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Seisen T, Rouprêt M, Gomez F, Malouf GG, Shariat SF, Peyronnet B, Spano JP, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O. A comprehensive review of genomic landscape, biomarkers and treatment sequencing in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 48:25-33. [PMID: 27327958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-naïve prostate cancer and its castration-resistant state (CRPC) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases. From initiation of prostate carcinogenesis to its evolution towards therapeutic resistance, various combinations of genetic and epigenetic events occur. Schematically, progression to CRPC could be divided in two distinct pathways, either dependent or independent of the androgen receptor activity. Nevertheless, because the better knowledge of the genetic landscape of CRPC is under way, limited clinical applications are available at the moment, underlying the usefulness of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in daily practice. Despite the promising prognostic value of circulating tumor cells, no biomarker has been currently validated as a surrogate for overall survival in CRPC patients. Inversely, considerable interest has been generated with the recent finding of the splice variant AR-V7 that allows to predict resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. However, other predictive biomarkers would be necessary to accurately guide personalized sequencing of CRPC treatment, which now includes numerous possibilities based on the six validated drugs, without accounting for those currently under investigation in the ongoing randomized controlled trials. As a consequence, only rational sequencing, which consists in choosing an agent that is not expected to have cross-resistance with previous therapy, can be currently advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seisen
- Academic Department of Urology of La Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, 75013 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, CeRePP/ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Academic Department of Urology of La Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, 75013 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, CeRePP/ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Florie Gomez
- Department of Urology, CHC Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriel G Malouf
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology of La Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Academic Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benoit Peyronnet
- Academic Department of Urology, CHU Rennes and University of Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology of La Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, CeRePP/ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, GRC n° 5, CeRePP/ONCOTYPE-URO, 75013 Paris, France; Academic Department of Urology of Tenon, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, University Paris 6, 75013 Paris, France
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52
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Marín-Aguilera M, Reig Ò, Lozano JJ, Jiménez N, García-Recio S, Erill N, Gaba L, Tagliapietra A, Ortega V, Carrera G, Colomer A, Gascón P, Mellado B. Molecular profiling of peripheral blood is associated with circulating tumor cells content and poor survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10604-16. [PMID: 25871394 PMCID: PMC4496379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood correlates with clinical outcome in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We analyzed the molecular profiling of peripheral blood from 43 metastatic CRPC patients with known CTC content in order to identify genes that may be related to prostate cancer progression. Global gene expression analysis identified the differential expression of 282 genes between samples with ≥5 CTCs vs <5 CTCs, 58.6% of which were previously described as over-expressed in prostate cancer (18.9% in primary tumors and 56.1% in metastasis). Those genes were involved in survival functions such as metabolism, signal transduction, gene expression, cell growth, death, and movement. The expression of selected genes was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. This analysis revealed a two-gene model (SELENBP1 and MMP9) with a high significant prognostic ability (HR 6; 95% CI 2.61 - 13.79; P<0.0001). The combination of the two-gene signature plus the CTCs count showed a higher prognostic ability than CTCs enumeration or gene expression alone (P<0.05). This study shows a gene expression profile in PBMNC associated with CTCs count and clinical outcome in metastatic CRPC, describing genes and pathways potentially associated with CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Marín-Aguilera
- Translational Genomics Group and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Òscar Reig
- Translational Genomics Group and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Bioinformatics Platform Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Jiménez
- Translational Genomics Group and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana García-Recio
- Translational Genomics Group and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lydia Gaba
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vanesa Ortega
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Carrera
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Plató, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Gascón
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Translational Genomics Group and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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53
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Wang Y, Jadhav RR, Liu J, Wilson D, Chen Y, Thompson IM, Troyer DA, Hernandez J, Shi H, Leach RJ, Huang THM, Jin VX. Roles of Distal and Genic Methylation in the Development of Prostate Tumorigenesis Revealed by Genome-wide DNA Methylation Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22051. [PMID: 26924343 PMCID: PMC4770430 DOI: 10.1038/srep22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation at promoters is often linked to tumorigenesis. But many aspects of DNA methylation remain unexplored, including the individual roles of distal and gene body methylation, as well as their collaborative roles with promoter methylation. Here we performed a MBD-seq analysis on prostate specimens classified into low, high, and very high risk group based on Gleason score and TNM stages. We identified gene sets with differential methylation regions (DMRs) in Distal, TSS, gene body and TES. To understand the collaborative roles, TSS was compared with the other three DMRs, resulted in 12 groups of genes with collaborative differential methylation patterns (CDMPs). We found several groups of genes that show opposite methylation patterns in Distal and Genic regions compared to TSS region, and in general they are differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumors in TCGA RNA-seq data. IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) reveals AR/TP53 signaling network to be a major signaling pathway, and survival analysis indicates genes subsets significantly associated with prostate cancer recurrence. Our results suggest that DNA methylation in Distal and Genic regions also plays critical roles in contributing to prostate tumorigenesis, and may act either positively or negatively with TSSs to alter gene regulation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Rohit Ramakant Jadhav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Joseph Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Desiree Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Dean A Troyer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Huidong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, US
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US.,Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Tim H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, US
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54
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Gold B, Cankovic M, Furtado LV, Meier F, Gocke CD. Do circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and circulating tumor nucleic acids have clinical utility? A report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn 2016; 17:209-24. [PMID: 25908243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing and screening for tumors through noninvasive means represent an important paradigm shift in precision medicine. In contrast to tissue biopsy, detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor nucleic acids provides a minimally invasive method for predictive and prognostic marker detection. This allows early and serial assessment of metastatic disease, including follow-up during remission, characterization of treatment effects, and clonal evolution. Isolation and characterization of CTCs and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are likely to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and minimal residual disease monitoring. However, more trials are required to validate the clinical utility of precise molecular markers for a variety of tumor types. This review focuses on the clinical utility of CTCs and ctDNA testing in patients with solid tumors, including somatic and epigenetic alterations that can be detected. A comparison of methods used to isolate and detect CTCs and some of the intricacies of the characterization of the ctDNA are also provided.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/blood
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Exosomes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/blood
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Pathology, Molecular
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Gold
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Milena Cankovic
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Larissa V Furtado
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frederick Meier
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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55
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Brunet LR, Hagemann T, Andrew G, Mudan S, Marabelle A. Have lessons from past failures brought us closer to the success of immunotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer? Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1112942. [PMID: 27141395 PMCID: PMC4839322 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is extremely resistant to chemo- and radiation-therapies due to its inherent genetic instability, the local immunosuppressive microenvironment and the remarkable desmoplastic stromal changes which characterize this cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improvement on standard current therapeutic options. Immunotherapies aimed at harnessing endogenous antitumor immunity have shown promise in multiple tumor types. In this review, we give an overview of new immune-related therapeutic strategies currently being tested in clinical trials in pancreatic cancer. We propose that immunotherapeutic strategies in combination with current therapies may offer new hopes in this most deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gayab Andrew
- Deparment of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK
| | | | - Aurelien Marabelle
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France; Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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56
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Biomarkers for prostate cancer: present challenges and future opportunities. Future Sci OA 2015; 2:FSO72. [PMID: 28031932 PMCID: PMC5137959 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has variable biological potential with multiple treatment options. A more personalized approach, therefore, is needed to better define men at higher risk of developing PCa, discriminate indolent from aggressive disease and improve risk stratification after treatment by predicting the likelihood of progression. This may improve clinical decision-making regarding management, improve selection for active surveillance protocols and minimize morbidity from treatment. Discovery of new biomarkers associated with prostate carcinogenesis present an opportunity to provide patients with novel genetic signatures to better understand their risk of developing PCa and help forecast their clinical course. In this review, we examine the current literature evaluating biomarkers in PCa. We also address current limitations and present several ideas for future studies.
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57
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Abstract
This chapter is focused on the role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), heretofore referred to as PAF-AH, in tumorigenic responses. Biochemical and other properties of this enzyme were discussed in detail in chapter "Plasma PAF-AH (PLA2G7): Biochemical Properties, Association with LDLs and HDLs, and Regulation of Expression" by Stafforini and in other chapters. Although phospholipases tend not to be drivers of tumorigenesis themselves, these enzymes and the lipid mediators whose levels they regulate interact with a variety of oncogenes and tumor suppressors [1]. Like other phospholipases, the functions of PAF-AH in cancer likely are related to its ability to regulate the levels of lipid mediators that participate in cellular processes related to initial tumorigenic events (e.g., proliferation, growth, inflammation) and/or spreading of the disease (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase secretion, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, migration, and angiogenesis) [1]. The importance of substrates and products of PAF-AH on key cellular functions has been evaluated in cell-based analyses which revealed that these metabolites can have pro- and antitumorigenic functions. Studies in genetically engineered mice lacking PAF-AH expression and genetic manipulation of PAF-AH levels in cancer cells demonstrated diverse functions of the protein in models of melanoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and others. The following sections highlight lessons learned from studies in cell lines and in mouse models regarding the diversity of functions of PAF-AH in cancer, and the potential of PAFAH transcripts, protein, and/or activity levels to become cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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58
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Pellegrini KL, Sanda MG, Moreno CS. RNA biomarkers to facilitate the identification of aggressive prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 45:37-46. [PMID: 26022941 PMCID: PMC4637232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of men are diagnosed with prostate cancer each year, but many will not experience morbidity or mortality as a result of their cancers. Therefore, biomarkers for prostate cancer are necessary to carefully select patients for initial diagnostic biopsy or to facilitate care decisions for men who have already been diagnosed with prostate cancer. RNA-based approaches to biomarker discovery allow the investigation of non-coding RNAs, gene fusion transcripts, splice variants, and multi-gene expression panels in tissue, urine, or blood as opportunities to improve care decisions. This review focuses on RNA biomarkers that are available as commercial assays, and therefore already available for potential clinical use, as well as providing an overview of newer RNA biomarkers that are in earlier stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Pellegrini
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin G Sanda
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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59
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Gross ME. Blood-based gene expression profiling in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. BMC Med 2015; 13:219. [PMID: 26365516 PMCID: PMC4568585 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the most life-threatening form of prostate cancer, has recently been the focus of many successful new treatments. Contemporary trials highlight the heterogeneous prognosis of CRPC as overall survival times vary greatly across different patient sub-groups. As presented in BMC Medicine, Wang et al. identify a blood-based prognostic signature in CRPC. Their approach is notable for discovery and validation of a four-gene model based on a whole-blood expression signature sampled from three distinct clinical cohorts. Further, the marker selection process incorporates an understanding of biological pathways expressed in myeloid or lymphoid cells which may provide some insight into host-tumor interactions as reflected in the peripheral blood. While the study includes a multivariate analysis accounting for many important clinical variables, larger datasets with more complete clinical information and sufficient follow-up are needed to confirm the independent significance of the four-gene expression model in a way which may better inform the care of CRPC patients.Please see related article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/13/201 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Gross
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 9033 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 300, Beverly Hills, CA, 90211, USA.
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60
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Wang L, Gong Y, Chippada-Venkata U, Heck MM, Retz M, Nawroth R, Galsky M, Tsao CK, Schadt E, de Bono J, Olmos D, Zhu J, Oh WK. A robust blood gene expression-based prognostic model for castration-resistant prostate cancer. BMC Med 2015; 13:201. [PMID: 26297150 PMCID: PMC4546313 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with wide variations in survival. Recent studies of whole blood mRNA expression-based biomarkers strongly predicted survival but the genes used in these biomarker models were non-overlapping and their relationship was unknown. We developed a biomarker model for CRPC that is robust, but also captures underlying biological processes that drive prostate cancer lethality. METHODS Using three independent cohorts of CRPC patients, we developed an integrative genomic approach for understanding the biological processes underlying genes associated with cancer progression, constructed a novel four-gene model that captured these changes, and compared the performance of the new model with existing gene models and other clinical parameters. RESULTS Our analysis revealed striking patterns of myeloid- and lymphoid-specific distribution of genes that were differentially expressed in whole blood mRNA profiles: up-regulated genes in patients with worse survival were overexpressed in myeloid cells, whereas down-regulated genes were noted in lymphocytes. A resulting novel four-gene model showed significant prognostic power independent of known clinical predictors in two independent datasets totaling 90 patients with CRPC, and was superior to the two existing gene models. CONCLUSIONS Whole blood mRNA profiling provides clinically relevant information in patients with CRPC. Integrative genomic analysis revealed patterns of differential mRNA expression with changes in gene expression in immune cell components which robustly predicted the survival of CRPC patients. The next step would be validation in a cohort of suitable size to quantify the prognostic improvement by the gene score upon the standard set of clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, USA
| | - Yixuan Gong
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Uma Chippada-Venkata
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Matthias Michael Heck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew Galsky
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Che-Kai Tsao
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Johann de Bono
- Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer clinical research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Deparment, CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Clinical Research Unit, hospitales Universitarios Virgen de la Victoria y Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jun Zhu
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, USA.
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - William K Oh
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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61
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Climent MÁ, León-Mateos L, González Del Alba A, Pérez-Valderrama B, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Mellado B, Arranz JÁ, Sánchez-Hernández A, Cassinello J, Olmos D, Carles J. Updated recommendations from the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:308-18. [PMID: 26100652 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male urogenital malignancy. Approximately 30% of patients with prostate cancer will develop advanced disease. Androgen deprivation therapy achieves disease control in about 90% of these patients, but the majority of them will eventually develop progressive disease, a status called castration-resistant prostate carcinoma (CRPC). However, in recent years, several new therapy strategies, such as immunotherapy, hormonal manipulations, chemotherapy agents and some bone-targeted therapies, have demonstrated an improvement in terms of overall survival in controlled trials. In 2012, the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group (SOGUG) published its recommendations for the treatment of patients with CRPC. Due to the recent appearance of important new data and the complexity of decision-making in this field, SOGUG herein provides updated recommendations for the treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis León-Mateos
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Olmos
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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62
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Isaksson HS, Sorbe B, Nilsson TK. Whole genome expression profiling of blood cells in ovarian cancer patients -prognostic impact of the CYP1B1, MTSS1, NCALD, and NOP14. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4040-9. [PMID: 24961659 PMCID: PMC4147304 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer patients with different tumor stages and cell differentiation might be distinguished from each other by gene expression profiles in whole blood cell mRNA by the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array. We also examined if there is any association with other clinical variables, response to therapy, and residual tumor burden after surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, one with poor prognosis, advanced stage and poorly differentiated tumors (n = 22), and one group with good prognosis, early stage and well- to medium differentiated tumors (n = 11). Six genes were found to be differentially expressed: the PDIA3, LYAR, NOP14, NCALD and MTSS1 genes were down-regulated and the CYP1B1 gene expression was up-regulated in the poor prognosis group, all with p value <0.05, adjusted for mass comparison. In survival analyses, CYP1B1, MTSS1, NCALD and NOP14 remained significantly different (p<0.05). Patient groups did not differ in any transcript related to acute phase or immune responses. This minimal gene expression signature of prognostic ovarian cancer-related genes opens up an avenue for more practicable monitoring of ovarian cancer patients by simple peripheral blood tests, which may evolve into a tool to guide selection of curative and postoperative supportive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Torbjörn K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
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Boström PJ, Bjartell AS, Catto JWF, Eggener SE, Lilja H, Loeb S, Schalken J, Schlomm T, Cooperberg MR. Genomic Predictors of Outcome in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68:1033-44. [PMID: 25913390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Given the highly variable behavior and clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa) and the multiple available treatment options, a personalized approach to oncologic risk stratification is important. Novel genetic approaches offer additional information to improve clinical decision making. OBJECTIVE To review the use of genomic biomarkers in the prognostication of PCa outcome and prediction of therapeutic response. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Systematic literature review focused on human clinical studies reporting outcome measures with external validation. The literature search included all Medline, Embase, and Scopus articles from inception through July 2014. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS An improved understanding of the genetic basis of prostate carcinogenesis has produced an increasing number of potential prognostic and predictive tools, such as transmembrane protease, serine2:v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (TMPRSS2:ERG) gene fusion status, loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, and gene expression signatures utilizing messenger RNA from tumor tissue. Several commercially available gene panels with external validation are now available, although most have yet to be widely used. The most studied commercially available gene panels, Prolaris, Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score, and Decipher, may be used to estimate disease outcome in addition to clinical parameters or clinical nomograms. ConfirmMDx is an epigenetic test used to predict the results of repeat prostate biopsy after an initial negative biopsy. Additional future strategies include using genetic information from circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood to guide treatment decisions at the initial diagnosis and at subsequent decision points. CONCLUSIONS Major advances have been made in our understanding of PCa biology in recent years. Our field is currently exploring the early stages of a personalized approach to augment traditional clinical decision making using commercially available genomic tools. A more comprehensive appreciation of value, limitations, and cost is important. PATIENT SUMMARY We summarized current advances in genomic testing in prostate cancer with a special focus on the estimation of disease outcome. Several commercial tests are currently available, but further understanding is needed to appreciate the potential benefits and limitations of these novel tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Anders S Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University and Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jack Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Departments of Urology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Gaya A, Akle CA, Mudan S, Grange J. The Concept of Hormesis in Cancer Therapy - Is Less More? Cureus 2015; 7:e261. [PMID: 26180685 PMCID: PMC4494563 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has, in recent years, been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of the immune system in the development of cancers. Immune dysregulation, manifesting as chronic inflammation, not only facilitates the growth and spread of tumors but prevents the host from mounting effective immune defenses against it. Many attempts are being made to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies, but there is growing evidence that a radical reevaluation of the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation is required in the light of advances in immunology. Based on the concept of hormesis – defined as the presence of different modes of action of therapeutic modalities at different doses – a ‘repositioning’ of chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be required in all aspects of cancer management. In the case of chemotherapy, this may involve a change from the maximum tolerated dose concept to low dose intermittent (‘metronomic’) therapy, whilst in radiation therapy, highly accurate stereotactic targeting enables ablative, antigen-releasing (immunogenic) doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumor with sparing of surrounding normal tissues. Coupled with emerging immunotherapeutic procedures, the future of cancer treatment may well lie in repositioned chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and more localized debulking surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Gaya
- London Oncology Clinic, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
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65
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Mahon KL, Lin HM, Castillo L, Lee BY, Lee-Ng M, Chatfield MD, Chiam K, Breit SN, Brown DA, Molloy MP, Marx GM, Pavlakis N, Boyer MJ, Stockler MR, Daly RJ, Henshall SM, Horvath LG. Cytokine profiling of docetaxel-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1340-8. [PMID: 25867259 PMCID: PMC4402456 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Docetaxel improves symptoms and survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, ∼50% of patients are chemoresistant. This study examined whether changes in cytokine levels predict for docetaxel resistance in vitro and in a clinical cohort. Methods: PC3 cells or their docetaxel-resistant subline (PC3Rx) were co-cultured with U937 monocytes, with and without docetaxel treatment, and cytokine levels were measured. The circulating levels of 28 cytokines were measured pre-/post cycle 1 of docetaxel from 55 men with CRPC, and compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response. Results: PC3Rx-U937 co-culture expressed more cytokines, chiefly markers of alternative macrophage differentiation, compared with PC3-U937 co-culture. Docetaxel treatment enhanced cytokine production by PC3Rx-U937 co-culture, while reducing cytokine levels in PC3-U937. In patients, changes in the levels of seven circulating cytokines (macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC1), interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and IFNγ) after cycle 1 of docetaxel were associated with progressive disease (all P<0.05). The combination of changes in MIC1, IL-4 and IL-6 most strongly predicted PSA response (P=0.002). Conclusions: In vitro studies suggest docetaxel resistance is mediated, at least in part, by cytokines induced by the interaction between the docetaxel-resistant tumour cells and macrophages. Early changes in circulating cytokine levels were associated with docetaxel resistance in CRPC patients. When considered together, these data suggest a significant role for the inflammatory response and macrophages in the development of docetaxel resistance in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Mahon
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia [3] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - H-M Lin
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - L Castillo
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - B Y Lee
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M Lee-Ng
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M D Chatfield
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - K Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - S N Breit
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - D A Brown
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, NSW 2105, Australia
| | - G M Marx
- Northern Haematology and Oncology Group, SAN Clinic, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - N Pavlakis
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - M J Boyer
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - M R Stockler
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - R J Daly
- Signalling Network Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - S M Henshall
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - L G Horvath
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia [3] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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66
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Yap TA, Lorente D, Omlin A, Olmos D, de Bono JS. Circulating tumor cells: a multifunctional biomarker. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:2553-68. [PMID: 24831278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most promising developments in translational cancer medicine has been the emergence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) as a minimally invasive multifunctional biomarker. CTCs in peripheral blood originate from solid tumors and are involved in the process of hematogenous metastatic spread to distant sites for the establishment of secondary foci of disease. The emergence of modern CTC technologies has enabled serial assessments to be undertaken at multiple time points along a patient's cancer journey for pharmacodynamic (PD), prognostic, predictive, and intermediate endpoint biomarker studies. Despite the promise of CTCs as multifunctional biomarkers, there are still numerous challenges that hinder their incorporation into standard clinical practice. This review discusses the key technical aspects of CTC technologies, including the importance of assay validation and clinical qualification, and compares existing and novel CTC enrichment platforms. This article discusses the utility of CTCs as a multifunctional biomarker and focuses on the potential of CTCs as PD endpoints either directly via the molecular characterization of specific markers or indirectly through CTC enumeration. We propose strategies for incorporating CTCs as PD biomarkers in translational clinical trials, such as the Pharmacological Audit Trail. We also discuss issues relating to intrapatient heterogeneity and the challenges associated with isolating CTCs undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as apoptotic and small CTCs. Finally, we envision the future promise of CTCs for the selection and monitoring of antitumor precision therapies, including applications in single CTC phenotypic and genomic profiling and CTC-derived xenografts, and discuss the promises and limitations of such approaches. See ALL articles in this CCR focus section, "Progress in pharmacodynamic endpoints."
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, SpainAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lorente
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, SpainAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelius Omlin
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, SpainAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research; Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Medical Oncology, Gallen, Switzerland; and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
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67
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Guo F, Yu F, Wang J, Li Y, Li Y, Li Z, Zhou Q. Expression of MALAT1 in the peripheral whole blood of patients with lung cancer. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:309-312. [PMID: 26137228 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A blood-based biomarker assay is a non-invasive way to screen that can identify lung cancer at an earlier stage to improve the clinical outcome. MALAT1 is a broadly expressed, long non-coding RNA in human tissues and is overexpressed in numerous human carcinomas. The potential of MALAT1 in the whole blood of lung cancer was evaluated. In the present study, blood samples of patients with lung cancer and healthy volunteers (controls) were recruited and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for MALAT1 expression and clinicopathological data. Lung cancer tissues were also analyzed by qPCR. The expression of MALAT1 in the whole blood of lung cancer was lower compared to the control. The area under the receiver operator curve was 0.718 (P<0.001). Relatively, the expression of MALAT1 was stronger in the whole blood of lung cancer with metastasis compared to non-metastasis. Additionally, the whole blood with bone or brain metastasis exhibited a higher expression of MALAT1 compared to the blood with lymph node or pleura metastasis. Subsequently, a lower expression of MALAT1 was detected in metastatic lymph node tissues than that of the carcinoma in situ of the lung. Taken together, these results indicate that MALAT1 as a biomarker to screen lung cancer may represent a host response to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Laboratories, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yongwen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China ; Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China ; Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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68
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Shtivelman E, Beer TM, Evans CP. Molecular pathways and targets in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:7217-59. [PMID: 25277175 PMCID: PMC4202120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer co-opts a unique set of cellular pathways in its initiation and progression. The heterogeneity of prostate cancers is evident at earlier stages, and has led to rigorous efforts to stratify the localized prostate cancers, so that progression to advanced stages could be predicted based upon salient features of the early disease. The deregulated androgen receptor signaling is undeniably most important in the progression of the majority of prostate tumors. It is perhaps because of the primacy of the androgen receptor governed transcriptional program in prostate epithelium cells that once this program is corrupted, the consequences of the ensuing changes in activity are pleotropic and could contribute to malignancy in multiple ways. Following localized surgical and radiation therapies, 20-40% of patients will relapse and progress, and will be treated with androgen deprivation therapies. The successful development of the new agents that inhibit androgen signaling has changed the progression free survival in hormone resistant disease, but this has not changed the almost ubiquitous development of truly resistant phenotypes in advanced prostate cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular pathways involved in localized and metastatic prostate cancer, with an emphasis on the clinical implications of the new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz M. Beer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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69
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Novel RNA markers in prostate cancer: functional considerations and clinical translation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:765207. [PMID: 25250334 PMCID: PMC4163430 DOI: 10.1155/2014/765207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The availability of ultra-high throughput DNA and RNA sequencing technologies in recent years has led to the identification of numerous novel transcripts, whose functions are unknown as yet. Evidence is accumulating that many of these molecules are deregulated in diseases, including prostate cancer, and potentially represent novel targets for diagnosis and therapy. In particular, functional genomic analysis of microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in cancer is likely to contribute insights into tumor development. Here, we compile recent efforts to catalog differential expression of miRNA and lncRNA in prostate cancer and to understand RNA function in tumor progression. We further highlight technologies for molecular characterization of noncoding RNAs and provide an overview of current activities to exploit them for the diagnosis and therapy of this complex tumor.
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70
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Saenger Y, de Moll E, Fu Y. Transcriptional profiling of whole blood: a rich source of immune biomarkers in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e944056. [PMID: 25610728 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.944056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment, and biomarkers are urgently needed to predict patient response to therapy. Recently, we discovered a 4-gene peripheral blood mRNA signature for prolonged survival in patients treated with tremelimumab. Peripheral blood mRNA is a readily accessible and under-utilized source of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saenger
- Gustave L Levy Place; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ; New York, NY USA ; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ; New York, NY USA
| | - E de Moll
- Gustave L Levy Place; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ; New York, NY USA
| | - Y Fu
- Gustave L Levy Place; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ; New York, NY USA ; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ; New York, NY USA
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71
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Gong Y, Chippada-Venkata UD, Oh WK. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors in prostate cancer progression. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1298-327. [PMID: 24978435 PMCID: PMC4190542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, play an important role in tissue remodeling associated with various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tissue repair, as well as pathological processes including cirrhosis, arthritis and cancer. The MMPs are well established as mediators of tumor invasion and metastasis by breaking down connective tissue barriers. Although there has been a vast amount of literature on the role of MMPs in invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of various cancers, the role of these endopeptidases in prostate cancer progression has not been systematically reviewed. This overview summarizes findings on the tissue and blood expression of MMPs, their function, regulation and prognostic implication in human prostate cancer, with a focus on MMP-2, -7, -9, MT1-MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). This review also summarizes the efficacy and failure of early-generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and highlights the lessons and challenges for next generation MMPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Uma D Chippada-Venkata
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Long-term survivor characteristics in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer from registHER. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2756-64. [PMID: 24743708 PMCID: PMC4037822 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Data characterising long-term survivors (LTS) with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are limited. This analysis describes LTS using registHER observational study data. Methods: A latent class modelling (LCM) approach was used to identify distinct homogenous patient groups (or classes) based on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and complete response. Demographics, clinicopathologic factors, first-line treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes were described for each class. Class-associated factors were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: LCM identified two survivor groups labelled as LTS (n=244) and short-term survivors (STS; n=757). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, although LTS were more likely to be white (83.6% vs 77.8%) with oestrogen receptor–positive (ER+) or progesterone receptor–positive (PgR+) disease (59.4% vs 50.9%). Median PFS in LTS was 37.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 32.9–40.5) vs 7.3 months (95% CI: 6.8–8.0) in STS. Factors associated with long-term survival included ER+ or PgR+ disease, metastasis to node/local sites, first-line trastuzumab use, and first-line taxane use. Conclusions: Prognostic variables identified by LCM define a HER2-positive MBC patient profile and therapies that may be associated with more favourable long-term outcomes, enabling treatment selection appropriate to the patient's disease characteristics.
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Saenger Y, Magidson J, Liaw B, de Moll E, Harcharik S, Fu Y, Wassmann K, Fisher D, Kirkwood J, Oh WK, Friedlander P. Blood mRNA expression profiling predicts survival in patients treated with tremelimumab. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3310-8. [PMID: 24721645 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tremelimumab (ticilimumab, Pfizer), is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Ipilimumab (Yervoy, BMS), another anti-CTLA-4 antibody, is approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA). Biomarkers are needed to identify the subset of patients who will achieve tumor control with CTLA-4 blockade. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pretreatment peripheral blood samples from 218 patients with melanoma who were refractory to prior therapy and receiving tremelimumab in a multicenter phase II study were measured for 169 mRNA transcripts using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A two-class latent model yielded a risk score based on four genes that were highly predictive of survival (P < 0.001). This signature was validated in an independent population of 260 treatment-naïve patients with melanoma enrolled in a multicenter phase III study of tremelimumab. RESULTS Median follow-up was 297 days for the training population and 386 days for the test population. Expression levels of the 169 genes were closely correlated across the two populations (r = 0.9939). A four-gene model, including cathepsin D (CTSD), phopholipase A2 group VII (PLA2G7), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), and interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3), predicted survival in the test population (P = 0.001 by log-rank test). This four-gene model added to the predictive value of clinical predictors (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Expression levels of CTSD, PLA2G7, TXNRD1, and IRAK3 in peripheral blood are predictive of survival in patients with melanoma treated with tremelimumab. Blood mRNA signatures should be further explored to define patient subsets likely to benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Saenger
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay Magidson
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bobby Liaw
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen de Moll
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Harcharik
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yichun Fu
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Wassmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Fisher
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Kirkwood
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - William K Oh
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Friedlander
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Statistical Innovations, Belmont; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Gene News, Ontario, Canada
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Phillips JG, Aizer AA, Chen MH, Zhang D, Hirsch MS, Richie JP, Tempany CM, Williams S, Hegde JV, Loffredo MJ, D'Amico AV. The effect of differing Gleason scores at biopsy on the odds of upgrading and the risk of death from prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2014; 12:e181-7. [PMID: 24721618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The GS is an established prostate cancer prognostic factor. Whether the presence of differing GSs at biopsy (eg, 4+3 and 3+3), which we term ComboGS, improves the prognosis that would be predicted based on the highest GS (eg, 4+3) because of decreased upgrading is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the odds of upgrading at time of radical prostatectomy (RP) and the risk of PCSM when ComboGS was present versus absent. PATIENTS AND METHODS Logistic and competing risks regression were performed to assess the effect that ComboGS had on the odds of upgrading at time of RP in the index (n = 134) and validation cohorts (n = 356) and the risk of PCSM after definitive therapy in a long-term cohort (n = 666), adjusting for known predictors of these end points. We calculated and compared the area under the curve using a receiver operating characteristic analysis when ComboGS was included versus excluded from the upgrading models. RESULTS ComboGS was associated with decreased odds of upgrading (index: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-0.50; P = .003; validation: AOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11-0.51; P < .001) and added significantly to the predictive value of upgrading for the in-sample index (P = .02), validation (P = .003), and out-of-sample prediction models (P = .002). ComboGS was also associated with a decreased risk of PCSM (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19-0.85; P = .02). CONCLUSION Differing biopsy GSs are associated with a lower odds of upgrading and risk of PCSM. If validated, future randomized noninferiority studies evaluating deescalated treatment approaches in men with ComboGS could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Danjie Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Jerome P Richie
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clare M Tempany
- Division of MRI, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen Williams
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Marian J Loffredo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Anthony V D'Amico
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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75
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Maitland NJ. The Future: What's in the Toolkit for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment? Prostate Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118347379.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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76
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Meagher TC, Letarte S, Trager JB. Applications of systems biology in cancer immunotherapy: from target discovery to biomarkers of clinical outcome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:387-401. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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77
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Gong Y, Scott E, Lu R, Xu Y, Oh WK, Yu Q. TIMP-1 promotes accumulation of cancer associated fibroblasts and cancer progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77366. [PMID: 24143225 PMCID: PMC3797040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for late stage prostate and colon cancer are limited and there is an urgent need to develop more effective and targeted novel therapies, which starts with identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels are elevated in cancer patient plasma and elevated TIMP-1 levels are associated with worse clinical outcomes. However, it is unknown whether TIMP-1 serves merely as a biomarker of cancer progression or has a functional role in promoting cancer progression and can serve as a cancer therapeutic target, which is the main objective of this study. Here, we show that stroma of human prostate and colon cancer express higher levels of TIMP-1 compared to their normal counterparts and increased expression of TIMP-1 promotes in vivo growth of both cancer types. We demonstrate for the first time that increased TIMP-1 expression stimulates accumulation of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within prostate and colon cancer tissues and that TIMP-1 enhances prostate CAF proliferation and migration in vitro and promotes ERK1/2 kinase activation in these CAF cells. Our results establish the novel promotive effects of TIMP-1 on cancer progression and on accumulation of CAFs that in turn provides a pro-tumor microenvironment. Together, these results establish the potential of TIMP-1 as a novel target for cancer therapy and the mechanism underlying the pro-tumor activity of TIMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gong
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Evita Scott
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Yin Xu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - William K. Oh
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QY); (WKO)
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QY); (WKO)
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78
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Pond GR, Sonpavde G, de Wit R, Eisenberger MA, Tannock IF, Armstrong AJ. The prognostic importance of metastatic site in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2013; 65:3-6. [PMID: 24120464 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of visceral metastases is adversely prognostic in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but the prognostic impact of the site of visceral metastasis is unclear. Men with mCRPC in the TAX 327 phase 3 trial receiving docetaxel or mitoxantrone every 3 wk or weekly docetaxel, each with prednisone, were analyzed retrospectively to study the impact of the site of visceral metastasis on overall survival (OS). Patients were assessed for OS by site of metastases: liver with or without other sites, lung with or without bone or lymph nodes, bone plus lymph nodes, bone only, and lymph nodes only. Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for treatment and stratification factors, was performed. Men with liver metastases with or without other metastases had shorter median OS (10.0 mo; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-11.5) than men with lung metastases with or without bone or nodal metastases (median OS: 14.4 mo; 95% CI, 11.5-22.4). Men with lymph node-only disease had the best median OS (26.7 mo; 95% CI, 22.3-34.2), followed by men with bone-only metastases (median OS: 19.0 mo; 95% CI, 18.2-20.7) and bone-plus-node disease (median OS: 15.7 mo; 95% CI, 14.4-17.2). Thus, pattern of spread including site of visceral metastasis confers a differential prognostic impact. These data require validation and may inform trial design and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University and Escarpment Cancer Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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79
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Profiling of circulating microRNAs for prostate cancer biomarker discovery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2013; 4:19-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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80
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Bitting RL, Boominathan R, Rao C, Kemeny G, Foulk B, Garcia-Blanco MA, Connelly M, Armstrong AJ. Development of a method to isolate circulating tumor cells using mesenchymal-based capture. Methods 2013; 64:129-36. [PMID: 23845299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tumor cells can become mesenchymal cells and vice versa via phenotypic transitions, a process known as epithelial plasticity. We postulate that during the process of metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) lose their epithelial phenotype and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype that may not be sufficiently captured by existing epithelial-based CTC technologies. We report here on the development of a novel CTC capture method, based on the biology of epithelial plasticity, which isolates cells based on OB-cadherin cell surface expression. Using this mesenchymal-based assay, OB-cadherin cellular events are detectable in men with metastatic prostate cancer and are less common in healthy volunteers. This method may complement existing epithelial-based methods and may be particularly useful in patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Bitting
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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81
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Potential predictive biomarkers for individualizing treatment for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer J 2013; 19:25-33. [PMID: 23337754 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31827e0b9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the surge in therapeutic options for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) comes increasingly complicated treatment decision making, highlighting the need for biomarkers that can identify appropriate patients for specific treatments and accurately assess disease response. Predictive biomarkers are factors related to the disease or the host that are associated with improvements in outcomes, such as survival, due to specific therapies. Such biomarkers have become of paramount importance in oncology to maximize the benefits of novel systemic agents while minimizing harm to individual patients and the costs to society. Given the number of newly approved and expensive systemic therapies, including novel hormonal therapies, chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and bone microenvironment-targeting therapies, predictive biomarkers are needed to give physicians a more rational sense of matching the right patient to the right therapy sequence at a given time. There are currently no validated predictive biomarkers in CRPC. We discuss potential predictive biomarkers in men with CRPC and how these may be developed in the context of therapeutic clinical trials.
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82
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Discovery and validation of a prostate cancer genomic classifier that predicts early metastasis following radical prostatectomy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66855. [PMID: 23826159 PMCID: PMC3691249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinicopathologic features and biochemical recurrence are sensitive, but not specific, predictors of metastatic disease and lethal prostate cancer. We hypothesize that a genomic expression signature detected in the primary tumor represents true biological potential of aggressive disease and provides improved prediction of early prostate cancer metastasis. METHODS A nested case-control design was used to select 639 patients from the Mayo Clinic tumor registry who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1987 and 2001. A genomic classifier (GC) was developed by modeling differential RNA expression using 1.4 million feature high-density expression arrays of men enriched for rising PSA after prostatectomy, including 213 who experienced early clinical metastasis after biochemical recurrence. A training set was used to develop a random forest classifier of 22 markers to predict for cases--men with early clinical metastasis after rising PSA. Performance of GC was compared to prognostic factors such as Gleason score and previous gene expression signatures in a withheld validation set. RESULTS Expression profiles were generated from 545 unique patient samples, with median follow-up of 16.9 years. GC achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 (0.67-0.83) in validation, outperforming clinical variables and gene signatures. GC was the only significant prognostic factor in multivariable analyses. Within Gleason score groups, cases with high GC scores experienced earlier death from prostate cancer and reduced overall survival. The markers in the classifier were found to be associated with a number of key biological processes in prostate cancer metastatic disease progression. CONCLUSION A genomic classifier was developed and validated in a large patient cohort enriched with prostate cancer metastasis patients and a rising PSA that went on to experience metastatic disease. This early metastasis prediction model based on genomic expression in the primary tumor may be useful for identification of aggressive prostate cancer.
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83
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Rabiau N, Dantal Y, Guy L, Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Kemeny JL, Terris B, Vieillefond A, Boiteux JP, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D. Gene panel model predictive of outcome in patients with prostate cancer. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:407-13. [PMID: 23758475 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In men at high risk for prostate cancer, established clinical and pathological parameters provide only limited prognostic information. Here we analyzed a French cohort of 103 prostate cancer patients and developed a gene panel model predictive of outcome in this group of patients. The model comprised of a 15-gene TaqMan Low-Density Array (TLDA) card, with gene expressions compared to a standardized reference. The RQ value for each gene was calculated, and a scoring system was developed. Summing all the binary scores (0 or 1) corresponding to the 15 genes, a global score is obtained between 0 and 15. This global score can be compared to Gleason score (0 to 10) by recalculating it into a 0-10 scaled score. A scaled score ≥2 suggested that the patient is suffering from a prostate cancer, and a scaled score ≥7 flagged aggressive cancer. Statistical analyses demonstrated a strongly significant linear correlation (p=3.50E-08) between scaled score and Gleason score for this prostate cancer cohort (N=103). These results support the capacity of this designed 15 target gene TLDA card approach to predict outcome in prostate cancer, opening up a new avenue for personalized medicine through future independent replication and applications for rapid identification of aggressive prostate cancer phenotypes for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Rabiau
- Department of Oncogenetics, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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84
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Lin J, Yang H, Kelly WK. Prostate cancer biomarker: a key field to explore. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:358-9. [DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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85
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Heitzer E, Ulz P, Belic J, Gutschi S, Quehenberger F, Fischereder K, Benezeder T, Auer M, Pischler C, Mannweiler S, Pichler M, Eisner F, Haeusler M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K, Samonigg H, Hoefler G, Augustin H, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Tumor-associated copy number changes in the circulation of patients with prostate cancer identified through whole-genome sequencing. Genome Med 2013; 5:30. [PMID: 23561577 PMCID: PMC3707016 DOI: 10.1186/gm434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with prostate cancer may present with metastatic or recurrent disease despite initial curative treatment. The propensity of metastatic prostate cancer to spread to the bone has limited repeated sampling of tumor deposits. Hence, considerably less is understood about this lethal metastatic disease, as it is not commonly studied. Here we explored whole-genome sequencing of plasma DNA to scan the tumor genomes of these patients non-invasively. METHODS We wanted to make whole-genome analysis from plasma DNA amenable to clinical routine applications and developed an approach based on a benchtop high-throughput platform, that is, Illuminas MiSeq instrument. We performed whole-genome sequencing from plasma at a shallow sequencing depth to establish a genome-wide copy number profile of the tumor at low costs within 2 days. In parallel, we sequenced a panel of 55 high-interest genes and 38 introns with frequent fusion breakpoints such as the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion with high coverage. After intensive testing of our approach with samples from 25 individuals without cancer we analyzed 13 plasma samples derived from five patients with castration resistant (CRPC) and four patients with castration sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC). RESULTS The genome-wide profiling in the plasma of our patients revealed multiple copy number aberrations including those previously reported in prostate tumors, such as losses in 8p and gains in 8q. High-level copy number gains in the AR locus were observed in patients with CRPC but not with CSPC disease. We identified the TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement associated 3-Mbp deletion on chromosome 21 and found corresponding fusion plasma fragments in these cases. In an index case multiregional sequencing of the primary tumor identified different copy number changes in each sector, suggesting multifocal disease. Our plasma analyses of this index case, performed 13 years after resection of the primary tumor, revealed novel chromosomal rearrangements, which were stable in serial plasma analyses over a 9-month period, which is consistent with the presence of one metastatic clone. CONCLUSIONS The genomic landscape of prostate cancer can be established by non-invasive means from plasma DNA. Our approach provides specific genomic signatures within 2 days which may therefore serve as 'liquid biopsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Belic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Gutschi
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5/6, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Katja Fischereder
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5/6, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Theresa Benezeder
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Pischler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mannweiler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Eisner
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Haeusler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hellmut Samonigg
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Augustin
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5/6, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Xu Y, Xu Q, Yang L, Ye X, Liu F, Wu F, Ni S, Tan C, Cai G, Meng X, Cai S, Du X. Identification and validation of a blood-based 18-gene expression signature in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3039-49. [PMID: 23536436 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is crucial for successful treatment and patient survival. However, compliance with current screening methods remains poor. This study aimed to identify an accurate blood-based gene expression signature for CRC detection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression in peripheral blood samples from 216 patients with CRC tumors and 187 controls was investigated in the study. We first conducted a microarray analysis to select candidate genes that were significantly differentially expressed between patients with cancer and controls. A quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay was then used to evaluate the expression of selected genes. A gene expression signature was identified using a training set (n = 200) and then validated using an independent test set (n = 160). RESULTS We identified an 18-gene signature that discriminated the patients with CRC from controls with 92% accuracy, 91% sensitivity, and 92% specificity. The signature performance was further validated in the independent test set with 86% accuracy, 84% sensitivity, and 88% specificity. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.94. The signature was shown to be enriched in genes related to immune functions. CONCLUSIONS This study identified an 18-gene signature that accurately discriminated patients with CRC from controls in peripheral blood samples. Our results prompt the further development of blood-based gene expression biomarkers for the diagnosis and early detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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87
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Clyne M. Prostate cancer: two whole-blood RNA expression signatures for aggressive CRPC. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:666. [PMID: 23147923 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sørensen KD. Predicting the future of advanced prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:1067-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prognostic value of blood mRNA expression signatures in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a prospective, two-stage study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:1114-24. [PMID: 23059046 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers are urgently needed to dissect the heterogeneity of prostate cancer between patients to improve treatment and accelerate drug development. We analysed blood mRNA expression arrays to identify patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with poorer outcome. METHODS Whole blood was collected into PAXgene tubes from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and patients with prostate cancer selected for active surveillance. In stage I (derivation set), patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer were used as cases and patients under active surveillance were used as controls. These patients were recruited from The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (Sutton, UK) and The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre (Glasgow, UK). In stage II (validation-set), patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer recruited from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, USA) were assessed. Whole-blood RNA was hybridised to Affymetrix U133plus2 microarrays. Expression profiles were analysed with Bayesian latent process decomposition (LPD) to identify RNA expression profiles associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer subgroups; these profiles were then confirmed by quantative reverse transcriptase (qRT) PCR studies and correlated with overall survival in both the test-set and validation-set. FINDINGS LPD analyses of the mRNA expression data divided the evaluable patients in stage I (n=94) into four groups. All patients in LPD1 (14 of 14) and most in LPD2 (17 of 18) had castration-resistant prostate cancer. Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and those under active surveillance comprised LPD3 (15 of 31 castration-resistant prostate cancer) and LDP4 (12 of 21 castration-resistant prostate cancer). Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer in the LPD1 subgroup had features associated with worse prognosis and poorer overall survival than patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer in other LPD subgroups (LPD1 overall survival 10·7 months [95% CI 4·1-17·2] vs non-LPD1 25·6 months [18·0-33·4]; p<0·0001). A nine-gene signature verified by qRT-PCR classified patients into this LPD1 subgroup with a very low percentage of misclassification (1·2%). The ten patients who were initially unclassifiable by the LPD analyses were subclassified by this signature. We confirmed the prognostic utility of this nine-gene signature in the validation castration-resistant prostate cancer cohort, where LPD1 membership was also associated with worse overall survival (LPD1 9·2 months [95% CI 2·1-16·4] vs non-LPD1 21·6 months [7·5-35·6]; p=0·001), and remained an independent prognostic factor in multivariable analyses for both cohorts. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that whole-blood gene profiling could identify gene-expression signatures that stratify patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer into distinct prognostic groups. FUNDING AstraZeneca, Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Prostate Cancer Charity, Prostate Cancer Foundation.
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