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Comas I, Hailu E, Kiros T, Bekele S, Mekonnen W, Gumi B, Tschopp R, Ameni G, Hewinson RG, Robertson BD, Goig GA, Stucki D, Gagneux S, Aseffa A, Young D, Berg S. Population Genomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopia Contradicts the Virgin Soil Hypothesis for Human Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Biol 2015; 25:3260-6. [PMID: 26687624 PMCID: PMC4691238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colonial medical reports claimed that tuberculosis (TB) was largely unknown in Africa prior to European contact, providing a "virgin soil" for spread of TB in highly susceptible populations previously unexposed to the disease [1, 2]. This is in direct contrast to recent phylogenetic models which support an African origin for TB [3-6]. To address this apparent contradiction, we performed a broad genomic sampling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopia. All members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) arose from clonal expansion of a single common ancestor [7] with a proposed origin in East Africa [3, 4, 8]. Consistent with this proposal, MTBC lineage 7 is almost exclusively found in that region [9-11]. Although a detailed medical history of Ethiopia supports the view that TB was rare until the 20(th) century [12], over the last century Ethiopia has become a high-burden TB country [13]. Our results provide further support for an African origin for TB, with some genotypes already present on the continent well before European contact. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a pattern of serial introductions of multiple genotypes into Ethiopia in association with human migration and trade. In place of a "virgin soil" fostering the spread of TB in a previously naive population, we propose that increased TB mortality in Africa was driven by the introduction of European strains of M. tuberculosis alongside expansion of selected indigenous strains having biological characteristics that carry a fitness benefit in the urbanized settings of post-colonial Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Comas
- Genomics and Health Unit, FISABIO Public Health, Valencia 46020, Spain; CIBER (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Elena Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teklu Kiros
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondale Mekonnen
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, and University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Brian D Robertson
- Center for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Flowers Building, South Kensington, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Galo A Goig
- Genomics and Health Unit, FISABIO Public Health, Valencia 46020, Spain
| | - David Stucki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, and University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, and University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Douglas Young
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Kumar K, Abubakar I. Clinical implications of the global multidrug-resistant tuberculosis epidemic. Clin Med (Lond) 2015; 15 Suppl 6:s37-42. [PMID: 26634680 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.15-6-s37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is a significant threat to global health estimated to account for nearly half a million new cases and over 200,000 deaths in 2013. The number of MDR TB cases in the UK has risen over the last 15 years, with ever more complex clinical cases and associated challenging public health and societal implications. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of MDR TB globally and in the UK, outline the clinical management of MDR TB and summarise recent advances in diagnostics and prospects for new treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Kumar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK, and The Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, Whittington Health, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, University College London, London, UK, and MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
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53
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Revisiting the role of phospholipases C in virulence and the lifecycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16918. [PMID: 26603639 PMCID: PMC4658479 DOI: 10.1038/srep16918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of human tuberculosis has developed
different virulence mechanisms and virulence-associated tools during its evolution
to survive and multiply inside the host. Based on previous reports and by analogy
with other bacteria, phospholipases C (PLC) of M. tuberculosis were thought
to be among these tools. To get deeper insights into the function of PLCs, we
investigated their putative involvement in the intracellular lifestyle of M.
tuberculosis, with emphasis on phagosomal rupture and virulence, thereby
re-visiting a research theme of longstanding interest. Through the construction and
use of an M. tuberculosis H37Rv PLC-null mutant (ΔPLC) and
control strains, we found that PLCs of M. tuberculosis were not required for
induction of phagosomal rupture and only showed marginal, if any, impact on
virulence of M. tuberculosis in the cellular and mouse infection models used
in this study. In contrast, we found that PLC-encoding genes were strongly
upregulated under phosphate starvation and that PLC-proficient M.
tuberculosis strains survived better than ΔPLC mutants under
conditions where phosphatidylcholine served as sole phosphate source, opening new
perspectives for studies on the role of PLCs in the lifecycle of M.
tuberculosis.
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