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Lussu M, Noto A, Masili A, Rinaldi AC, Dessì A, De Angelis M, De Giacomo A, Fanos V, Atzori L, Francavilla R. The urinary1H-NMR metabolomics profile of an italian autistic children population and their unaffected siblings. Autism Res 2017; 10:1058-1066. [PMID: 28296209 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lussu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Cagliari; Italy
| | - Alice Masili
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Cagliari; Italy
| | - Andrea C. Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Angelica Dessì
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Cagliari; Italy
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences; University of Bari Aldo Moro; Bari Italy
| | - Andrea De Giacomo
- Child Neurological and Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences; University of Bari Aldo Moro; Bari Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Cagliari; Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Paediatric Section; University of Bari; Italy
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Grimaldi R, Cela D, Swann JR, Vulevic J, Gibson GR, Tzortzis G, Costabile A. In vitro fermentation of B-GOS: impact on faecal bacterial populations and metabolic activity in autistic and non-autistic children. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:fiw233. [PMID: 27856622 PMCID: PMC5155555 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often suffer gastrointestinal problems consistent with imbalances in the gut microbial population. Treatment with antibiotics or pro/prebiotics has been postulated to regulate microbiota and improve gut symptoms, but there is a lack of evidence for such approaches, especially for prebiotics. This study assessed the influence of a prebiotic galactooligosaccharide (B-GOS) on gut microbial ecology and metabolic function using faecal samples from autistic and non-autistic children in an in vitro gut model system. Bacteriology was analysed using flow cytometry combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization and metabolic activity by HPLC and 1H-NMR. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota of children with ASD contained a higher number of Clostridium spp. and a lower number of bifidobacteria compared with non-autistic children. B-GOS administration significantly increased bifidobacterial populations in each compartment of the models, both with autistic and non-autistic-derived samples, and lactobacilli in the final vessel of non-autistic models. In addition, changes in other bacterial population have been seen in particular for Clostridium, Rosburia, Bacteroides, Atopobium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Sutterella spp. and Veillonellaceae. Furthermore, the addition of B-GOS to the models significantly altered short-chain fatty acid production in both groups, and increased ethanol and lactate in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Grimaldi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Drinalda Cela
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jelena Vulevic
- Clasado Research Services Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG2 9GW, UK
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - George Tzortzis
- Clasado Research Services Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG2 9GW, UK
| | - Adele Costabile
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Life Sciences Department, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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53
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Siwek J, Kawala-Janik A, Walecki P. Role of the gut-brain axis in the eating behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction:The occurrence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has significantly increased in the last few years. One of the common problems in this group are eating disorders and ailments from the gastrointestinal systems. According to some studies, these problems have a significant impact on the occurrence and severity of symptoms in the neurological system, so it is crucial to increase the attention paid on the role of diet in the treatment of this disease. One of the theories connects ASD with disorders of the digestive system and the intestinal bacterial flora. This theory is based on the gut-brain axis, which means the interaction between the gastrointestinal and nervous systems.Objectives:To demonstrate the differences in behavior habits, interest in nutrition, and frequency of consumption of food products between children suffering from ASD and healthy children.Materials and methods:The study was conducted among 44 children suffering from ASD and 33 healthy children as a control group. Data were collected using a questionnaire that was specially designed for this study. The questionnaire contained questions about eating habits and the frequency of consumption of selected food products.Results:Parents of healthy children showed more interest in their children’s way of feeding and nutritional recommendations compared to parents of children with ASD (4% and 11.3%, respectively). In addition, 24.3% more children with ASD consulted with a nutritionist compared to the control group. Complaints of the digestive system were 21.1% more likely by children with ASD. Children suffering from ASD were characterized by a higher intake of red meat and giblets and less frequent consumption of milk and milk products compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the study group and the control group in terms of frequency of consumption of products, which are the source of gluten, artificial food additives-preservatives, and artificial colors.Conclusions:There are differences in the habits and eating behaviors and the frequency of consumption of selected food products between a group of children with ASD and a group of healthy children.
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Pokusaeva K, Johnson C, Luk B, Uribe G, Fu Y, Oezguen N, Matsunami RK, Lugo M, Major A, Mori‐Akiyama Y, Hollister EB, Dann SM, Shi XZ, Engler DA, Savidge T, Versalovic J. GABA-producing Bifidobacterium dentium modulates visceral sensitivity in the intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:e12904. [PMID: 27458085 PMCID: PMC5195897 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent abdominal pain is a common and costly health-care problem attributed, in part, to visceral hypersensitivity. Increasing evidence suggests that gut bacteria contribute to abdominal pain perception by modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, specific microbial signals remain poorly defined. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter and a key regulator of abdominal and central pain perception from peripheral afferent neurons. Although gut bacteria are reported to produce GABA, it is not known whether the microbial-derived neurotransmitter modulates abdominal pain. METHODS To investigate the potential analgesic effects of microbial GABA, we performed daily oral administration of a specific Bifidobacterium strain (B. dentiumATCC 27678) in a rat fecal retention model of visceral hypersensitivity, and subsequently evaluated pain responses. KEY RESULTS We demonstrate that commensal Bifidobacterium dentium produces GABA via enzymatic decarboxylation of glutamate by GadB. Daily oral administration of this specific Bifidobacterium (but not a gadB deficient) strain modulated sensory neuron activity in a rat fecal retention model of visceral hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The functional significance of microbial-derived GABA was demonstrated by gadB-dependent desensitization of colonic afferents in a murine model of visceral hypersensitivity. Visceral pain modulation represents another potential health benefit attributed to bifidobacteria and other GABA-producing species of the intestinal microbiome. Targeting GABAergic signals along this microbiome-gut-brain axis represents a new approach for the treatment of abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Pokusaeva
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - C. Johnson
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - B. Luk
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - G. Uribe
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Molecular Virology & MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Y. Fu
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - N. Oezguen
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - R. K. Matsunami
- Proteomics Programmatic Core LaboratoryHouston Methodist Hospital Research InstituteHoustonTXUSA
| | - M. Lugo
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - A. Major
- Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Y. Mori‐Akiyama
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - E. B. Hollister
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - S. M. Dann
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - X. Z. Shi
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - D. A. Engler
- Proteomics Programmatic Core LaboratoryHouston Methodist Hospital Research InstituteHoustonTXUSA
| | - T. Savidge
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - J. Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA,Molecular Virology & MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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55
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Greydanus DE, Gregoire-Bottex MM, Merrick J. Gastrointestinal dysfunction and autism: caution with misdiagnoses as many mysteries remain to be unraveled! Int J Adolesc Med Health 2016; 29:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0127/ijamh-2016-0127.xml. [PMID: 27977400 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Singh R, Turner RC, Nguyen L, Motwani K, Swatek M, Lucke-Wold BP. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism: Elucidating Shared Mechanisms. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:8781725. [PMID: 28074078 PMCID: PMC5198096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8781725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two serious conditions that affect youth. Recent data, both preclinical and clinical, show that pediatric TBI and ASD share not only similar symptoms but also some of the same biologic mechanisms that cause these symptoms. Prominent symptoms for both disorders include gastrointestinal problems, learning difficulties, seizures, and sensory processing disruption. In this review, we highlight some of these shared mechanisms in order to discuss potential treatment options that might be applied for each condition. We discuss potential therapeutic and pharmacologic options as well as potential novel drug targets. Furthermore, we highlight advances in understanding of brain circuitry that is being propelled by improved imaging modalities. Going forward, advanced imaging will help in diagnosis and treatment planning strategies for pediatric patients. Lessons from each field can be applied to design better and more rigorous trials that can be used to improve guidelines for pediatric patients suffering from TBI or ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Kartik Motwani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michelle Swatek
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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57
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Berding K, Donovan SM. Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:723-736. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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58
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Newell C, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Rho JM, Shearer J. Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 27594980 PMCID: PMC5009541 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbial composition disturbances have been widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines whether gut microbiome disturbances are present in the BTBRT + tf/j (BTBR) mouse model of ASD and if the ketogenic diet, a diet previously shown to elicit therapeutic benefit in this mouse model, is capable of altering the profile. Findings Juvenile male C57BL/6 (B6) and BTBR mice were fed a standard chow (CH, 13 % kcal fat) or ketogenic diet (KD, 75 % kcal fat) for 10–14 days. Following diets, fecal and cecal samples were collected for analysis. Main findings are as follows: (1) gut microbiota compositions of cecal and fecal samples were altered in BTBR compared to control mice, indicating that this model may be of utility in understanding gut-brain interactions in ASD; (2) KD consumption caused an anti-microbial-like effect by significantly decreasing total host bacterial abundance in cecal and fecal matter; (3) specific to BTBR animals, the KD counteracted the common ASD phenotype of a low Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in both sample types; and (4) the KD reversed elevated Akkermansia muciniphila content in the cecal and fecal matter of BTBR animals. Conclusions Results indicate that consumption of a KD likely triggers reductions in total gut microbial counts and compositional remodeling in the BTBR mouse. These findings may explain, in part, the ability of a KD to mitigate some of the neurological symptoms associated with ASD in an animal model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0099-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Newell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Dustin S Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada ; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Bijlsma N, Cohen MM. Environmental Chemical Assessment in Clinical Practice: Unveiling the Elephant in the Room. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:181. [PMID: 26848668 PMCID: PMC4772201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests chemicals present in air, water, soil, food, building materials and household products are toxicants that contribute to the many chronic diseases typically seen in routine medical practice. Yet, despite calls from numerous organisations to provide clinicians with more training and awareness in environmental health, there are multiple barriers to the clinical assessment of toxic environmental exposures. Recent developments in the fields of systems biology, innovative breakthroughs in biomedical research encompassing the "-omics" fields, and advances in mobile sensing, peer-to-peer networks and big data, provide tools that future clinicians can use to assess environmental chemical exposures in their patients. There is also a need for concerted action at all levels, including actions by individual patients, clinicians, medical educators, regulators, government and non-government organisations, corporations and the wider civil society, to understand the "exposome" and minimise the extent of toxic exposures on current and future generations. Clinical environmental chemical risk assessment may provide a bridge between multiple disciplines that uses new technologies to herald in a new era in personalised medicine that unites clinicians, patients and civil society in the quest to understand and master the links between the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bijlsma
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Marc M Cohen
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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60
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Elder JH, Kreider CM, Schaefer NM, de Laosa MB. A review of gluten- and casein-free diets for treatment of autism: 2005-2015. NUTRITION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 7:87-101. [PMID: 28111520 PMCID: PMC5242335 DOI: 10.2147/nds.s74718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gluten free, casein free (GFCF) diet is heralded by strong anecdotal parental reports to greatly improve and even "cure" symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Yet to date, little conclusive empirical evidence exists supporting its use. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the state of the recent evidence regarding use of GFCF diet for treatment of individuals with ASD. METHODS Five database providers (PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, ProQuest, and WorldCat) were used to search 19 databases yielding a total of 491 articles that were published through February 2015. Peer reviewed articles published between 2005 and February 2015 were included for review if study participants were identified as having ASD and investigated the effects of the GFCF diet on ASD behaviors or the relationship between the diet and these behaviors. RESULTS Evaluation of search results yielded 11 reviews, 7 group experimental studies including 5 randomized controlled trials, 5 case reports, and 4 group observational studies published during the last 10 years. These studies represent a marked increase in number of reported studies as well as increased scientific rigor in investigation of GFCF diets in ASD. CONCLUSIONS While strong empirical support for the GFCF diet in ASD is currently lacking, studies point to the need for identifying subsets of individuals (e.g., those with documented gastrointestinal abnormalities) who may be the best responders to the GFCF diet. Identifying these subsets is critically needed to enhance rigor in this research area. Until rigorous research supporting use of GFCF diet is reported, clinicians should continue use caution and consider several factors when advising regarding implementation of the GFCF diet for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Harrison Elder
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | | | - Nancy M Schaefer
- Health Science Center Library, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mary B de Laosa
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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61
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism. RECENT FINDINGS In a recent UK survey, more than 80% of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder reported some kind of dietary intervention for their child (gluten-free and casein-free diet in 29%). When asked about the effects of the gluten-free and casein-free diet, 20-29% of the parents reported significant improvements on the autism spectrum disorder core dimensions. The findings of this study suggest additional effects of a gluten-free and casein-free diet on comorbid problems of autism such as gastrointestinal symptoms, concentration, and attention. The findings of another recent investigation suggested that age and certain urine compounds may predict the response of autism symptoms to a gluten-free and casein-free diet. Although these results need to be replicated, they highlight the importance of patient subgroup analysis. Intervention trials evaluating the effects of a gluten-free and casein-free diet on autistic symptoms have so far been contradictory and inconclusive. SUMMARY Most investigations assessing the efficacy of a gluten-free and casein-free diet in the treatment of autism are seriously flawed. The evidence to support the therapeutic value of this diet is limited and weak. A gluten-free and casein-free diet should only be administered if an allergy or intolerance to nutritional gluten or casein is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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62
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Kantarcioglu AS, Kiraz N, Aydin A. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:1-7. [PMID: 26442855 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a general term for a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders of brain development that limits a person's ability to function normally. Etiology has not been clearly defined up to date. However, gut microbiota and the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis, are hypothesized, which may be involved in the etiology of several mental disorders. Recent reports suggest that Candida, particularly Candida albicans, growth in intestines may cause lower absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and higher toxin levels which are thought to contribute autistic behaviors. The aim of this study was to identify the 3-year deposited yeasts isolated from stool samples of children with diagnosed or suspected ASD and to determine in vitro activity of nystatin and fluconazole against these isolates using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 guidelines. A 17-year retrospective assessment was also done using our laboratory records. Among the species identified, intrinsically fluconazole-resistant Candida krusei (19.8 %) and Candida glabrata (14.8 %) with elevated MICs were remarkable. Overall, C. albicans (57.4 %) was the most commonly isolated species in 17 years. The species identification and/or antifungal susceptibility tests have to be performed using the strain isolated from stool sample, to select the appropriate antifungal agent, if antimycotic therapy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serda Kantarcioglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Deep Mycosis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34098, Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nuri Kiraz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Department of Pediatrics Metabolic Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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63
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Abstract
American dietary patterns have shifted over the past 100 years, resulting in a diet based on animal foods and highly processed carbohydrates. This shift has produced the current epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, as well as many cancers. In addition, the Western diet is also negatively affecting the reproductive capacity of the population. The birth rate is in decline and infertility and subfecundity are on the rise secondary to both ovulatory infertility and declining sperm quality. Pregnancy outcomes and maternal morbidity and mortality are also being affected. This diet, high in fat and sugar, is also contributing to the epidemic levels of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McKinney
- Beatrice Community Hospital and Health Center, Beatrice, Nebraska (AM)
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64
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Schmunk G, Boubion BJ, Smith IF, Parker I, Gargus JJ. Shared functional defect in IP₃R-mediated calcium signaling in diverse monogenic autism syndromes. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e643. [PMID: 26393489 PMCID: PMC5068815 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 2% of children, and is characterized by impaired social and communication skills together with repetitive, stereotypic behavior. The pathophysiology of ASD is complex due to genetic and environmental heterogeneity, complicating the development of therapies and making diagnosis challenging. Growing genetic evidence supports a role of disrupted Ca(2+) signaling in ASD. Here, we report that patient-derived fibroblasts from three monogenic models of ASD-fragile X and tuberous sclerosis TSC1 and TSC2 syndromes-display depressed Ca(2+) release through inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). This was apparent in Ca(2+) signals evoked by G protein-coupled receptors and by photoreleased IP3 at the levels of both global and local elementary Ca(2+) events, suggesting fundamental defects in IP3R channel activity in ASD. Given the ubiquitous involvement of IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, gene expression and neurodevelopment, we propose dysregulated IP3R signaling as a nexus where genes altered in ASD converge to exert their deleterious effect. These findings highlight potential pharmaceutical targets, and identify Ca(2+) screening in skin fibroblasts as a promising technique for early detection of individuals susceptible to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schmunk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - B J Boubion
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - I F Smith
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - I Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J J Gargus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Division of Human Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, 2056 Hewitt Hall, 843 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA. E-mail:
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