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ExtremeDB: a unified web repository of extremophilic archaea and bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63083. [PMID: 23696792 PMCID: PMC3656046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles are the microorganisms which can survive under extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, pH, salinity etc. They have gained much attention for their potential role in biotechnological and industrial applications. The large amount of experimental data in the literature is so diverse, that it becomes difficult and time consuming for the researcher to implement it in various areas of research. Therefore, a systematic arrangement of data and redirection in a similar fashion through web interface can assist researchers in analyzing the data as per their requirement. ExtremeDB is a freely available web based relational database which integrates general characteristics, genome-proteome information, industrial applications and recent scientific investigations of the seven major groups of 865 extremophillic microorganisms. The search options are user friendly and analyses tools such as Compare and Extreme BLAST have been incorporated for comparative analysis of two or more extremophiles and determining the sequence similarity of a given protein/nucleotide in relation to other extremophiles respectively. The effort put forth herein in the form of database, would open up new avenues on the potential utility of extremophiles in applied research. ExtremeDB is freely accessible via http://extrem.igib.res.in.
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Effect of organic solvents on the activity and stability of halophilic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) from Haloferax volcanii. Extremophiles 2012. [PMID: 23179592 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various organic solvents on the catalytic activity, stability and substrate specificity of alchohol dehydrogenase from Haloferax volcanii (HvADH2) was evaluated. The HvADH2 showed remarkable stability and catalysed the reaction in aqueous-organic medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol (MeOH). Tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile were also investigated and adversely affected the stability of the enzyme. High concentration of salt, essential to maintain the enzymatic activity and structural integrity of the halophilic enzyme under standard conditions may be partially replaced by DMSO and MeOH. The presence of organic solvents did not induce gross changes in substrate specificity. DMSO offered a protective effect for the stability of the enzyme at nonoptimal pHs such as 6 and 10. Salt and solvent effects on the HvADH2 conformation and folding were examined through fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence findings were consistent with the activity and stability results and corroborated the denaturing properties of some solvents. The intrinsic tolerance of this enzyme to organic solvent makes it highly attractive to industry.
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Delgado-García M, Valdivia-Urdiales B, Aguilar-González CN, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Rodríguez-Herrera R. Halophilic hydrolases as a new tool for the biotechnological industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2575-2580. [PMID: 22926924 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Halophilic micro-organisms are able to survive in high salt concentrations because they have developed diverse biochemical, structural and physiological modifications, allowing the catalytic synthesis of proteins with interesting physicochemical and structural properties. The main characteristic of halophilic enzymes that allows them to be considered as a novel alternative for use in the biotechnological industries is their polyextremophilicity, i.e. they have the capacity to be thermostable, tolerate a wide range of pH, withstand denaturation and tolerate high salt concentrations. However, there have been relatively few studies on halophilic enzymes, with some being based on their isolation and others on their characterisation. These enzymes are scarcely researched because attention has been focused on other extremophile micro-organisms. Only a few industrial applications of halophilic enzymes, principally in the fermented food, textile, pharmaceutical and leather industries, have been reported. However, it is important to investigate applications of these enzymes in more biotechnological processes at both the chemical and the molecular level. This review discusses the modifications of these enzymes, their industrial applications and research perspectives in different biotechnological areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Delgado-García
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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54
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Kuddus M, Ramteke PW. Recent developments in production and biotechnological applications of cold-active microbial proteases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:330-8. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.678477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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55
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Liszka MJ, Clark ME, Schneider E, Clark DS. Nature Versus Nurture: Developing Enzymes That Function Under Extreme Conditions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 3:77-102. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
- UC Berkeley and UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; , , ,
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56
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Rajeswari VD, Jayaraman G, Sridharan T. Purification and Characterization of Extracellular Protease from Halotolerant Bacterium Virgibacillus dokdonensis VITP14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2012.123.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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57
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Timpson LM, Liliensiek AK, Alsafadi D, Cassidy J, Sharkey MA, Liddell S, Allers T, Paradisi F. A comparison of two novel alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes (ADH1 and ADH2) from the extreme halophile Haloferax volcanii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:195-203. [PMID: 22526808 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Haloarchaeal alcohol dehydrogenases are exciting biocatalysts with potential industrial applications. In this study, two alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes from the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii (HvADH1 and HvADH2) were homologously expressed and subsequently purified by immobilized metal-affinity chromatography. The proteins appeared to copurify with endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases, and a double Δadh2 Δadh1 gene deletion strain was constructed to prevent this occurrence. Purified HvADH1 and HvADH2 were compared in terms of stability and enzymatic activity over a range of pH values, salt concentrations, and temperatures. Both enzymes were haloalkaliphilic and thermoactive for the oxidative reaction and catalyzed the reductive reaction at a slightly acidic pH. While the NAD(+)-dependent HvADH1 showed a preference for short-chain alcohols and was inherently unstable, HvADH2 exhibited dual cofactor specificity, accepted a broad range of substrates, and, with respect to HvADH1, was remarkably stable. Furthermore, HvADH2 exhibited tolerance to organic solvents. HvADH2 therefore displays much greater potential as an industrially useful biocatalyst than HvADH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Timpson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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58
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Construction of membrane-anchoring fusion protein of Thermococcus kodakaraensis glycerol kinase and its application to repetitive batchwise reactions. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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Pandey S, Singh SP. Organic Solvent Tolerance of an α-Amylase from Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria as a Function of pH, Temperature, and Salt Concentrations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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60
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Lipases and esterases from extremophiles: overview and case example of the production and purification of an esterase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 861:239-66. [PMID: 22426723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extremophiles are organisms that have evolved to exist in a variety of extreme environments. They fall into a number of different classes that include thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkalophiles, psychrophiles, and barophiles (piezophiles). Extremophiles have the potential to produce uniquely valuable biocatalysts that function under conditions in which usually the enzymes of their nonextremophilic counterparts could not. Among novel enzymes isolated from extremophilic microorganisms, hydrolases, and particularly lipases and esterases are experiencing a growing demand. Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) and esterases (EC 3.1.1.1) catalyze the cleavage of ester bounds in aqueous media and the reverse reaction in organic solvents. Both lipolytic enzymes have relevant applications in food, dairy, detergent, biofuel, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we summarize the properties of lipases and esterases from the main extremophile groups: thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, alkalophiles/acidophiles, and solvent-resistant microorganisms.We report the biomass and lipolytic activity production by Thermus thermophilus HB27 in 5-L stirred-tank bioreactor at 70°C. Suitability of thermal spring water for culture media formulation is shown. In addition, a protocol to isolate and purify a cell-bound esterase from this microorganism is described.
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Bautista V, Esclapez J, Pérez-Pomares F, Martínez-Espinosa RM, Camacho M, Bonete MJ. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase: a key enzyme in the assimilation of starch by the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Extremophiles 2011; 16:147-59. [PMID: 22134680 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) was successfully isolated and characterized from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. The enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 77 kDa and optimum activity at 55°C, pH 7.5 and 1.5 M NaCl. The enzyme displayed many activities related to the degradation and transformation of starch. Cyclization was found to be the predominant activity, yielding a mixture of cyclodextrins, mainly α-CD, followed by hydrolysis and to a lesser extent coupling and disproportionation activities. Gene encoding H. mediterranei CGTase was cloned and heterologously overexpressed. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 2142 bp that encodes a protein of 713 amino acids. The amino acid sequence displayed high homology with those belonging to the α-amylase family. The CGTase is secreted to the extracellular medium by the Tat pathway. Upstream of the CGTase gene, four maltose ABC transporter genes have been sequenced (malE, malF, malG, malK). The expression of the CGTase gene yielded a fully active CGTase with similar kinetic behavior to the wild-type enzyme. The H. mediterranei CGTase is the first halophilic archaeal CGTase characterized, sequenced and expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Bautista
- División de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agroquímica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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62
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Characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH12) from Haloarcula marismortui, an extreme halophile from the Dead Sea. Extremophiles 2011; 16:57-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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63
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Restiawaty E, Iwasa Y, Maya S, Honda K, Omasa T, Hirota R, Kuroda A, Ohtake H. Feasibility of thermophilic adenosine triphosphate-regeneration system using Thermus thermophilus polyphosphate kinase. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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64
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Glogauer A, Martini VP, Faoro H, Couto GH, Müller-Santos M, Monteiro RA, Mitchell DA, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FO, Krieger N. Identification and characterization of a new true lipase isolated through metagenomic approach. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:54. [PMID: 21762508 PMCID: PMC3161859 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metagenomics, the application of molecular genomics to consortia of non-cultivated microbes, has the potential to have a substantial impact on the search for novel industrial enzymes such as esterases (carboxyl ester hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.1) and lipases (triacylglycerol lipases, EC 3.1.1.3). In the current work, a novel lipase gene was identified from a fosmid metagenomic library constructed with the "prokaryotic-enriched" DNA from a fat-contaminated soil collected from a wastewater treatment plant. Results In preliminary screening on agar containing 1% tributyrin, 2661 of the approximately 500,000 clones in the metagenomic library showed activity. Of these, 127 showed activity on agar containing 1% tricaprylin, while 32 were shown to be true lipase producers through screening on agar containing 1% triolein. The clone with the largest halo was further characterized. Its lipase gene showed 72% identity to a putative lipase of Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica Y11. The lipase, named LipC12, belongs to family I.1 of bacterial lipases, has a chaperone-independent folding, does not possess disulfide bridges and is calcium ion dependent. It is stable from pH 6 to 11 and has activity from pH 4.5 to 10, with higher activities at alkaline pH values. LipC12 is stable up to 3.7 M NaCl and from 20 to 50°C, with maximum activity at 30°C over a 1 h incubation. The pure enzyme has specific activities of 1722 U/mg and 1767 U/mg against olive oil and pig fat, respectively. Moreover, it is highly stable in organic solvents at 15% and 30% (v/v). Conclusions The combination of the use of a fat-contaminated soil, enrichment of prokaryotic DNA and a three-step screening strategy led to a high number of lipase-producing clones in the metagenomic library. The most notable properties of the new lipase that was isolated and characterized were a high specific activity against long chain triacylglycerols, activity and stability over a wide range of pH values, good thermal stability and stability in water-miscible organic solvents and at high salt concentrations. These characteristics suggest that this lipase has potential to perform well in biocatalytic processes, such as for hydrolysis and synthesis reactions involving long-chain triacylglycerols and fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Glogauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
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65
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Kuddus M, . R, Arif JM, Ramteke PW. An Overview of Cold-active Microbial α-amylase: Adaptation Strategies and Biotechnological Potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.246.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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66
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Vervoort L, der Plancken IV, Grauwet T, Verjans P, Courtin CM, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey A. Xylanase B from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima as an indicator for temperature gradients in high pressure high temperature processing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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67
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Isolation and identification of lipase producing thermophilic Geobacillus sp. SBS-4S: Cloning and characterization of the lipase. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:272-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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68
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Kumar L, Awasthi G, Singh B. Extremophiles: A Novel Source of Industrially Important Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.121.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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69
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Sharma D, Sharma B, Shukla A. Biotechnological Approach of Microbial Lipase: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.23.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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70
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Branco RV, Estrada Gutarra ML, Freire DMG, Almeida RV. Immobilization and Characterization of a Recombinant Thermostable Lipase (Pf2001) from Pyrococcus furiosus on Supports with Different Degrees of Hydrophobicity. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:180418. [PMID: 21052496 PMCID: PMC2967836 DOI: 10.4061/2010/180418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the immobilization of a recombinant thermostable lipase (Pf2001Δ60) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus on supports with different degrees of hydrophobicity: butyl Sepabeads and octadecyl Sepabeads. The enzyme was strongly adsorbed in both supports. When it was adsorbed on these supports, the enzyme showed 140 and 237% hyperactivation, respectively. The assessment of storage stability showed that the octadecyl Sepabeads immobilized enzyme showed 100% of residual activity after 30 days of storage. However, the greatest stability at 70°C was obtained in butyl Sepabeads immobilized enzyme, which retained 77% activity after 1 hour incubation. The maximum activity of the immobilized preparations was obtained with the pH between 6 and 7, at 70°C. Thus, this study achieved a new extremophilic biocatalyst with greater stability, for use in several biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Vieira Branco
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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71
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Oren A. Industrial and environmental applications of halophilic microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:825-834. [PMID: 20662374 DOI: 10.1080/09593330903370026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with the thermophilic and the alkaliphilic extremophiles, halophilic microorganisms have as yet found relatively few biotechnological applications. Halophiles are involved in centuries-old processes such as the manufacturing of solar salt from seawater and the production of traditional fermented foods. Two biotechnological processes involving halophiles are highly successful: the production of beta-carotene by the green alga Dunaliella and the production of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), used as a stabilizer for enzymes and now also applied in cosmetic products, from moderately halophilic bacteria. The potential use of bacteriorhodopsin, the retinal protein proton pump of Halobacterium, in optoelectronic devices and photochemical processes is being explored, and may well lead to commercial applications in the near future. Demand for salt-tolerant enzymes in current manufacturing or related processes is limited. Other possible uses of halophilic microorganisms such as treatment of saline and hypersaline wastewaters, and the production of exopolysaccharides, poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate bioplastics and biofuel are being investigated, but no large-scale applications have yet been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, Moshe Shilo Minerva Center for Marine Biogeochemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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72
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A novel thermostable, acidophilic alpha-amylase from a new thermophilic "Bacillus sp. Ferdowsicous" isolated from Ferdows hot mineral spring in Iran: Purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:289-97. [PMID: 20109486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the purification and characterization of a novel acidophile alpha-amylase from newly isolated Bacillus sp. Ferdowsicous. The enzyme displayed a molecular weight of 53 kDa and it was stable over a range of pH from 3.5 to 7 with an optimum around 4.5. The optimum temperature for activity was found to be around 70 degrees C and the enzyme remained active to more than 75% up to 75 degrees C for 45 min. The enzyme activity was decreased by Zn(2+)and EDTA but inhibited by Hg(2+), whereas the activity was increased by approximately 15% by Ba(2+) and Fe(2+). Na(+), Mg(2+), K(+), Ca(2+), PMSF, Triton X-100 and beta-mercaptoethanol had any considerable effect on its activity. The enzyme activity on the amylose as substrate was 1.98 times greater than amylopectin. Partial N-terminal sequencing demonstrated no significant similarity with other known alpha-amylases, indicating that the presented enzyme was new. Considering its promising properties, this enzyme can find potential applications in the food industry as well as in laundry detergents.
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Carboxyl ester hydrolases production and growth of a halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. Extremophiles 2009; 14:99-106. [PMID: 19957092 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-009-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The capability of Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 to synthesize carboxyl ester hydrolases was investigated, and the effect of physicochemical conditions on the growth rate and production of esterases was evaluated. The haloarchaeon synthesized a carboxyl ester hydrolase, confirming the genomic prediction. This enzymatic activity was intracellularly produced as a growth-associated metabolite. Esterase activity was assayed using different p-nitrophenyl-esters and triacyl-glycerides, which showed a preference for hydrolyzing tributyrin. The archaeal growth rate and esterase production were significantly influenced by the pH and the NaCl concentration. An interaction effect between temperature and NaCl was also seen. The maximal growth rate and esterase production found for Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 were 0.136 h(-1) (at 4.2 M NaCl, pH 6 and 44 degrees C) and 1.64 U/l (at 4.6 M NaCl, pH 6 and 30 degrees C), respectively. Furthermore, the effects of NaCl concentration, pH and temperature on enzyme activity were studied. Two maximal esterase activities were elucidated from the intracellular crude extract when it was incubated at different NaCl concentrations (1 M and 5 M) and at different pHs (6 and 7.5). This is the first report that shows experimentally the synthesis of carboxyl ester hydrolases by Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. This enzyme was found to be extremely halophilic (5 M NaCl) and thermophilic (80 degrees C), making it very interesting for future investigations in non-aqueous biocatalysis.
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74
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Müller-Santos M, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FDO, Mitchell DA, Longhi S, Carrière F, Canaan S, Krieger N. First evidence for the salt-dependent folding and activity of an esterase from the halophilic archaea Haloarcula marismortui. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:719-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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75
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Pire C, Marhuenda-egea FC, Esclapez J, Alcaraz L, Ferrer J, José Bonete M. Stability and Enzymatic Studies of Glucose Dehydrogenase from the ArchaeonHaloferax mediterraneiin reverse micelles. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001643179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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76
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Chakraborty S, Khopade A, Kokare C, Mahadik K, Chopade B. Isolation and characterization of novel α-amylase from marine Streptomyces sp. D1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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Abstract
In order to survive extremes of pH, temperature, salinity and pressure, organisms have been found to develop unique defences against their environment, leading to the biosynthesis of novel molecules ranging from simple osmolytes and lipids to complex secondary metabolites. This review highlights novel molecules isolated from microorganisms that either tolerate or favour extreme growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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78
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Production and characterization of esterase and lipase from Haloarcula marismortui. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:901-9. [PMID: 19350295 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the capability of Haloarcula marismortui to synthesize esterases and lipases, and the effect of physicochemical conditions on the growth and the production of esterases and lipases. Finally, the effect of NaCl concentration and temperature on esterase and lipase activities was studied using intracellular crude extracts. In order to confirm the genomic prediction about the esterase and lipase synthesis, H. marismortui was cultured on a rich medium and the crude extracts (intra- or extracellular) obtained were assayed for both activities using p-nitrophenyl esters and triacylglycerides as substrates. Studies on the kinetics of growth and production of esterase and lipase of H. marismortui were performed, reaching a maximum growth rate of 0.053 h(-1) and maximal productions of intracellular esterase and lipase of 2.094 and 0.722 U l(-1) using p-nitrophenyl valerate and p-nitrophenyl laurate, respectively. Both enzymes were produced as growth-associated metabolites. The effects of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration on the growth rate and production of enzymes were studied by using a Box-Behnken response surface design. The three response variables were significantly influenced by the physicochemical factors and an interaction effect between temperature and NaCl concentration was also evidenced. The surface response method estimated the following maximal values for growth rate and productions of esterase and lipase: 0.086 h(-1) (at 42.5 degrees C, pH 7.4, and 3.6 mol l(-1) NaCl), 2.3 U l(-1) (at 50 degrees C, pH 7.5, and 4.3 mol l(-1) NaCl), and 0.58 U l(-1) (at 50 degrees C, pH 7.6, and 4.5 mol l(-1) NaCl), respectively. Esterases were active at different salt concentrations, showing two optimal activities (at 0.5 and 5 mol l(-1) NaCl), which suggested the presence of two different esterases. Interestingly, in the absence of salt, esterase retained 50% residual activity. Esterases and lipase activities were maximal at 45 degrees C and inactive at 75 degrees C. This study represents the first report evidencing the synthesis of esterase and lipase by H. marismortui.
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80
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Role of polyphosphates in microbial adaptation to extreme environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5867-74. [PMID: 18708516 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00501-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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81
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Van der Plancken I, Grauwet T, Oey I, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Impact evaluation of high pressure treatment on foods: considerations on the development of pressure–temperature–time integrators (pTTIs). Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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82
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Almeida RV, Branco RV, Peixoto B, Lima CDS, Alqueres SMC, Martins OB, Antunes OAC, Freire DMG. Immobilization of a recombinant thermostable esterase (Pf2001) from Pyrococcus furiosus on microporous polypropylene: Isotherms, hyperactivation and purification. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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83
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Urayama P, Frey EW, Eldridge MJ. A fluid handling system with finger-tightened connectors for biological studies at kiloatmosphere pressures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:046103. [PMID: 18447561 DOI: 10.1063/1.2907245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-pressure fluid handling system based around a simple-to-construct seal for applications in the biologically relevant kiloatmosphere range. Connectors are compact and finger tightened, as compared to the wrench tightening required of cone-type seals commonly used. The seal relies on an O-ring compression, and the system has been tested up to 2000 atm. While the system was designed for biological studies, it should be versatile enough for a wide range of applications, thus contributing finger-tightened convenience to the kiloatmosphere range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Urayama
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
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84
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Salameh M, Wiegel J. Lipases from extremophiles and potential for industrial applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:253-83. [PMID: 17448792 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd Salameh
- Microbiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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85
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Unsworth LD, van der Oost J, Koutsopoulos S. Hyperthermophilic enzymes − stability, activity and implementation strategies for high temperature applications. FEBS J 2007; 274:4044-56. [PMID: 17683334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current theories agree that there appears to be no unique feature responsible for the remarkable heat stability properties of hyperthermostable proteins. A concerted action of structural, dynamic and other physicochemical attributes are utilized to ensure the delicate balance between stability and functionality of proteins at high temperatures. We have thoroughly screened the literature for hyperthermostable enzymes with optimal temperatures exceeding 100 degrees C that can potentially be employed in multiple biotechnological and industrial applications and to substitute traditionally used, high-cost engineered mesophilic/thermophilic enzymes that operate at lower temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss general methods of enzyme immobilization and suggest specific strategies to improve thermal stability, activity and durability of hyperthermophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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86
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Iwamoto S, Motomura K, Shinoda Y, Urata M, Kato J, Takiguchi N, Ohtake H, Hirota R, Kuroda A. Use of an Escherichia coli recombinant producing thermostable polyphosphate kinase as an ATP regenerator to produce fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5676-8. [PMID: 17616610 PMCID: PMC2042086 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00278-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-treated Escherichia coli producing Thermus polyphosphate kinase regenerated ATP by using exogenous polyphosphate. This recombinant could be used as a platform to produce valuable compounds in combination with thermostable phosphorylating or energy-requiring enzymes. In this work, we demonstrated the production of fructose 1,6-diphosphate from fructose and polyphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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87
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Morozova D, Wagner D. Stress response of methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost compared with methanogens from nonpermafrost habitats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:16-25. [PMID: 17428303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the survival potential of methanogenic archaea exposed to different environmental stress conditions such as low temperature (down to -78.5 degrees C), high salinity (up to 6 M NaCl), starvation (up to 3 months), long-term freezing (up to 2 years), desiccation (up to 25 days) and oxygen exposure (up to 72 h). The experiments were conducted with methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost and were complemented by experiments on well-studied methanogens from nonpermafrost habitats. Our results indicate a high survival potential of a methanogenic archaeon from Siberian permafrost when exposed to the extreme conditions tested. In contrast, these stress conditions were lethal for methanogenic archaea isolated from nonpermafrost habitats. A better adaptation to stress was observed at a low temperature (4 degrees C) compared with a higher one (28 degrees C). Given the unique metabolism of methanogenic archaea in general and the long-term survival and high tolerance to extreme conditions of the methanogens investigated in this study, methanogenic archaea from permafrost should be considered as primary candidates for possible subsurface Martian life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Morozova
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
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88
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Morozova D, Möhlmann D, Wagner D. Survival of methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost under simulated Martian thermal conditions. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2007; 37:189-200. [PMID: 17160628 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-006-9024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost complementary to the already well-studied methanogens from non-permafrost habitats were exposed to simulated Martian conditions. After 22 days of exposure to thermo-physical conditions at Martian low- and mid-latitudes up to 90% of methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost survived in pure cultures as well as in environmental samples. In contrast, only 0.3%-5.8% of reference organisms from non-permafrost habitats survived at these conditions. This suggests that methanogens from terrestrial permafrost seem to be remarkably resistant to Martian conditions. Our data also suggest that in scenario of subsurface lithoautotrophic life on Mars, methanogenic archaea from Siberian permafrost could be used as appropriate candidates for the microbial life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Morozova
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
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89
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Rasmussen RS, Morrissey MT. Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2007; 52:237-92. [PMID: 17425947 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The marine world represents a largely untapped reservoir of bioactive ingredients that can be applied to numerous aspects of food processing, storage, and fortification. Due to the wide range of environments they survive in, marine organisms have developed unique properties and bioactive compounds that, in some cases, are unparalleled by their terrestrial counterparts. Enzymes extracted from fish and marine microorganisms can provide numerous advantages over traditional enzymes used in food processing due to their ability to function at extremes of temperature and pH. Fish proteins such as collagens and their gelatin derivatives operate at relatively low temperatures and can be used in heat-sensitive processes such as gelling and clarifying. Polysaccharides derived from algae, including algins, carrageenans, and agar, are widely used for their ability to form gels and act as thickeners and stabilizers in a variety of foods. Besides applications in food processing, a number of marine-derived compounds, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and photosynthetic pigments, are important to the nutraceutical industry. These bioactive ingredients provide a myriad of health benefits, including reduction of coronary heart disease, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activity. Despite the vast possibilities for the use of marine organisms in the food industry, tools of biotechnology are required for successful cultivation and isolation of these unique bioactive compounds. In this chapter, recent developments and upcoming areas of research that utilize advances in biotechnology in the production of food ingredients from marine sources are introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalee S Rasmussen
- Seafood Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Astoria, OR 97103, USA
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90
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Giordano A, Andreotti G, Tramice A, Trincone A. Marine glycosyl hydrolases in the hydrolysis and synthesis of oligosaccharides. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:511-30. [PMID: 16892287 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The marine ecosystem can be considered a rather unexplored source of biological material (e.g. natural substances with therapeutic activity) and can also be a surprising source of enzymes carrying new and interesting catalytic activities to be applied in biocatalysis. The use of glycosyl hydrolases from marine environments dates back to the end of the 1960s and was mainly focused on the development of sensitive and reliable hydrolytic methods for the analysis of sugar chains. As a result not all the benefits of a particular enzymatic activity have been investigated, especially regarding the transglycosylation potential of these enzymes for the synthesis of glycosidic bonds. In this review, the potential of marine sources will be demonstrated reporting on the few examples found in literature for the synthesis and hydrolysis of biologically relevant oligosaccharides catalyzed by glycosyl hydrolases of marine origin. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis of glycosidic bonds, which is easy by the use of glycosyl hydrolases. Further aspects considered in this review are applications of these biocatalysts for vegetal waste treatment in recovering useful materials, for structural identification and for preparation of target materials from new purified polysaccharides, for the synthesis or modification of food-related compounds and for glycobiology related studies.
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91
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Cloning, expression, partial characterization and structural modeling of a novel esterase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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92
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Patel RK, Dodia MS, Joshi RH, Singh SP. Purification and characterization of alkaline protease from a newly isolated haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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93
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Cappitelli F, Principi P, Sorlini C. Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: can biotechnology help? Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:350-4. [PMID: 16782219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary collections frequently contain man-made materials. Although synthetic materials are considered more resistant to chemical, physical and biological damage than natural materials, they can also undergo rapid deterioration. In this Opinion article, we claim that biotechnology can help to identify biodeteriogens and prevent colonisation of polymeric surfaces through the application of biological products that reduce cell adhesion. We report the study of 'Futuro', made in 1965 by the Finnish architect Matti Suuronne. This ski-cabin, constructed of glassfibre-reinforced polyester, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate), was significantly degraded by conspicuous growth of microorganisms, identified as Cyanobacteria and Archaea using fluorescent in situ hybridisation. Ultimately, if biodeteriogens are able to adhere to the polymer surfaces, molecules with enzymatic activity can help to prevent the formation of biofilms--a main cause of deterioration--and aid the work of the conservator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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94
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Production of Extracellular Halo-alkaline Protease from a Newly Isolated Haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Isolated from Seawater in Western India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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95
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Gavrilescu M, Chisti Y. Biotechnology-a sustainable alternative for chemical industry. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 23:471-99. [PMID: 15919172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the current and emerging applications of biotechnology, particularly in the production and processing of chemicals, for sustainable development. Biotechnology is "the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents". Some of the defining technologies of modern biotechnology include genetic engineering; culture of recombinant microorganisms, cells of animals and plants; metabolic engineering; hybridoma technology; bioelectronics; nanobiotechnology; protein engineering; transgenic animals and plants; tissue and organ engineering; immunological assays; genomics and proteomics; bioseparations and bioreactor technologies. Environmental and economic benefits that biotechnology can offer in manufacturing, monitoring and waste management are highlighted. These benefits include the following: greatly reduced dependence on nonrenewable fuels and other resources; reduced potential for pollution of industrial processes and products; ability to safely destroy accumulated pollutants for remediation of the environment; improved economics of production; and sustainable production of existing and novel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavrilescu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry, Technical University Iasi, 71 Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania.
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96
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Patel R, Dodia M, Singh SP. Extracellular alkaline protease from a newly isolated haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp.: Production and optimization. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Chapter 10 Non-affinity sensing technology: the exploitation of biocatalytic events for environmental analysis. BIOSENSORS AND MODERN BIOSPECIFIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)44010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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98
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Kim MS, Park JT, Kim YW, Lee HS, Nyawira R, Shin HS, Park CS, Yoo SH, Kim YR, Moon TW, Park KH. Properties of a novel thermostable glucoamylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus in relation to starch processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3933-40. [PMID: 15240266 PMCID: PMC444828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.3933-3940.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene (ssg) encoding a putative glucoamylase in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the properties of the recombinant protein were examined in relation to the glucose production process. The recombinant glucoamylase was extremely thermostable, with an optimal temperature at 90 degrees C. The enzyme was most active in the pH range from 5.5 to 6.0. The enzyme liberated beta-d-glucose from the substrate maltotriose, and the substrate preference for maltotriose distinguished this enzyme from fungal glucoamylases. Gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation analysis revealed that the enzyme exists as a tetramer. The reverse reaction of the glucoamylase from S. solfataricus produced significantly less isomaltose than did that of industrial fungal glucoamylase. The glucoamylase from S. solfataricus has excellent potential for improving industrial starch processing by eliminating the need to adjust both pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Functional Food Carbohydrate and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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99
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Hidalgo A, Betancor L, Moreno R, Zafra O, Cava F, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM, Berenguer J. Thermus thermophilus as a cell factory for the production of a thermophilic Mn-dependent catalase which fails to be synthesized in an active form in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3839-44. [PMID: 15240253 PMCID: PMC444780 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.3839-3844.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable Mn-dependent catalases are promising enzymes in biotechnological applications as H(2)O(2)-detoxifying systems. We cloned the genes encoding Mn-dependent catalases from Thermus thermophilus HB27 and HB8 and a less thermostable mutant carrying two amino acid replacements (M129V and E293G). When the wild-type and mutant genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, unmodified or six-His-tagged proteins of the expected size were overproduced as inactive proteins. Several attempts to obtain active forms or to activate the overproduced proteins were unsuccessful, even when soluble and thermostable proteins were used. Therefore, a requirement for a Thermus-specific activation factor was suggested. To overcome this problem, the Mn-dependent catalase genes were overexpressed directly in T. thermophilus under the control of the Pnar promoter. This promoter belongs to a respiratory nitrate reductase from of T. thermophilus HB8, whose transcription is activated by the combined action of nitrate and anoxia. Upon induction in T. thermophilus HB8, a 20- to 30-fold increase in catalase specific activity was observed, whereas a 90- to 110-fold increase was detected when the laboratory strain T. thermophilus HB27::nar was used as the host. The thermostability of the overproduced wild-type catalase was identical to that previously reported for the native enzyme, whereas decreased stability was detected for the mutant derivative. Therefore, our results validate the use of T. thermophilus as an alternative cell factory for the overproduction of thermophilic proteins that fail to be expressed in well-known mesophilic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Hidalgo
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica-CSIC, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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100
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Park HS, Kayser KJ, Kwak JH, Kilbane JJ. Heterologous gene expression in Thermus thermophilus: beta-galactosidase, dibenzothiophene monooxygenase, PNB carboxy esterase, 2-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol dioxygenase, and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 31:189-97. [PMID: 15138843 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes from thermophiles are preferred for industrial applications because they generally show improved tolerance to temperature, pressure, solvents, and pH as compared with enzymes from mesophiles. However, nearly all thermostable enzymes used in industrial applications or available commercially are produced as recombinant enzymes in mesophiles, typically Escherichia coli. The development of high-temperature bioprocesses, particularly those involving cofactor-requiring enzymes and/or multi-step enzymatic pathways, requires a thermophilic host. The extreme thermophile most amenable to genetic manipulation is Thermus thermophilus, but the study of expression of heterologous genes in T. thermophilus is in its infancy. While several heterologous genes have previously been expressed in T. thermophilus, the data reported here include the first examples of the functional expression of a gene from an archaeal hyperthermophile ( bglA from Pyrococcus woesei), a cofactor-requiring enzyme ( dszC from Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8), and a two-component enzyme ( carBa and carBb from Sphingomonas sp. GTIN11). A thermostable derivative of pnbA from Bacillus subtilis was also expressed, further expanding the list of genes from heterologous hosts that have been expressed in T. thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Shin Park
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., IL 61801, Urbana, USA
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