress has been suggested to be one of the causes of poor reproductive performance of captive cheetahs. We tested four enzyme immunoassays (EIA) in two captive cheetahs in Germany using adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenges and identified the corticosterone-3-CMO EIA to be most sensitive to the increase in faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations after the ACTH challenge. This EIA performed also well in five captive cheetahs in South Africa. The fGCM concentrations across all seven cheetahs increased within 24h by 681% compared to the baseline levels prior to ACTH. Storage of faecal samples at 0-4°C did not strongly affect fGCM concentrations within 24h, simplifying sample collection when immediate storage at -20°C is not feasible. The two cheetahs in Germany also received an injection of [(3)H]cortisol to characterise fGCMs in faecal extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) immunograms. HPLC fractions were measured for their radioactivity and immunoreactive fGCM concentrations with the corticosterone-3-CMO EIA, respectively. The results revealed a polar peak of radiolabelled cortisol metabolites co-eluting with the major peak of immunoreactive fGCMs. Thus, our EIA measured substantial amounts of fGCMs corresponding to the radioactive peaks. The peaks were of higher polarity than native cortisol and corticosterone, suggesting that the metabolites were conjugated, which was confirmed by solvolysis of the HPLC fractions. Our results show that the corticosterone-3-CMO EIA is a reliable tool to assess fGCMs in cheetahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ludwig
- Westfälischer Zoologischer Garten Münster GmbH, Münster, Germany
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80
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Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Alternative long-term markers for the detection of methyltestosterone misuse. Steroids 2013; 78:44-52. [PMID: 23127819 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. MT misuse is commonly detected by the identification of its two main metabolites excreted as glucuronide conjugates, 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol. The detection of these metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. The aim of the present work was to study the sulphate fraction of MT and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of the misuse of the drug in sports. MT was administered to healthy volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 30days after administration. After an extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition m/z 385 to m/z 97. Three diol sulphate metabolites (S1, S2 and S3) were detected. Potential structures for these metabolites were proposed after solvolysis and mass spectrometric experiments: S1, 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol 3α-sulphate; S2, 17β-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate; and S3, 17β-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate. Synthesis of reference compounds will be required in order to confirm the structures. The retrospectivity of these sulphate metabolites in the detection of MT misuse was compared with the obtained with previously described metabolites. Metabolite S2 was detected up to 21days after MT administration, improving between 2 and 3 times the retrospectivity of the detection compared to the last long-term metabolite of MT previously described, 17α-hydroxy-17β-methylandrostan-4,6-dien-3-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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81
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Hamid H, Eskicioglu C. Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: A review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:5813-33. [PMID: 22939851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic hormones (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) are the major contributor to the total estrogenicity in waterways. Presence of these compounds in biosolids is also causing concern in terms of their use as soil amendment. In comparison with wastewater treatment, removal of estrogenic compounds in sewage sludge has received less attention. This paper presents a literature review regarding the source and occurrence of these pollutants in our environment. The removal pathways of estrogenic compounds in engineered systems, such as full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), are also discussed. Review of the fate studies revealed that activated sludge system with nutrient removal shows very high (>90%) removal of estrogenic hormones in most of the cases. Although, aerobic digestion showed better attenuation of estrogenic compounds, anaerobic digestion increased the overall estrogenicity of biosolids. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges involved in analytical determination of these compounds in sewage sludge matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Ave., Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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82
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. Steroids excreted in urine by neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 3. Characterization, using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, of androstanes and androstenes. Steroids 2012; 77:1487-501. [PMID: 22974828 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Urine from neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency contains a large range of androstane(ene)s, many of which have not been previously described. We present their characterization as the third part of a comprehensive study of urinary steroids, aiming to enhance the diagnosis of this disorder and to further elucidate steroid metabolism in neonates. Steroids were analyzed, after extraction and enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis, as methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on gas-chromatographs coupled to quadrupole and ion-trap mass-spectrometers. GC-MS and GC-MS/MS spectra were used together to determine the structure of hitherto undescribed androstane(ene)s. GC-MS/MS was pivotal for the structural characterization of 2-hydroxylated androstenediones but GC-MS was generally more informative for androstane(ene)s, in contrast to 17-hydroxylated pregnane(ene)s. Parallels were found between the GC-MS and GC-MS/MS characteristics of structurally similar androstenediones and progesterones without a substituent on the D-ring, but not with those of 17-hydroxylated progesterones. Assignment of 5α(β) orientation, based on GC-MS characteristics, was possible for 11-oxo-androstanes. The major endogenous 3β-hydroxy-5-enes in 21-hydroxylase deficiency did not differ from those in unaffected neonates. The key qualitative and quantitative differences encompassed 5α(β)-androstanes and 3-oxo-androst-4-enes. Major positions of hydroxylation in these were C(2), C(6), C(11), C(16) and C(18). Additional oxo-groups were common at C(6), C(11) and C(16). We conclude that the presence of multiple further oxygenated metabolites of androstenedione in urine from neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and their pattern indicate a predominance of the classical pathway of androgen synthesis and reflect an increased demand for clearance. The positions of oxygenation in androstane(ene)s are dependent on the configuration at C(3)-C(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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83
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Mitamura K, Mabuchi T, Nagae K, Nakajima M, Matsumoto R, Fujioka S, Sato K, Satoh née Okihara R, Iida T, Ogawa S, Hofmann AF, Ikegawa S. Synthesis of multiply deuterated 3- and 21-monosulfates of allo-tetrahydrocorticosteroids as internal standards for mass spectrometry. Steroids 2012; 77:1423-37. [PMID: 22960650 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The accurate analysis of trace components in complex biological matrices requires the use of reliable internal standards. For liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, the stable isotope-labeled analogues of the analyte molecules are the most appropriate internal standards. In this paper the synthesis of the 3- and 21-monosulfates of allo-tetrahydrocorticosteroids labeled with four or five deuterium atoms is described. The principal reactions used were (1) hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction of active methylene groups adjacent to 3- and 11-oxo group of 17,20;20,21-bismethylenedioxy derivatives of 5α-3-ketosteroids and/or 5α-11-ketosteroids with NaOD in CH(3)OD followed by reduction with NaBD(4), (2) epimerization of the 3β-hydroxy group into a 3α configuration, (3) sulfation of hydroxy groups at C-3 or C-21 in the resulting substrates with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex, and (4) removal of 17,20;20,21-bismethylenedioxy groups with hydrogen fluoride in ethanol. Isotopic purity was found to be satisfactory by MS, and NMR properties of the new compounds were tabulated. The labeled compounds can be used as internal standards in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assays for clinical and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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84
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Van Renterghem P, Polet M, Brooker L, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Development of a GC/C/IRMS method--confirmation of a novel steroid profiling approach in doping control. Steroids 2012; 77:1050-60. [PMID: 22728892 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In doping control, an athlete can only be convicted with the misuse with endogenous steroids like testosterone (T), if abnormal values of steroid metabolites and steroid ratios are observed and if the subsequent analysis with isotope ratios mass spectrometry (IRMS) confirms the presence of exogenously administered androgens. In this work, we compare the results of a novel steroid profiling approach with the performance an in-house developed IRMS method. The developed IRMS has the advantage over other methods to be relatively short in time and with target compounds androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5β-androstane 3α,17β-diol and 5α-androstane 3α,17β-diol. Pregnanediol was used as an endogenous reference compound (ERC). Reference limits for the IRMS values were established and applied as decision limits for the evaluation of excretion urine from administration with oral T, T-gel, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) - gel and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Results indicated the importance of both androstanediols as important IRMS markers where relative values compared to an ERC (Δδ(13)C) yielded better detection accuracy than absolute δ(13)C-values. The detection times of all administered endogenous steroids were evaluated using the proposed thresholds. The results of traditional steroid profiling and a new approach based upon minor steroid metabolites monitoring introduced in a longitudinal framework were evaluated with IRMS. With traditional steroid profiling methods, 95% of the atypical samples could be confirmed whereas an additional 74% of IRMS confirmed was provided by a new biomarkers strategy. These results prove that the other steroid profiling strategies can improve the efficiency in detection of misuse with endogenous steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Renterghem
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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85
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Cawley AT, George AV. Complementary stable carbon isotope ratio and amount of substance measurements in sports anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:897-911. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian V. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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86
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Zhang Y, Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Highly sensitive and selective analysis of urinary steroids by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with positive chemical ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:3102-10. [PMID: 22606686 PMCID: PMC4029849 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) provides greater separation space than conventional GC. Because of fast peak elution, a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) is the usual structure-specific detector of choice. The quantitative capabilities of a novel GC × GC fast quadrupole MS were investigated with electron ionization (EI), and CH(4) or NH(3) positive chemical ionization (PCI) for analysis of endogenous urinary steroids targeted in anti-doping tests. Average precisions for steroid quantitative analysis from replicate urine extractions were 6% (RSD) for EI and 8% for PCI-NH(3). The average limits of detection (LODs) calculated by quantification ions for 12 target steroids spiked into steroid-free urine matrix (SFUM) were 2.6 ng mL(-1) for EI, 1.3 ng mL(-1) for PCI-CH(4), and 0.3 ng mL(-1) for PCI-NH(3), all in mass scanning mode. The measured limits of quantification (LOQs) with full mass scan GC × GC-qMS were comparable with the LOQ values measured by one-dimensional GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. PCI-NH(3) yields fewer fragments and greater (pseudo)molecular ion abundances than EI or PCI-CH(4). These data show that a benchtop GC × GC-qMS system has the sensitivity, specificity, and resolution to analyze urinary steroids at normal urine concentrations, and that PCI-NH(3), not currently available on most GC × GC-TOFMS instruments, is of particular value for generation of structure-specific ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Herbert J. Tobias
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
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87
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. Steroids excreted in urine by neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 2. Characterization, using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, of pregnanes and pregnenes with an oxo- group on the A- or B-ring. Steroids 2012; 77:382-93. [PMID: 22210448 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Urine from neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency contains a large range of metabolites of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisol and androgens but few have been previously described. We present the second part of a comprehensive project to characterize and identify these in order to enhance diagnosis and to further elucidate neonatal steroid metabolism. Steroids were analyzed, after extraction and enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis, as methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on gas-chromatographs coupled to quadrupole and ion-trap mass-spectrometers. GC-MS and GC-MS/MS spectra were used together to determine the structure of the A- and B-rings containing an oxo group. Fragmentations indicating presence of 3-, 6-, and 7-oxo groups and also 1β-, 2α-, 4β-, and 6β-hydroxyls are presented and discussed for the first time. Interpretation was aided by comparison with spectra of available relevant standards, of oxidation products of standards and urinary metabolites and of deuterated derivatives. Endogenous 1-enes and 2(3)-ene artifacts of non-hydrolyzed 3α-sulfates are also reported. D-ring and side chain structure was determined according to our previously published criteria. Likely metabolic relationships were also explored. We conclude that GC-MS combined with GC-MS/MS allows identification of the A- and B-ring structure of pregnane and pregnenes in the presence of an oxo group on one of these rings. Major oxygenations are 1β, 15β, 16α and 21-hydroxy and 6- and 7-oxo groups. Minor positions of hydroxylation are those at 2α, 4β and 6β. Three major metabolic streams exist in affected neonates in addition to the classical 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnane pathway, i.e. these of the 3-oxo-4-enes as well as 3α- and 3β-hydroxy-5α-anes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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88
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Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Matabosch X, Ventura R, Segura J. Using complementary mass spectrometric approaches for the determination of methylprednisolone metabolites in human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:541-553. [PMID: 22302494 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The metabolism of methylprednisolone is revisited in order to find new metabolites that could be important for distinguishing between different routes of administration. Recently developed liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) strategies for the detection of corticosteroid metabolites have been applied to the study of methylprednisolone metabolism. METHODS The structures of these metabolites were studied using two complementary mass spectrometric techniques: LC/MS/MS in product ion scan mode with electrospray ionization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in full scan mode with electron ionization. Metabolites were also isolated by semipreparative liquid chromatography fractionation. Each fraction was divided into two aliquots; one was studied by LC/MS/MS and the other by GC/MS after methoxyamine-trimethylsilyl derivatization. RESULTS The combination of all the structural information allowed us to propose a comprehensive picture of methylprednisolone metabolism in humans. Overall, 15 metabolites including five previously unreported compounds have been detected. Specifically, 16β,17α,21-trihydroxy-6α-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione, 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-6α-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3, 11-dione, 11β,17α,21-trihydroxy-6α-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11β,17α,20ξ,21-tetrahydroxy-6α-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-diene-3-one, and 17α,21-dihydroxy-6α-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione are proposed as feasible structures for the novel metabolites. In addition to the expected biotransformations: reduction of the C20 carbonyl, oxidation of the C11 hydroxy group, and further 6β-hydroxylation, we propose that hydroxylation of the 6α-methyl group can also take place. CONCLUSIONS New metabolites have been identified in urine samples collected after oral administration of 40 mg of methylprednisolone. All identified metabolites were found in all samples collected up to 36 h after oral administration. However, after topical administration of 5 g of methylprednisolone aceponate, neither the parent compound nor any of the metabolites were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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89
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Morimoto Y, Conroy SM, Pagano IS, Isaki M, Franke AA, Nordt FJ, Maskarinec G. Urinary estrogen metabolites during a randomized soy trial. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:307-14. [PMID: 22293063 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.648819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the hypothesized protective mechanisms of soy against breast cancer involves changes in estrogen metabolism to 2-hydroxy (OH) and 16α-OH estrogens. The current analysis examined the effect of soy foods on the 2:16α-OH E(1) ratio among premenopausal women during a randomized, crossover intervention study; women were stratified by equol producer status, a characteristic thought to enhance the protective effects of soy isoflavones. The study consisted of a high-soy diet with 2 soy food servings/day and a low-soy diet with <3 servings of soy/wk for 6 mo each; estrogen metabolites were measured in 3 overnight urines (baseline and at the end of the low- and high-soy diet) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the 82 women who completed the study. Urinary isoflavonoids were assessed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. When applying mixed models, the 2:16α-OH E(1) ratio increased (P = 0.05) because of a nonsignificant decrease in 16α-OH E(1) (P = 0.21) at the end of the high-soy diet. Similar nonsignificant increases in the 2:16α-OH E(1) ratio were observed in equol producers (P = 0.13) and nonproducers (P = 0.23). These findings suggest a beneficial influence of soy foods on estrogen metabolism regardless of equol producer status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Morimoto
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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90
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Ahmadkhaniha R, Kobarfard F, Rastkari N, Khoshayand MR, Amini M, Shafiee A. Assessment of endogenous androgen levels in meat, liver and testis of Iranian native cross-breed male sheep and bull by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 26:453-65. [PMID: 19680919 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802627475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic steroids always exist in different animal tissues at trace level, with significant numbers of interfering compounds, which makes their determination difficult. To solve some of the problems in quantification of the natural steroids in those tissues, a new GC-MS method was developed in this study. By using a surrogate analyte approach, which was developed in the authors' previous studies, and extensive sample preparation procedure, which successfully eliminates many of the interfering compounds and resulting in a cleaner extract, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity of the method for the determination of steroids in complex matrices such as meat, liver and testis were improved. By aid of this method, the levels of androgens in different tissues of Iranian native cross-breed bulls and male sheep were determined. According to the results obtained in the present study, although the androgenic profile (contents and ratios of precursors and metabolites to the main hormones) is similar between the same tissues of both animals, the total androgenic content of each tissue is higher in the bull than the same tissue in male sheep. In addition, in both animals higher amount of androgens were found in liver in comparison with meat and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran
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91
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Franke AA, Custer LJ, Morimoto Y, Nordt FJ, Maskarinec G. Analysis of urinary estrogens, their oxidized metabolites, and other endogenous steroids by benchtop orbitrap LCMS versus traditional quadrupole GCMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1319-30. [PMID: 21713421 PMCID: PMC3249142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and other endogenous steroids are known risk markers for cancer. Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) has traditionally predominated the analysis of estrogens and other endogenous steroids, but liquid chromatography (LC) MS is increasingly favored. Direct comparisons of the two technologies have hitherto not been performed. Steroids were analyzed from 232 urine samples of 78 premenopausal women in a blinded fashion by benchtop orbitrap LCMS and single quadrupole GCMS. Sixteen steroidal estrogens including oxidized metabolites could be analyzed by LCMS. LCMS-GCMS Spearman rank correlations of the major estrogens E(1), E(2), E(3), 16α-OHE(1), and 2-OHE(1) were very high (r = 0.72-0.91), and absolute concentrations also agreed (<5% difference for E(1), E(2), E(3), 16α-OHE(1)). LCMS allowed reinterrogation of the acquired data due to orbitrap technology, which permitted post-analysis quantitation of progesterone, cortisol, and cortisone (LCMS-GCMS Spearman rank correlations = 0.80-0.84; absolute difference, <7%; n = 137). GCMS allows the measurement of a wide range of steroids including non-polar analytes that escape the presented LCMS assay. In contrast, orbitrap-based LCMS can detect more estrogens, is faster, less costly, allows post-data acquisition reinterrogation of certain analytes that had not been targeted a priori, and requires much less urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Program, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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92
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Cawley AT, Trout GJ, Kazlauskas R, George AV. The potential of urinary androstdiene markers to identify 4-androstenediol (4-ADIOL) administration in athletes. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Hoffmann P, Hartmann MF, Remer T, Zimmer KP, Wudy SA. Profiling oestrogens and testosterone in human urine by stable isotope dilution/benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Steroids 2010; 75:1067-74. [PMID: 20619283 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens, such as oestrone (E(1)), 17β-oestradiol (E(2)), oestriol (E(3)) and their biologically active metabolites 2-methoxyoestrone (2-MeOE(1)), 2-hydroxyoestradiol (2-OHE(2)) 16-ketooestradiol (16-OE(2)), 16-epioestriol (16-epiE(3)), as well as testosterone (T) play an important role in physiological and pathological developmental processes during human development. We therefore aimed at developing an isotope dilution/bench top gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID/GC-MS) method, based on benchtop GC-MS, for the simultaneous determination ('profiling') of the above analytes in children. The method consisted of equilibration of urine (5 ml) with a cocktail containing stable isotope-labelled analogues of the analytes as internal standards ([2,4-(2)H(2)]E(1), [2,4,16,16-(2)H(4)]E(2), [2,4,17-(2)H(3)]E(3), [16,16,17-(2)H(3)]T, [1,4,16,16-(2)H(4)]2-MeOE(1), [1,4,16,16,17-(2)H(5)]2-OHE(2), [2,4,15,15,17-(2)H(5)]16-OE(2) and [2,4-(2)H(2)]16-epiE(3)). Then, solid-phase extraction (C(18) cartridges), enzymatic hydrolysis (sulphatase from Helix pomatia (type H-1)), re-extraction, purification by anion exchange chromatography and derivatisation to trimethylsilyl ethers followed. The samples were analysed by GC-MS (Agilent GC 6890N/5975MSD; fused silica capillary column 25 m × 0.2 mm i.d., film 0.10 μm). Calibration plots were linear and showed excellent reproducibility with coefficients of determination (r(2)) between 0.999 and 1.000. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were <2.21% for all quantified metabolites. Sensitivity was highest for 2-OHE(2) (0.25 pg per absolute injection: signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)=3) and lowest for 16-epiE(3) (2 pg per absolute injection: S/N=2.6), translating into corresponding urine sample analyte concentrations of 0.025 ng ml(-1) and 0.2 ng ml(-1), respectively. Accuracy - determined in a two-level spike experiment - showed relative errors ranging between 0.15% for 16-OE(2) and 11.63% for 2-OHE(2). Chromatography showed clear peak shapes for the components analysed. In summary, we describe a practical, sensitive and specific ID/GC-MS assay capable of profiling the above-mentioned steroids in human urine from childhood onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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94
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. A new marker for early diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency: 3beta,16alpha,17alpha-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-7,20-dione. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:574-81. [PMID: 20302934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency the specific marker 11-oxo-pregnanetriol is at low levels in the first days of life and this drives the search for alternatives. We describe the structural characterisation of a new early marker, 3beta,16alpha,17alpha-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-7,20-dione. Urine samples from 87 untreated and 11 recently treated newborns with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (42 males and 56 females) between birth and 40 days of age and control samples from 7 healthy neonates (4 males, 3 females) were compared. Steroids were analyzed as methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, after extraction and enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis. Microchemical methods and deuterated derivatives were used. The new steroid was identified by comparison with 3beta,16alpha,17alpha-trihydroxy-preg-5-en-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-7,20-dione standards. It was present for the first 4 weeks after birth (with a maximum around day 4) and showed a marked inter-individual variability. No effect of treatment was evident and levels were much higher than for 11-oxo-pregnanetriol in the first days of life. Only traces were found in controls. The likely involvement of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) from the 'acidic' pathway of bile acid synthesis and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 in the generation of the 7-oxo group is discussed. We conclude that this steroid is a useful early marker of 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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95
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Krone N, Hughes BA, Lavery GG, Stewart PM, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) remains a pre-eminent discovery tool in clinical steroid investigations even in the era of fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:496-504. [PMID: 20417277 PMCID: PMC2941839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is replacing classical methods for steroid hormone analysis. It requires small sample volumes and has given rise to improved specificity and short analysis times. Its growth has been fueled by criticism of the validity of steroid analysis by older techniques, testosterone measurements being a prime example. While this approach is the gold-standard for measurement of individual steroids, and panels of such compounds, LC/MS/MS is of limited use in defining novel metabolomes. GC/MS, in contrast, is unsuited to rapid high-sensitivity analysis of specific compounds, but remains the most powerful discovery tool for defining steroid disorder metabolomes. Since the 1930s almost all inborn errors in steroidogenesis have been first defined through their urinary steroid excretion. In the last 30 years, this has been exclusively carried out by GC/MS and has defined conditions such as AME syndrome, glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA) and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Our recent foci have been on P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (ORD) and apparent cortisone reductase deficiency (ACRD). In contrast to LC/MS/MS methodology, a particular benefit of GC/MS is its non-selective nature; a scanned run will contain every steroid excreted, providing an integrated picture of an individual's metabolome. The "Achilles heel" of clinical GC/MS profiling may be data presentation. There is lack of familiarity with the multiple hormone metabolites excreted and diagnostic data are difficult for endocrinologists to comprehend. While several conditions are defined by the absolute concentration of steroid metabolites, many are readily diagnosed by ratios between steroid metabolites (precursor metabolite/product metabolite). Our work has led us to develop a simplified graphical representation of quantitative urinary steroid hormone profiles and diagnostic ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Krone
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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96
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Dehnhard M, Fanson K, Frank A, Naidenko SV, Vargas A, Jewgenow K. Comparative metabolism of gestagens and estrogens in the four lynx species, the Eurasian (Lynx lynx), the Iberian (L. pardinus), the Canada lynx (L. canadensis) and the bobcat (L. rufus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:287-96. [PMID: 20346945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of faecal hormone metabolite analysis, it is important to develop a better understanding of the dynamics of faecal metabolite composition. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative faecal gestagen and estrogen metabolite composition in the four lynx species: Eurasian lynx, Iberian lynx, Canada lynx and bobcats. Comparative HPLC immunograms were generated from faecal samples collected before, during, and after pregnancy from individual females of each lynx species. Gestagens and estrogens revealed three similar classes of immunoreactive faecal metabolites: (1) polar metabolites which were enzyme-hydrolysable and thus may be designated as conjugates, (2) non-hydrolysable polar metabolites, and (3) non-polar metabolites or free steroids. For both hormones, strong similarities in the HPLC immunograms across species suggests that steroid metabolism is relatively conserved among Lynx species. Gestagens were primarily excreted as polar conjugates or unknown metabolites, whereas estrogen metabolism revealed a huge proportion (approximately 50%) consisting of 17beta-estradiol and estrone. These results are consistent with patterns of steroid metabolism in other felid species. Only two minor species-specific patterns emerged. In bobcats, we observed an exceptionally high proportion of gestagen conjugates, and in Iberian lynx, there was an exceptionally high proportion of estrone. The comparison of HPLC immunograms within individuals revealed that intra-individual variations in steroid metabolite composition are considerably high. However, changes in metabolite composition did not correlate with specific reproductive stages; rather, they seemed to occur at random. We assume that these differences may reflect changes in liver metabolism and/or qualitative and quantitative variations in gut bacteria composition, resulting in differences in faecal metabolite composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dehnhard
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
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97
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Runnqvist H, Bak SA, Hansen M, Styrishave B, Halling-Sørensen B, Björklund E. Determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and biological matrices using pressurised liquid extraction--are we developing sound extraction methods? J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2447-70. [PMID: 20303086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) is now a well established and extensively applied extraction technique in environmental analysis for pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). During the past decade, an emerging group of environmentally interesting analytes are pharmaceuticals that are continuingly released into the environment. This class is comprised with compounds of various properties. As the field of the analysis of these compounds grows, an increasing number of PLE methods for pharmaceuticals of varying quality are developed and published. This review summarises the critical PLE parameters during PLE method development and highlight them with examples from recently published papers utilising pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and biological matrices. These recent methods are summarised and critically discussed with the aim to provide important reflections to alleviate in future PLE development for pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Runnqvist
- Section of Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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98
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Moon JY, Ha YW, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Systematic Error in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry–Based Quantification of Hydrolyzed Urinary Steroids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:388-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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99
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. Steroids excreted in urine by neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: characterization, using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, of the D-ring and side chain structure of pregnanes and pregnenes. Steroids 2010; 75:34-52. [PMID: 19799922 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Steroid metabolites in urine from neonates with 21-hydroxylase deficiency are predominantly polyhydroxylated 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androgen metabolites, and most have incompletely defined structure. This study forms part of a comprehensive project to characterize and identify these in order to enhance diagnosis and to further elucidate neonatal types of steroid metabolism. Steroids were analyzed, after extraction and enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis, as methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on gas-chromatographs coupled to quadrupole and ion-trap mass-spectrometers. GC-MS and GC-MS/MS spectra, obtained with constant excitation conditions, were used together to determine the structure of the D-ring and the side chain of 20-oxo and 20-hydroxy pregnane(ene)s without oxo groups on the A-, B-, and C-ring. All possible combinations of D-ring and side chain configuration were considered. Most fragmentations could be interpreted as partial or complete D-ring cleavages with loss of the side chain, aided by comparison with spectra of deuterated derivatives and of borohydride reduced metabolites. Possible rearrangement ions are also discussed. More than 140 endogenous metabolites were characterized. GC-MS/MS was especially beneficial for characterization of compounds with 16,17-dihydroxy-20-oxo structure, interpreted as markers of intra-uterine enzyme induction. It also assisted the differentiation of 16-hydroxy-20-oxo metabolites, present in urine of non-affected neonates, from the diagnostic 17-hydroxy-20-oxosteroids and enabled the detection of 15,17-dihydroxy-20-oxo compounds in low concentrations. The presence of 17,21-dihydroxylated pregnane(ene)s despite the deficit in CYP21A2 is discussed. We conclude that GC-MS combined with GC-MS/MS allows reliable identification of the structure of the D-ring and side chain of pregnane(ene)s without prior isolation, even when in low concentrations in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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100
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Abstract
The detection of the administration of an androgen such as testosterone that could be present normally in human bodily fluids is based upon the methodical evaluation of key parameters of the urinary profile of steroids, precisely measured by GC/MS. Over the years, the markers of utilization were identified, the reference ranges of diagnostic metabolites and ratios were established in volunteers and in populations of athletes, and their stability in individual subjects was studied. The direct confirmation comes from the measurement of delta (13)C values reflecting their synthetic origin, ruling out a potential physiological anomaly. Several factors may alter the individual GC/MS steroid profile besides the administration of a testosterone-related steroid, the nonexhaustive list ranging from the microbial degradation of the specimen, the utilization of inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase or other anabolic steroids, masking agents such as probenecid, to inebriating alcohol drinking. The limitation of the testing strategy comes from the potentially elevated rate of false negatives, since only the values exceeding those of the reference populations are picked up by the GC/MS screening analyses performed by the laboratories on blind samples, excluding individual particularities and subtle doping. Since the ranges of normal values are often described from samples collected in Western countries, extrapolating data to all athletes appears inefficient. Furthermore, with short half-life and topical formulations, the alterations of the steroid profile are less pronounced and disappear rapidly. GC/C/IRMS analyses are too delicate and fastidious to be considered for screening routine samples. An approach based upon the individual athlete's steroid profiling is necessary to pick up variations that would trigger further IRMS analysis and investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ayotte
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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