51
|
Haslett JN, Sanoudou D, Kho AT, Han M, Bennett RR, Kohane IS, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM. Gene expression profiling of Duchenne muscular dystrophy skeletal muscle. Neurogenetics 2003; 4:163-71. [PMID: 12698323 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-003-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to absence of the corresponding protein, disruption of the dystrophin-associated protein complex, and substantial changes in skeletal muscle pathology. Although the primary defect is known and the histological pathology well documented, the underlying molecular pathways remain in question. To clarify these pathways, we used expression microarrays to compare individual gene expression profiles for skeletal muscle biopsies from DMD patients and unaffected controls. We have previously published expression data for the 12,500 known genes and full-length expressed sequence tags (ESTs) on the Affymetrix HG-U95Av2 chips. Here we present comparative expression analysis of the 50,000 EST clusters represented on the remainder of the Affymetrix HG-U95 set. Individual expression profiles were generated for biopsies from 10 DMD patients and 10 unaffected control patients. Two methods of statistical analysis were used to interpret the resulting data (t-test analysis to determine the statistical significance of differential expression and geometric fold change analysis to determine the extent of differential expression). These analyses identified 183 probe sets (59 of which represent known genes) that differ significantly in expression level between unaffected and disease muscle. This study adds to our knowledge of the molecular pathways that are altered in the dystrophic state. In particular, it suggests that signaling pathways might be substantially involved in the disease process. It also highlights a large number of unknown genes whose expression is altered and whose identity therefore becomes important in understanding the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Haslett
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Haslett JN, Sanoudou D, Kho AT, Bennett RR, Greenberg SA, Kohane IS, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM. Gene expression comparison of biopsies from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and normal skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15000-5. [PMID: 12415109 PMCID: PMC137534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192571199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a mutation in the dystrophin gene leading to the absence of the corresponding RNA transcript and protein. Absence of dystrophin leads to disruption of the dystrophin-associated protein complex and substantial changes in skeletal muscle pathology. Although the histological pathology of dystrophic tissue has been well documented, the underlying molecular pathways remain poorly understood. To examine the pathogenic pathways and identify new or modifying factors involved in muscular dystrophy, expression microarrays were used to compare individual gene expression profiles of skeletal muscle biopsies from 12 DMD patients and 12 unaffected control patients. Two separate statistical analysis methods were used to interpret the resulting data: t test analysis to determine the statistical significance of differential expression and geometric fold change analysis to determine the extent of differential expression. These analyses identified 105 genes that differ significantly in expression level between unaffected and DMD muscle. Many of the differentially expressed genes reflect changes in histological pathology. For instance, immune response signals and extracellular matrix genes are overexpressed in DMD muscle, an indication of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and connective tissue. Significantly more genes are overexpressed than are underexpressed in dystrophic muscle, with dystrophin underexpressed, whereas other genes encoding muscle structure and regeneration processes are overexpressed, reflecting the regenerative nature of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Haslett
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Boer JM, de Meijer EJ, Mank EM, van Ommen GB, den Dunnen JT. Expression profiling in stably regenerating skeletal muscle of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Neuromuscul Disord 2002; 12 Suppl 1:S118-24. [PMID: 12206806 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(02)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mdx mouse is comparable to Duchenne muscular dystrophy in having an absence of dystrophin. While dystrophic human skeletal muscle undergoes progressive degeneration, in the mdx mouse regeneration and tissue remodeling substantially compensate for the lack of dystrophin. To better understand the molecular events leading to active muscle regeneration in mdx muscles, we have determined the gene expression profiles of wild-type and mdx hind limb muscles using oligonucleotide arrays. Compared to wild-type, 58 genes were found to be differentially expressed in mdx. The molecular signature of actively regenerating skeletal muscle in young adult mdx mice showed upregulation of muscle development genes and genes involved in immune response, proteolysis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Moreover, energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were not compromised. Insights into the processes activated in the mdx muscle to compensate for chronic degeneration may have important implications for therapy in patients with muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Boer
- Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Rouger K, Le Cunff M, Steenman M, Potier MC, Gibelin N, Dechesne CA, Leger JJ. Global/temporal gene expression in diaphragm and hindlimb muscles of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C773-84. [PMID: 12176734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00112.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mdx mouse is a model for human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked degenerative disease of skeletal muscle tissue characterized by the absence of the dystrophin protein. The mdx mice display a much milder phenotype than DMD patients. After the first week of life when all mdx muscles evolve like muscles of young DMD patients, mdx hindlimb muscles substantially compensate for the lack of dystrophin, whereas mdx diaphragm muscle becomes progressively affected by the disease. We used cDNA microarrays to compare the expression profile of 1,082 genes, previously selected by a subtractive method, in control and mdx hindlimb and diaphragm muscles at 12 time points over the first year of the mouse life. We determined that 1) the dystrophin gene defect induced marked expression remodeling of 112 genes encoding proteins implicated in diverse muscle cell functions and 2) two-thirds of the observed transcriptomal anomalies differed between adult mdx hindlimb and diaphragm muscles. Our results showed that neither mdx diaphram muscle nor mdx hindlimb muscles evolve entirely like the human DMD muscles. This finding should be taken under consideration for the interpretation of future experiments using mdx mice as a model for therapeutic assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rouger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 533, Faculté de Médecine, 44093 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Tseng BS, Zhao P, Pattison JS, Gordon SE, Granchelli JA, Madsen RW, Folk LC, Hoffman EP, Booth FW. Regenerated mdx mouse skeletal muscle shows differential mRNA expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 93:537-45. [PMID: 12133862 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over 3,000 articles published on dystrophin in the last 15 years, the reasons underlying the progression of the human disease, differential muscle involvement, and disparate phenotypes in different species are not understood. The present experiment employed a screen of 12,488 mRNAs in 16-wk-old mouse mdx muscle at a time when the skeletal muscle is avoiding severe dystrophic pathophysiology, despite the absence of a functional dystrophin protein. A number of transcripts whose levels differed between the mdx and human Duchenne muscular dystrophy were noted. A fourfold decrease in myostatin mRNA in the mdx muscle was noted. Differential upregulation of actin-related protein 2/3 (subunit 4), beta-thymosin, calponin, mast cell chymase, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase mRNA in the more benign mdx was also observed. Transcripts for oxidative and glycolytic enzymes in mdx muscle were not downregulated. These discrepancies could provide candidates for salvage pathways that maintain skeletal muscle integrity in the absence of a functional dystrophin protein in mdx skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Tseng
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Using a subtractive cDNA library hybridization approach, we found that receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2), a tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1)-associated factor, is a novel early-acting gene that decreases markedly in expression during myogenic differentiation. RIP2 consists of three domains: an amino-terminal kinase domain, an intermediate domain, and a carboxy-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). In some cell types, RIP2 has been shown to be a potent inducer of apoptosis and an activator of NF-kappa B. To analyze the function of RIP2 during differentiation, we transduced C2C12 myoblasts with retroviral vectors to constitutively produce RIP2 at high levels. When cultured in growth medium, these cells did not show an enhanced rate of proliferation compared to controls. When switched to differentiation medium, however, they continued to proliferate, whereas control cells withdrew from the cell cycle, showed increased expression of differentiation markers such as myogenin, and began to differentiate into multinucleated myotubes. The complete RIP2 protein appeared to be necessary to inhibit myogenic differentiation, since two different deletion mutants lacking either the amino-terminal kinase domain or the carboxy-terminal CARD had no effect. A mutant deficient in kinase activity, however, had effects similar to wild-type RIP2, indicating that phosphorylation was not essential to the function of RIP2. Furthermore, RIP proteins appeared to be important during myogenic differentiation in vivo, as we detected a marked decrease in expression of the RIP2 homolog RIP in several muscle tissues of the dystrophic mdx mouse, a model for continuous muscle degeneration and regeneration. We conclude that RIP proteins can act independently of TNFR-1 stimulation by ligand to modulate downstream signaling pathways, such as activation of NF-kappa B. These results implicate RIP2 in a previously unrecognized role: a checkpoint for myogenic proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Munz
- Baxter Laboratory for Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
The development and increasingly common use of DNA microarrays for comprehensive RNA expression analysis has had a substantial impact on the study of molecular pathology. DNA microarrays are orderly, high-density arrangements of nucleic acid spots that can be used as substrates for global gene expression analysis. Prior to their development, technical limitations necessitated that the molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes be broken down into their component parts and each gene or protein studied individually. This approach, focused as it is on a single aspect of a scientific phenomenon, does not allow appreciation or understanding of the fact that biological pathways do not exist in isolation, but are influenced by numerous factors. Enormous technological advances have been made over the past decade and now high-density DNA microarrays can provide rapid measurement of thousands of distinct transcripts simultaneously. These experiments raise the exciting opportunity to examine biological pathways in all their complexity and to compare the hypotheses deduced from the study of histological pathology with the findings of molecular pathology. This review focuses on how microarray technology has been used to interrogate muscular gene expression and, in particular, on how data generated from differential expression analysis of dystrophic and normal skeletal muscle has contributed to understanding the molecular pathophysiological pathways of muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Haslett
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Cros N, Tkatchenko AV, Pisani DF, Leclerc L, Léger JJ, Marini JF, Dechesne CA. Analysis of altered gene expression in rat soleus muscle atrophied by disuse. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:508-19. [PMID: 11596118 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study involved a global analysis of genes whose expression was modified in rat soleus muscle atrophied after hindlimb suspension (HS). HS muscle unloading is a common model for muscle disuse that especially affects antigravity slow-twitch muscles such as the soleus muscle. A cDNA cloning strategy, based on suppression subtractive hybridization technology, led to the construction of two normalized soleus muscle cDNA libraries that were subtracted in opposite directions, i.e., atrophied soleus muscle cDNAs subtracted by control cDNAs and vice versa. Differential screening of the two libraries revealed 34 genes with altered expression in HS soleus muscle, including 11 novel cDNAs, in addition to the 2X and 2B myosin heavy chain genes expressed only in soleus muscles after HS. Gene up- and down-regulations were quantified by reverse Northern blot and classical Northern blot analysis. The 25 genes with known functions fell into seven important functional categories. The homogeneity of gene alterations within each category gave several clues for unraveling the interplay of cellular events implied in the muscle atrophy phenotype. In particular, our results indicate that modulations in slow- and fast-twitch-muscle component balance, the protein synthesis/secretion pathway, and the extracellular matrix/cytoskeleton axis are likely to be key molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. In addition, the cloning of novel cDNAs underlined the efficiency of the chosen technical approach and gave novel possibilities to further decipher the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Cros
- INSERM Unit 300, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34060, Montpellier cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Braun U, Paju K, Eimre M, Seppet E, Orlova E, Kadaja L, Trumbeckaite S, Gellerich FN, Zierz S, Jockusch H, Seppet EK. Lack of dystrophin is associated with altered integration of the mitochondria and ATPases in slow-twitch muscle cells of MDX mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1505:258-70. [PMID: 11334790 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(01)00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of dystrophin-mediated control of systems integrating mitochondria with ATPases was assessed in muscle cells. Mitochondrial distribution and function in skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers from dystrophin-deficient (MDX) and wild-type mice were compared. Laser confocal microscopy revealed disorganized mitochondrial arrays in m. gastrocnemius in MDX mice, whereas the other muscles appeared normal in this group. Irrespective of muscle type, the absence of dystrophin had no effect on the maximal capacity of oxidative phosphorylation, nor on coupling between oxidation and phosphorylation. However, in the myocardium and m. soleus, the coupling of mitochondrial creatine kinase to adenine nucleotide translocase was attenuated as evidenced by the decreased effect of creatine on the Km for ADP in the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation. In m. soleus, a low Km for ADP compared to the wild-type counterpart was found, which implies increased permeability for that nucleotide across the mitochondrial outer membrane. In normal cardiac fibers 35% of the ADP flux generated by ATPases was not accessible to the external pyruvate kinase-phosphoenolpyruvate system, which suggests the compartmentalized (direct) channeling of that fraction of ADP to mitochondria. Compared to control, the direct ADP transfer was increased in MDX ventricles. In conclusion, our data indicate that in slow-twitch muscle cells, the absence of dystrophin is associated with the rearrangement of the intracellular energy and feedback signal transfer systems between mitochondria and ATPases. As the mechanisms mediated by creatine kinases become ineffective, the role of diffusion of adenine nucleotides increases due to the higher permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane for ADP and enhanced compartmentalization of ADP flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Braun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Taru, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Larose M, Bouchard C, Chagnon YC. A new gene related to human obesity identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:770-6. [PMID: 11439288 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2000] [Revised: 12/17/2000] [Accepted: 01/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the research was to identify genes specially expressed in the obese state and potentially involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS We used the technique of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), which combines subtractive hybridization with PCR, to generate a population of PCR fragments enriched for transcripts of high or low abundance from differentially expressed genes. PolyA+ mRNA was isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of five massively obese (>35 kg/m(2)) and five normal-weight (<25 kg/m(2)) women. cDNA generated from RNA pooled from the obese subjects was contrasted by SSH with an excess of pooled cDNA from the normal-weight women. RESULTS Seventy-nine clones were obtained among which one showed by RT-PCR a higher expression in obese than in normal-weight subjects. This gene was shown to be predominantly expressed in adipose tissue in contrast to brain, liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle, and was called "Adipogene". No expression was detected in lung, pancreas and placenta. The cDNA was 1.5 kb long with an open reading frame of 1004 nucleotides encoding a protein of 334 amino acids (37 kDa). No significant sequence similarity was found in databanks, except for weak amino acid homologies with prokaryotic AraC/XylS transcriptional regulator family. Adipogene is encoded on chromosome 8, less than 1 centiMorgan (cM) from the beta3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) locus. Weak linkages were observed with body mass index (BMI) and three microsatellite markers located within 10 cM of Adipogene, whereas no linkage was observed with Trp64Arg ADRB3 polymorphism using the Québec Family Study database. CONCLUSION Using the SSH technique, we have identified a new gene, called Adipogene, which is overexpressed in the adipose tissue of the obese individuals and could be involved in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Larose
- Kinesiology, Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Tkatchenko AV, Visconti RP, Shang L, Papenbrock T, Pruett ND, Ito T, Ogawa M, Awgulewitsch A. Overexpression of Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia. Development 2001; 128:1547-58. [PMID: 11290294 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.9.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studying the roles of Hox genes in normal and pathological development of skin and hair requires identification of downstream target genes in genetically defined animal models. We show that transgenic mice overexpressing Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes of hair follicles develop alopecia, accompanied by a progressive pathological skin condition that resembles ichthyosis. Large-scale analysis of differential gene expression in postnatal skin of these mice identified 16 previously unknown and 13 known genes as presumptive Hoxc13 targets. The majority of these targets are downregulated and belong to a subgroup of genes that encode hair-specific keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Genomic mapping using a mouse hamster radiation hybrid panel showed these genes to reside in a novel KAP gene cluster on mouse chromosome 16 in a region of conserved linkage with human chromosome 21q22.11. Furthermore, data obtained by Hoxc13/lacZ reporter gene analysis in mice that overexpress Hoxc13 suggest negative autoregulatory feedback control of Hoxc13 expression levels, thus providing an entry point for elucidating currently unknown mechanisms that are required for regulating quantitative levels of Hox gene expression. Combined, these results provide a framework for understanding molecular mechanisms of Hoxc13 function in hair growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Tkatchenko
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tkatchenko AV, Piétu G, Cros N, Gannoun-Zaki L, Auffray C, Léger JJ, Dechesne CA. Identification of altered gene expression in skeletal muscles from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Neuromuscul Disord 2001; 11:269-77. [PMID: 11297942 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the dystrophin gene lead to dystrophin deficiency, which is the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This important discovery more than 10 years ago opened a new field for very productive investigations. However, the exact functions of dystrophin are still not fully understood and the complex process leading to subsequent muscle fiber necrosis has not been clearly described; hence there has not yet been any marked improvement in patient treatment. To decipher the molecular mechanisms induced by a lack of dystrophin, we started identifying genes whose expression is altered in DMD skeletal muscles. The approach was based on differential screening of a human muscle cDNA array. Nine genes were found to be up- or downregulated. Our results indicate expression alterations in mitochondrial genes, titin, a muscle transcription factor and three novel genes. First characterizations of these novel genes indicated that two of them have striated muscle tissue specificity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Child
- Connectin
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genes, Regulator/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Tkatchenko
- INSERM U 300, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 cedex 01, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Fang J, Shi GP, Vaghy PL. Identification of the increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cathepsin S, UPIX-1, and other genes in dystrophin-deficient mouse muscles by suppression subtractive hybridization. J Cell Biochem 2000; 79:164-72. [PMID: 10906764 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(2000)79:1<164::aid-jcb10>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of dystrophin results in muscular dystrophy characterized by degeneration, inflammation, and partial regeneration of skeletal muscles. The fate of these muscles may be determined by the extent of adaptation to the defect and the efficiency of regeneration that is affected by inflammatory cells. We have used suppression subtractive hybridization and quantitative Northern blot analysis to identify differentially expressed genes. Increased expression of murine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (JE/MCP-1), cathepsin S, UPIX-1, nmb, cathepsin B, and lysozyme M mRNAs were identified in 2-month-old mdx mouse leg muscles. UPIX-1 is a novel gene. Although it was not expressed in control muscles, it was expressed in control brain, heart, and spleen. JE/MCP-1 and cathepsin S proteins in mdx muscles, as well as JE/MCP-1 protein in the serum of mdx mice were also detected. JE/MCP-1 may be responsible for attraction of inflammatory cells, and cathepsin S, a potent elastolytic protease, may contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix that is required for the migration of these cells to the injured muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|