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Adenosine receptor antagonists improve short-term object-recognition ability of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:134-45. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832a80bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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The working memory capabilities of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:481-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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53
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Bari A, Dalley JW, Robbins TW. The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:759-67. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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54
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Yilmaz MS, Coskun C, Suzer O, Yalcin M, Mutlu D, Savci V. Hypotensive effects of intravenously administered uridine and cytidine in conscious rats: Involvement of adenosine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584:125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liu LL, Yang J, Lei GF, Wang GJ, Wang YW, Sun RP. Atomoxetine increases histamine release and improves learning deficits in an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:527-32. [PMID: 18346050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial development in the pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been made recently including approval of new non-stimulant agents targeting noradrenergic, histaminergic and dopaminergic systems. Among such, atomoxetine has been widely used, although its mechanism of action is poorly understood. It is known that central nervous system histamine is closely associated with cognition and it was recently shown that both atomoxetine and methylphenidate enhance cortical histamine release in rats. To that end, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of atomoxetine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on histamine release using the microdialysis technique in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a suitable genetic model for ADHD. Our data confirmed that atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of histamine in the prefrontal cortex, a brain region that is implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Given the tie between histamine neurotransmission and treatment of cognitive dysfunction, we also assessed the effects of atomoxetine on learning and memory as measured by the Morris water maze in SHR. The results indicated that atomoxetine significantly ameliorated performance in the Morris water maze, consistent with its histamine-enhancing profile. In conclusion, the current study provides further support for the notion that the therapeutic effect of atomoxetine could involve activation of histamine neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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56
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The potential role of nutritional components in the management of Alzheimer's Disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:197-207. [PMID: 18374332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking nutrition to the incidence and risk of Alzheimer Disease is rapidly increasing. The specific nutritional deficiencies in Alzheimer patients may suggest a relative shortage of specific macro- and micronutrients. These include omega-3 fatty acids, several B-vitamins and antioxidants such as vitamins E and C. Recent mechanistic studies in cell systems and animal models also support the idea that nutritional components are able to counteract specific aspects of the neurodegenerative and pathological processes in the brain. In addition, it has been shown that several nutritional components can also effectively stimulate membrane formation and synapse formation as well as improve behavior and cerebrovascular health. The suggested synergy between nutritional components to improve neuronal plasticity and function is supported by epidemiological studies as well as experimental studies in animal models. The ability of nutritional compositions to stimulate synapse formation and effectively reduce Alzheimer Disease neuropathology in these preclinical models provides a solid basis to predict potential to modify the disease process, especially during the early phases of Alzheimer Disease.
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57
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Glutamate-stimulated release of norepinephrine in hippocampal slices of animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (spontaneously hypertensive rat) and depression/anxiety-like behaviours (Wistar–Kyoto rat). Brain Res 2008; 1200:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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58
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Impulsive choice in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 2008; 187:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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59
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Cansev M. Uridine and cytidine in the brain: their transport and utilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:389-97. [PMID: 16769123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pyrimidines cytidine (as CTP) and uridine (which is converted to UTP and then CTP) contribute to brain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway. Their uptake into brain from the circulation is initiated by nucleoside transporters located at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the rate at which uptake occurs is a major factor determining phosphatide synthesis. Two such transporters have been described: a low-affinity equilibrative system and a high-affinity concentrative system. It is unlikely that the low-affinity transporter contributes to brain uridine or cytidine uptake except when plasma concentrations of these compounds are increased several-fold experimentally. CNT2 proteins, the high-affinity transporters for purines like adenosine as well as for uridine, have been found in cells comprising the BBB of rats. However, to date, no comparable high-affinity carrier protein for cytidine, such as CNT1, has been detected at this location. Thus, uridine may be more available to brain than cytidine and may be the major precursor in brain for both the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotides and the Kennedy pathway of phosphatide synthesis. This recognition may bear on the effects of cytidine or uridine sources in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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60
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Tomassoni D, Avola R, Mignini F, Parnetti L, Amenta F. Effect of treatment with choline alphoscerate on hippocampus microanatomy and glial reaction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2006; 1120:183-90. [PMID: 16989788 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of long term treatment with choline alphoscerate on microanatomy of hippocampus and glial reaction was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) used as an animal model of cerebrovascular disease. Choline alphoscerate is a cholinergic precursor, which has shown to be effective in countering cognitive symptoms in forms of dementia disorders of degenerative, vascular or combined origin. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 6 months and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated for 8 weeks with an oral daily dose of 100 mg/kg of choline alphoscerate, 285 mg/kg of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) or vehicle. On the hippocampus of different animal groups, nerve cell number and GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were assessed by neuroanatomical, immunochemical and immunohistochemical techniques associated with quantitative analysis. Treatment with choline alphoscerate countered nerve cell loss and glial reaction primarily in the CA1 subfields and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of SHR. Phosphatidylcholine did not affect hypertension-dependent changes in hippocampal microanatomy. Both compounds did not affect blood pressure values in SHR. These data suggest that choline alphoscerate may play a role in the countering hippocampal changes induced by cerebrovascular involvement. The observation that treatment with choline alphoscerate attenuates the extent of glial reaction in the hippocampus of SHR suggests also that the compound may afford neuroprotection in this animal model of vascular brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Tomassoni
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica,Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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61
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de Bruin NMWJ, Fransen F, Duytschaever H, Grantham C, Megens AAHP. Attentional performance of (C57BL/6Jx129Sv)F2 mice in the five-choice serial reaction time task. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:692-703. [PMID: 16987534 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired attention is evident in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, attentional capabilities were measured in the operant five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in male (C57BL/6Jx129Sv)F2 hybrid (B6129F2) mice. Main aims were to validate and standardize the test in these mice: to setup procedures, measure potential beneficial effects of sub-chronic nicotine in degraded versions of the 5-CSRTT (by decreasing stimulus duration, inducing white noise and making the stimuli unpredictable) and study disruptive effects of additional administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. During the baseline pre-nicotine sessions, the B6129F2 mice attained a very good performance in the test (95% accuracy). As stimulus duration was reduced from 2 s to 1 s, response accuracy of the mice decreased. Mice treated with nicotine (0.16 mg/kg) attained significantly higher response accuracy and had a lower percentage of incorrect responses in comparison with the solvent-treated animals. No further beneficial effects of nicotine were found. Reduced response accuracy was also obtained when stimulus duration was reduced from 1 s to 0.5 s and when a variable intertrial interval was introduced. Noise interpolation between trials did not impair performance. Finally, scopolamine (0.16 mg/kg) disrupted attentional functioning. Although most studies have been performed in rats, these results add to the existing evidence that the 5-CSRTT can also be used to assess attentional performance in mice. This offers the opportunity to test transgenic and knockout mice with similar background as the B6129F2 as animal models of psychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M W J de Bruin
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development (J&J PRD), CNS Discovery Research, Belgium.
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62
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Li JS, Huang YC. Early androgen treatment influences the pattern and amount of locomotion activity differently and sexually differentially in an animal model of ADHD. Behav Brain Res 2006; 175:176-82. [PMID: 16979765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Higher testosterone level in males is one of the most obvious possibilities for the development of a clear gender difference in ADHD. The present study focused on the influence of excessive androgen exposure in the developmental stage on the hyperactivity feature of ADHD. The study used the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model. The amount of locomotion activity previously used as an over-activity measure in the SHR has resulted in a complicated picture. While the general activity level of SHR was significantly higher than its progenitor-the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), comparative differences with the Wistar rat could be observed only under certain experimental conditions. The present study applied the scaling approach to assess open field behaviors from a qualitative aspect. Although SHR and Wistar rats showed similar locomotion amounts, movement patterns differed significantly, as indicated by the spatial scaling exponent. Androgen treatment during the early postnatal developmental stage significantly increased total path lengths only in the male SHR. Effects of the hormone manipulation were not expressed in the scaling measurement. The scaling approach conclusively provides a different aspect of open field behaviors and also reacts differently as the total path length to excessive early testosterone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay-Shake Li
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC.
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63
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de Bruin N, Mahieu M, Patel T, Willems R, Lesage A, Megens A. Performance of F2 B6x129 hybrid mice in the Morris water maze, latent inhibition and prepulse inhibition paradigms: Comparison with C57Bl/6J and 129sv inbred mice. Behav Brain Res 2006; 172:122-34. [PMID: 16764948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of cognition and information processing in mice is an important tool in preclinical research that focuses on the development of cognitive enhancing drugs. Analysis of transgenic (TG) and knockout (KO) mice is usually performed on a F2 B6x 129 background. In the present study, we have compared performance of F2 B6x 129 hybrid mice (F2 mice) with that of the two parental inbred strains (C57Bl/6J and 129sv mice), and a wild-type (WT) strain (with a combined B6x 129 background) in three cognitive/information processing paradigms. It was found that the F2 mice outperformed either of the parental strains and provide a control sample with good baseline performance in the Morris water maze (MWM). Reliable deficits could be obtained in learning and memory in this paradigm following injections with scopolamine (0.16 mg/kg) in the F2 mice, which can potentially be used to test effects of reference and novel compounds in order to develop cognitive enhancing drugs. Furthermore, it was shown that the four genotypes showed normal latent inhibition (LI) using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm and exhibited no differences in prepulse inhibition (PPI) levels. Following the setup of these procedures in mice, we are now able to compare the effects of gene knockout/mutations used for target validation with results in the present study as a frame of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja de Bruin
- Johnson and Johnson, Pharmaceutical Research and Development (J and J PRD), CNS Discovery Research, Beerse, Belgium.
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van den Bergh FS, Bloemarts E, Chan JSW, Groenink L, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Spontaneously hypertensive rats do not predict symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 83:380-90. [PMID: 16580713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The validity of the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) as a model for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is explored by comparing the SHR with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats in a number of different tests. In the open field, SHR are hyperactive compared to both Wistar and WKY, but only at specific ages. At those ages, methylphenidate (1mg/kg) did not attenuate hyperactivity. Subsequently, a dose response study of methylphenidate (0.1-10mg/kg) was conducted in the Differential Reinforcement of Low-rate responding (DRL)-72s and five-choice serial reaction time tests (5-CSRTT). Compared to WKY but not Wistar rats, SHR performed worse on the DRL-72s. Performance was not improved by methylphenidate (0.1-1.0mg/kg). In the 5-CSRTT, attentional performance was similar for all rat strains, but Wistar rats made more impulsive responses than both the SHR and the WKY. Methylphenidate only attenuated impulsivity in Wistar rats. Because SHR do not consistently display symptoms of ADHD across the different tests, and methylphenidate effects were observed in both WKY and Wistar rats, but not in SHR, we conclude that SHR is not a representative animal model for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S van den Bergh
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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65
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Siesser WB, Cheng SY, McDonald MP. Hyperactivity, impaired learning on a vigilance task, and a differential response to methylphenidate in the TRbetaPV knock-in mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 181:653-63. [PMID: 15983791 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) play a critical role in brain development, and thyroid abnormalities have been linked to a variety of psychiatric and neuropsychological disorders. Among patients with the rare genetic syndrome resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), 40-70% meet the diagnostic criteria for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RTH is caused by a mutation in the thyroid receptor beta (Thrb) gene that results in reduced binding of T3 to its receptor and elevated concentrations of T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. OBJECTIVES We tested a knock-in (KI) mouse expressing a mutant TRbeta allele (TRbetaPV) for the behavioral features of ADHD and their response to methylphenidate (MPH). METHODS The locomotor activity of the TRbetaPV KI mice was measured in activity monitors over multiple sessions. Sustained attention and the effects of MPH on attention were assessed using a vigilance task. RESULTS The TRbetaPV KI mice are hyperactive and have learning deficits on a vigilance task. Doses of MPH that impair the vigilance performance of wild-type mice do not affect the performance of the TRbetaPV KI mice. CONCLUSIONS The TRbetaPV KI mice provide a tool for studying the underlying neural deficits that contribute to thyroid-related neurological disorders, hyperactivity, and altered responsiveness to MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Siesser
- Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0325, USA
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66
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Calzavara MB, Lopez GB, Abílio VC, Silva RH, Frussa-Filho R. Role of anxiety levels in memory performance of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav Pharmacol 2005; 15:545-53. [PMID: 15577453 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200412000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show behavioural differences when compared to their strain-matched controls. These differences include decreased anxiety-like behaviour in SHR, while both improved performance and behavioural deficits have been reported in learning/memory studies. Considering that alterations in anxiety levels during the training session can modify retention performance in animal models of memory, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of anxiety levels in the performance of SHR rats in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PM-DAT), in which memory and anxiety are evaluated simultaneously. Adult (5-month-old) and young (45-day-old) SHR and normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were treated with chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) or saline. Thirty minutes later, rats were submitted to the PM-DAT training session. After 24 h, the test session was performed. The results showed that: (1) adult SHR showed lower anxiety levels compared to adult NWR; (2) adult SHR and NWR, as well as young NWR, showed significant retention of the task, while young SHR showed impaired performance; (3) 5.0 mg/kg CDZ decreased anxiety levels in adult NWR and young and adult SHR; (4) 5.0 mg/kg CDZ impaired retention in adult SHR and NWR and increased retention in young SHR. Our data suggest an important role of anxiety levels in the performance of SHR in a plus-maze discriminative avoidance task.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Calzavara
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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67
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Prediger RDS, Fernandes D, Takahashi RN. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors reverses short-term social memory impairments in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav Brain Res 2005; 159:197-205. [PMID: 15817183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibit impairment across several cognitive domains such as attention, short-term memory and spatial reference memory. These cognitive deficits have been variously attributed to disrupted dopaminergic, cholinergic and adenosinergic neurotransmitter function. However, social memory in SHR has not been investigated. In the present study, we therefore evaluated whether SHR exhibit altered short-term social memory abilities compared to normotensive Wistar rats (WIS) through two experimental paradigms (social recognition and habituation-dishabituation tests). We also compared the performance of SHR and WIS rats in the object recognition test. SHR exhibited significantly impaired performance in both models of social memory, but not in the object recognition test, demonstrating a selective deficit in the ability to recognize a juvenile rat after a short period of time. The administration of acute doses of the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo-[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl) phenol (ZM241385, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) but not the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed this social memory impairment in SHR, but these treatments did not alter the hypertension state. These results demonstrate an impairment of short-term social memory in SHR and the involvement of the adenosine A2A receptors in this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88049-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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