51
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Jansson ET, Lai YH, Santiago JG, Zare RN. Rapid Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in Liquid Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6851-6854. [PMID: 28481522 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate of hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) in aqueous droplets of phenethylamine has been determined with submillisecond temporal resolution by mass spectrometry using nanoelectrospray ionization with a theta-capillary. The average speed of the microdroplets is measured using microparticle image velocimetry. The droplet travel time is varied from 20 to 320 μs by changing the distance between the emitter and the heated inlet to the mass spectrometer and the voltage applied to the emitter source. The droplets were found to accelerate by ∼30% during their observable travel time. Our droplet imaging shows that the theta-capillary produces two Taylor cone-jets (one per channel), causing mixing to take place from droplet fusion in the Taylor spray zone. Phenethylamine (ϕCH2CH2NH2) was chosen to study because it has only one functional group (-NH2) that undergoes rapid HDX. We model the HDX with a system of ordinary differential equations. The rate constant for the formation of -NH2D+ from -NH3+ is 3660 ± 290 s-1, and the rate constant for the formation of -NHD2+ from -NH2D+ is 3330 ± 270 s-1. The observed rates are about 3 times faster than what has been reported for rapidly exchangeable peptide side-chain groups in bulk measurements using stopped-flow kinetics and NMR spectroscopy. We also applied this technique to determine the HDX rates for a small 10-residue peptide, angiotensin I, in aqueous droplets, from which we found a 7-fold acceleration of HDX in the droplet compared to that in bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University , SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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52
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Karki S, Sistani H, Archer JJ, Shi F, Levis RJ. Isolating Protein Charge State Reduction in Electrospray Droplets Using Femtosecond Laser Vaporization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:470-478. [PMID: 28063091 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Charge state distributions are measured using mass spectrometry for both native and denatured cytochrome c and myoglobin after laser vaporization from the solution state into an electrospray (ES) plume consisting of a series of solution additives differing in gas-phase basicity. The charge distribution depends on both the pH of the protein solution prior to laser vaporization and the gas-phase basicity of the solution additive employed in the ES solvent. Cytochrome c (myoglobin) prepared in solutions with pH of 7.0, 2.6, and 2.3 resulted in the average charge state distribution (Zavg) of 7.0 ± 0.1 (8.2 ± 0.1), 9.7 ± 0.2 (14.5 ± 0.3), and 11.6 ± 0.3 (16.4 ± 0.1), respectively, in ammonium formate ES solvent. The charge distribution shifted from higher charge states to lower charge states when the ES solvent contained amines additives with higher gas-phase basicity. In the case of triethyl ammonium formate, Zavg of cytochrome c (myoglobin) prepared in solutions with pH of 7.0, 2.6, and 2.3 decreased to 4.9 (5.7), 7.4 ± 0.2 (9.6 ± 0.3), and 7.9 ± 0.3 (9.8 ± 0.2), respectively. The detection of a charge state distribution corresponding to folded protein after laser vaporized, acid-denatured protein interacts with the ES solvent containing ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, triethyl ammonium formate, and triethyl ammonium acetate suggests that at least a part of protein population folds within the electrospray droplet on a millisecond timescale. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Habiballah Sistani
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jieutonne J Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Fengjian Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Robert J Levis
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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53
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Investigating the structural transitions of proteins during dissolution by mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 164:418-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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54
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Lento C, Wilson DJ. Unravelling the mysteries of sub-second biochemical processes using time-resolved mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:1640-1653. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many important chemical and biochemical phenomena proceed on sub-second time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
- Centre for Research of Biomolecular Interactions
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55
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Roman GT, Murphy JP. Improving sensitivity and linear dynamic range of intact protein analysis using a robust and easy to use microfluidic device. Analyst 2017; 142:1073-1083. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an integrated microfluidic LC device coupled to a QTOF capable of improving sensitivity and linearity for intact protein analysis while also tuning the charge state distributions (CSD) of whole antibodies.
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56
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Miller CF, Kulyk DS, Kim JW, Badu-Tawiah AK. Re-configurable, multi-mode contained-electrospray ionization for protein folding and unfolding on the millisecond time scale. Analyst 2017; 142:2152-2160. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contained-electrospray ionization enables online selection of protein charge states by a direct infusion of reactive vapors and liquids into charged micro-droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colbert F. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Dmytro S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Jongin W. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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57
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Qiu R, Sun J, Zhang X, Zhao W, Qin Z, Luo H. Isomer differentiation through supramolecular self-assembly in microdroplets of milliseconds life-time. Analyst 2016; 141:1641-4. [PMID: 26838290 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00076b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular recognition of thymine (or its analogs) with various central cations can form magic number clusters. Dual nano-ESI via theta tip emitters was used to on-line synthesize clusters. Even thermodynamically unstable clusters can be detected by MS thanks to the very short life-time (∼ms) of the generated microdroplets. By recording characteristic cluster distributions, isomers can be clearly differentiated in a novel "bottom-up" way. Theoretical calculations were performed to explain the MS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jiamu Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 9071-11, Mianyang, China.
| | - Hai Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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58
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Mortensen DN, Williams ER. Ultrafast (1 μs) Mixing and Fast Protein Folding in Nanodrops Monitored by Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3453-60. [PMID: 26902747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of theta-glass emitters and mass spectrometry to monitor reactions that occur as fast as one μs is demonstrated. Acidified aqueous solutions containing unfolded proteins are mixed with aqueous ammonium acetate solutions to increase the solution pH and induce protein folding during nanoelectrospray ionization. Protein charge-state distributions show the extent to which folding occurs, and reaction times are obtained from known protein folding time constants. Shorter reaction times are obtained by decreasing the solution flow rate, and reaction times between 1.0 and 22 μs are obtained using flow rates between 48 and 2880 pL/s, respectively. Remarkably similar reaction times are obtained for three different proteins (Trp-cage, myoglobin, and cytochrome c) with folding time constants that differ by more than an order of magnitude (4.1, 7, and 57 μs, respectively), indicating that the reaction times obtained using rapid mixing from theta-glass emitters are independent of protein identity. A folding time constant of 2.2 μs is obtained for the formation of a β-hairpin structure of renin substrate tetradecapeptide, which is the fastest folding event measured using a rapid mixing technique. The 1.0 μs reaction time obtained here is about an order of magnitude lower than the shortest reaction time probed using a conventional mixer (8 μs). Moreover, this fast reaction time is obtained with a 48 pL/s flow rate, which is 2000-times less than the flow rate required to obtained the 8 μs reaction time using a conventional mixer. These results indicate that rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters can be used to access significantly faster reaction times while consuming substantially less sample than in conventional mixing apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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59
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Qiu R, Sun J, Zhang C, Luo H. Heterogeneous cation induced clusters formed at surfaces of micro-droplets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel group of heterogeneous cations induced clusters (HeteroCICs) formed only at the surface of the micro-droplet is discovered by mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiamu Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Chengsen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
- Indianapolis
- USA
| | - Hai Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
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60
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Qiu R, Zhang C, Qin Z, Luo H. A multichannel rotating electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MRESI): instrumentation and plume interactions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06471j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multichannel rotating electrospray ionization (MRESI) mass spectrometry method is described. Plume interactions are also systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Chengsen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
- Indianapolis
- USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Hai Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
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61
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Ingram AJ, Boeser CL, Zare RN. Going beyond electrospray: mass spectrometric studies of chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chem Sci 2016; 7:39-55. [PMID: 28757996 PMCID: PMC5508663 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02740c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a burst in the number and variety of available ionization techniques to use mass spectrometry to monitor chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chemists have gained the capability to access chemistry at unprecedented timescales, and monitor reactions and detect intermediates under almost any set of conditions. Herein, recently developed ionization techniques that facilitate mechanistic studies of chemical processes are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of our perspective on the judicious application of these and similar techniques in order to study reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ingram
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | | | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
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62
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Going CC, Xia Z, Williams ER. New supercharging reagents produce highly charged protein ions in native mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:7184-94. [PMID: 26421324 PMCID: PMC4617834 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of two new supercharging reagents for producing highly charged ions by electrospray ionization (ESI) from aqueous solutions in which proteins have native structures and reactivities were investigated. In aqueous solution, 2-thiophenone and 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (HD) at a concentration of 2% by volume can increase the average charge of cytochrome c and myoglobin by up to 163%, resulting in even higher charge states than those that are produced from water/methanol/acid solutions in which these proteins are denatured. The greatest extent of supercharging occurs in pure water, but these supercharging reagents are also highly effective in aqueous solutions containing 200 mM ammonium acetate buffer commonly used in native mass spectrometry (MS). These reagents are less effective supercharging reagents than m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (m-NBA) and propylene carbonate (PC) when ions are formed from water/methanol/acid. The extent to which loss of the heme group from myoglobin occurs is related to the extent of supercharging. Results from guanidine melts of cytochrome c monitored with tryptophan fluorescence show that the supercharging reagents PC, sulfolane and HD are effective chemical denaturants in solution. These results provide additional evidence for the role of protein structural changes in the electrospray droplet as the primary mechanism for supercharging with these reagents in native MS. These results also demonstrate that for at least some proteins, the formation of highly charged ions from native MS is no longer a significant barrier for obtaining structural information using conventional tandem MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Going
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA.
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63
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Kulyk DS, Miller CF, Badu-Tawiah AK. Reactive Charged Droplets for Reduction of Matrix Effects in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10988-94. [PMID: 26437455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Colbert F. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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64
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Fisher CM, Hilger RT, Zhao F, McLuckey SA. Electroosmotically driven solution mixing in borosilicate theta glass nESI emitters. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1063-1070. [PMID: 28338258 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of borosilicate theta glass capillaries as nanoelectrospray ionization emitters has recently been demonstrated as a method for mixing two solutions as they are sprayed into the mass spectrometer for analysis. All previous experiments resulted in a solution mixing timescale limited to the time the analytes spend in the Taylor cone and subsequent droplets (i.e. sub-millisecond timescale). In an effort to extend the solution mixing timescale to the milliseconds regime, we demonstrate that solution can be moved from one channel of the theta tip to the opposite channel via electroosmosis by applying a potential difference between the two wire electrodes inserted into each channel of the theta tip. First, we establish that electroosmosis is responsible for solution movement using fluorescence microscopy to track fluorescent tracer dyes. We then demonstrate the utility of this technique in varying the extent of denaturation of holomyoglobin to apomyoglobin on the millisecond timescale just prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. Finally, we induce additional turbulence for better mixing by applying a square wave potential to one of the wire electrodes while holding the opposite wire at a constant voltage between the low and high potentials of the square wave. This experiment was found to provide nearly complete mixing after a single cycle of the square wave. The use of electroosmosis significantly expands the flexibility of theta tips for altering solutions prior to nESI without the need for off-line sample manipulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Ryan T Hilger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Feifei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
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65
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Takano Y, Kikkawa S, Suzuki T, Kohno JY. Coloring Rate of Phenolphthalein by Reaction with Alkaline Solution Observed by Liquid-Droplet Collision. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7062-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kikkawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Jun-ya Kohno
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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