Transesophageal echocardiography

The anatomy of the interatrial septum: a transesophageal echocardiographic study

Transesophageal echocardiography provides a unique view of the IAS. We reviewed results of 119 transesophageal studies (1) to study the detailed anatomy of the IAS, and (2) to determine the thickness of the IAS at different times during the cardiac cycle, (3) the effect of age, and (4) the thickness of the IAS in relation to various disease states. From the transesophageal view the IAS extends from the right posteriorly toward the left and anteriorly. The more inferior aspect of the septum courses in a more direct posteroanterior direction and is more difficult to accurately visualize. The IAS is thickest peripherally and gradually narrows toward the more centrally located fossa ovalis. A region of constant thickness is frequently present between the most peripheral aspect of the IAS and the fossa ovalis. We standardized the measurement of the thickness of the septum by measuring it only at this region of constant thickness in the plane that visualized the fossa ovalis. The mean thickness at this point was 6 +/- 2 mm. The thickness correlated weakly with the age of the patient. These results agree with previously published autopsy findings. Thickness was not affected by the presence of significant disease of the atrioventricular valves, atrial fibrillation, or an atrial septal defect. However, the thickness increased to 7 +/- 2 mm with atrial contraction during sinus rhythm (p less than 0.0001). The mean thickness of the septum primum covering the fossa ovalis was 1.8 +/- 0.7 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Impact of transesophageal color flow Doppler echocardiography in current cardiology practice

Of 3,480 patients who were referred for cardiac ultrasound evaluation, 230 patients (6.6%) underwent transesophageal echocardiography because the transthoracic study was not feasible, technically inadequate, or provided insufficient diagnostic information for optimal patient management. There were 149 inpatients and 81 outpatients. The majority (182 patients, 79%) had aortic or mitral disorders. In 166 patients (72%), transesophageal echocardiography played a significant role in patient management. Transesophageal echocardiography was most useful in evaluating diseases of the aorta (dissection, root abscess, or aneurysm), mitral prosthesis, complications of endocarditis, left atrial appendage thrombi, and in determining the cause of mitral insufficiency. Transesophageal echocardiography was useful in the evaluation of critically ill patients and those with severe lung disease.

Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach

In 105 patients with active infective endocarditis, disease-associated complications defined as severe heart failure (New York Heart Association class IV), embolic events and in-hospital death were correlated to the vegetation size determined by both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. A detailed comparison between anatomic and echocardiographic findings, performed in a subgroup of 80 patients undergoing surgery or necropsy, revealed that true valvular vegetations can be reliably identified by echocardiography in the vast majority of patients; the detection rate was significantly higher for the transesophageal (90%) than for the transthoracic (58%) approach, particularly when infected prosthetic valves were evaluated. However, an accurate echocardiographic differentiation between true vegetations and other endocarditis-induced valve destruction (ruptured leaflets or chordae) is impossible. The correlation of vegetation size with endocarditis-associated complications showed that patients with a vegetation diameter greater than 10 mm had a significantly higher incidence of embolic events than did those with a vegetation diameter less than or equal to 10 mm (22 of 47 versus 11 of 58; p less than 0.01). Particularly for patients with mitral valve endocarditis, a vegetation diameter greater than 10 mm was highly sensitive in identifying patients at risk for embolic events. Vegetation size, however, was not significantly different in patients with and without severe heart failure or in patients surviving or dying during acute endocarditis. In addition, no significant correlation was found between vegetation size and location of endocarditis or type of infective organism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anatomy, histology, and pathology of the major epicardial coronary arteries relevant to echocardiographic imaging techniques

We are at the threshold of a new era of coronary artery imaging with the use of transthoracic, transesophageal, and intravascular ultrasound. Echocardiographic imaging has the capability of assessing changes of the lumen and walls of major epicardial coronary arteries. This article reviews certain anatomic, histologic, and pathologic observations of the major epicardial coronary arteries relevant to these various echocardiographic imaging techniques.