51
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Montis C, Generini V, Boccalini G, Bergese P, Bani D, Berti D. Model lipid bilayers mimic non-specific interactions of gold nanoparticles with macrophage plasma membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 516:284-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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52
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Nogués L, Benito-Martin A, Hergueta-Redondo M, Peinado H. The influence of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles on local and distal metastatic dissemination. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 60:15-26. [PMID: 29196097 PMCID: PMC5856602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication that have been ignored for decades. Tumour cells benefit from the secretion of vesicles as they can influence the behaviour of neighbouring tumour cells within the tumour microenvironment. Several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles play an active role in pre-metastatic niche formation and importantly, they are involved in the metastatic organotropism of different tumour types. Tumour-derived EVs carry and transfer molecules to recipient cells, modifying their behaviour through a process defined as "EV-driven education". EVs favour metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes and distal organs by reinforcing angiogenesis, inflammation and lymphangiogenesis. Hence, in this review we will summarize the main mechanisms by which tumour-derived EVs regulate lymph node and distal organ metastasis. Moreover, since some cancers metastasize through the lymphatic system, we will discuss recent discoveries about the presence and function of tumour EVs in the lymph. Finally, we will address the potential value of tumour EVs as prognostic biomarkers in liquid biopsies, specially blood and lymphatic fluid, and the use of these tools as early detectors of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nogués
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marta Hergueta-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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53
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Interaction of Extracellular Vesicles with Si Surface Studied by Nanomechanical Microcantilever Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Montis C, Busatto S, Valle F, Zendrini A, Salvatore A, Gerelli Y, Berti D, Bergese P. Biogenic Supported Lipid Bilayers from Nanosized Extracellular Vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Montis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence and CSGI; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Brescia; CSGI and INSTM, viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | | | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Brescia; CSGI and INSTM, viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Annalisa Salvatore
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence and CSGI; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Yuri Gerelli
- Institut Laue-Langevin; 71 Avenue des Martyrs BP 156 F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence and CSGI; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Brescia; CSGI and INSTM, viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
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55
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioanalytical sensing based on the principle of localized surface plasmon resonance experiences is currently an extremely rapid development. Novel sensors with new kinds of plasmonic transducers and innovative concepts for the signal development as well as read-out principles were identified. This review will give an overview of the development of this field. Areas covered: The focus is primarily on types of transducers by preparation or dimension, factors for optimal sensing concepts and the critical view of the usability of these devices as innovative sensors for bioanalytical applications. Expert commentary: Plasmonic sensor devices offer a high potential for future biosensing given that limiting factors such as long-time stability of the transducers, the required high sensitivity and the cost-efficient production are addressed. For higher sensitivity, the design of the sensor in shape and material has to be combined with optimal enhancement strategies. Plasmonic nanoparticles from bottom-up synthesis with a post-synthetic processing show a high potential for cost-efficient sensor production. Regarding the measurement principle, LSPRi offers a large potential for multiplex sensors and can provide a high-throughput as well as highly paralleled sensing. The main trends are expected towards optimal LSPR concepts which represent cost-efficient and robust point-of-care solutions, and the use of multiplexed devices for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Csáki
- a Department Nanobiophotonics , Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Jena , Germany
| | - Ondrej Stranik
- a Department Nanobiophotonics , Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Jena , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- a Department Nanobiophotonics , Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Jena , Germany
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56
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Radeghieri A. Biophysical properties of extracellular vesicles in diagnostics. Biomark Med 2018; 12:383-391. [PMID: 29441794 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles, involved in cell-to-cell communication, in both normal and pathological processes. Originating by the outward budding of the plasma membrane or released by exocytosis, they are natural cargoes for lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. EV-based diagnostics promises unique advantages compared with conventional strategies involving whole body fluid analysis, including the reduction of biofluids complexity and more specific and sensitive detection of low abundance biomacromolecules. Besides EV cargoes, new breakthrough technologies are addressing EV 'colloidal properties' - including particle content, size and membrane mechanical properties - directly experienced by researchers to be critical factors in biomarkers discovery. This article focuses on the progresses in EV biophysical properties characterization as diagnostic tools for different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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57
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Mallardi A, Nuzziello N, Liguori M, Avolio C, Palazzo G. Counting of peripheral extracellular vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis patients by an improved nanoplasmonic assay and dynamic light scattering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 168:134-142. [PMID: 29428682 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles naturally secreted by the majority of human cells. Being composed by a closed phospholipid bilayer secluding proteins and RNAs they are used to transfer molecular information to other cells, thereby influencing the recipient cell functions. Despite the increasingly recognized relevance of EVs, the clarification of their physiological role is hampered by the lack of suitable analytical tools for their quantification and characterization. In this study, we have implemented a nanoplasmonic assay, previously proposed for the purity of the EV fractions, to achieve a robust analytical protocol in order to quantify the total phospholipid concentration (CPL) and the EVs number. We show how the coupling of the nanoplasmonic assay with serial dilutions of the unknown sample allows, by simple visual inspection, to detect deviations from the physiological EVs content. The use of a response that depends on the absorbance values at three wavelengths permits to reduce the limit of detection of CPL to 5 μM (total) and the limit of quantification to 35 μM. We also propose a method that takes into account the spread in EV size when the concentration of phospholipids is turned into a concentration of vesicles. The proposed analytical protocol is successfully applied to a small cohort of Multiple Sclerosis patients examined in different stages of their clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mallardi
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Chemical Physics Processes, Division of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Nuzziello
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Section of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Liguori
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Section of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for colloid and surface science (CSGI), University of Bari, Bari, Italy; CNR-NANOTEC, National Research Council of Italy, Istitute of Nanotechnology, Bari, Italy.
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58
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Egan JG, Drossis N, Ebralidze II, Fruehwald HM, Laschuk NO, Poisson J, de Haan HW, Zenkina OV. Hemoglobin-driven iron-directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15675-15686. [PMID: 35539477 PMCID: PMC9080194 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01996g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form complex 3D architectures using nanoparticles (NPs) as the building blocks and complex macromolecules that direct these assemblies remains a challenging objective for nanotechnology. Here we report results in which the partial substitution of classical Turkevich citrate-capped gold NPs by a novel, heteroaromatic ligand (L) results in NPs able to form coordination-driven assemblies mediated by free or protein-bound iron ions. The morphology of these assemblies can be tuned depending on the source of iron. To prove the concept, classical citrate and novel NPs were reacted with iron-containing protein hemoglobin (Hb). To diminish the influence of possible electrostatic interactions of native Hb and gold NPs, the reaction was performed at the isoelectric point of Hb. Moreover, thiol groups of Hb were protected with p-quinone to exclude thiol–gold bond formation. As expected, citrate-capped gold NPs are well dispersed in functionalized Hb, while L-functionalized NPs form assemblies. The blue shift of the Soret band of the functionalized Hb, when reacted with novel NPs, unambiguously confirms the coordination of a NP-anchored heteroaromatic ligand with the heme moiety of Hb. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics of this system were performed to gain information about aggregation dynamics and kinetics of iron- and hemoglobin-templated assemblies of L–NPs. A multi-scale simulation approach was employed to extend this model to longer time scales. The application of this model towards novel coordination-based assemblies can become a powerful tool for the development of new nanomaterials. The ability to form complex 3D architectures using nanoparticles as the building blocks and complex macromolecules that direct these assemblies remains a challenging objective for nanotechnology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn G. Egan
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | - Nicole Drossis
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | | | - Holly M. Fruehwald
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | - Nadia O. Laschuk
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | - Jade Poisson
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | | | - Olena V. Zenkina
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Oshawa
- Canada
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59
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Paolini L, Orizio F, Busatto S, Radeghieri A, Bresciani R, Bergese P, Monti E. Exosomes Secreted by HeLa Cells Shuttle on Their Surface the Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialidase NEU3. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6401-6408. [PMID: 29039925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are glycohydrolases that remove terminal sialic acid residues from oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. The plasma membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 is involved in the fine-tuning of sialic acid-containing glycans directly on the cell surface and plays relevant roles in important biological phenomena such as cell differentiation, molecular recognition, and cancer transformation. Extracellular vesicles are membranous structures with a diameter of 0.03-1 μm released by cells and can be detected in blood, urine, and culture media. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes play roles in intercellular communication and maintenance of several physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer, and could represent a useful diagnostic tool for personalized nanomedicine approaches. Using inducible expression of the murine form of NEU3 in HeLa cells, a study of the association of the enzyme with exosomes released in the culture media has been performed. Briefly, NEU3 is associated with highly purified exosomes and localizes on the external leaflet of these nanovesicles, as demonstrated by enzyme activity measurements, Western blot analysis, and dot blot analysis using specific protein markers. On the basis of these results, it is plausible that NEU3 activity on exosome glycans enhances the dynamic biological behavior of these small extracellular vesicles by modifying the negative charge and steric hindrance of their glycocalyx. The presence of NEU3 on the exosomal surface could represent a useful marker for the detection of these nanovesicles and a tool for improving our understanding of the biology of these important extracellular carriers in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Orizio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bresciani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
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60
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Maiolo D, Pigliacelli C, Sánchez Moreno P, Violatto MB, Talamini L, Tirotta I, Piccirillo R, Zucchetti M, Morosi L, Frapolli R, Candiani G, Bigini P, Metrangolo P, Baldelli Bombelli F. Bioreducible Hydrophobin-Stabilized Supraparticles for Selective Intracellular Release. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9413-9423. [PMID: 28806871 PMCID: PMC5618140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the main hurdles in nanomedicine is the low stability of drug-nanocarrier complexes as well as the drug delivery efficiency in the region-of-interest. Here, we describe the use of the film-forming protein hydrophobin HFBII to organize dodecanethiol-protected gold nanoparticles (NPs) into well-defined supraparticles (SPs). The obtained SPs are exceptionally stable in vivo and efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules. The HFBII film prevents massive release of the encapsulated drug, which, instead, is activated by selective SP disassembly triggered intracellularly by glutathione reduction of the protein film. As a consequence, the therapeutic efficiency of an encapsulated anticancer drug is highly enhanced (2 orders of magnitude decrease in IC50). Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies demonstrate the high stability of the loaded SPs in the bloodstream and the selective release of the payloads once taken up in the tissues. Overall, our results provide a rationale for the development of bioreducible and multifunctional nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maiolo
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pigliacelli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sánchez Moreno
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Talamini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tirotta
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , Biologinkuja 7, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
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61
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Berardocco M, Radeghieri A, Busatto S, Gallorini M, Raggi C, Gissi C, D'Agnano I, Bergese P, Felsani A, Berardi AC. RNA-seq reveals distinctive RNA profiles of small extracellular vesicles from different human liver cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82920-82939. [PMID: 29137313 PMCID: PMC5669939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers and represents the third highest cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Extracellular vesicle (EVs) cargoes, which are selectively enriched in RNA, offer great promise for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of LC. Our study analyzed the RNA cargoes of EVs derived from 4 liver-cancer cell lines: HuH7, Hep3B, HepG2 (hepato-cellular carcinoma) and HuH6 (hepatoblastoma), generating two different sets of sequencing libraries for each. One library was size-selected for small RNAs and the other targeted the whole transcriptome. Here are reported genome wide data of the expression level of coding and non-coding transcripts, microRNAs, isomiRs and snoRNAs providing the first comprehensive overview of the extracellular-vesicle RNA cargo released from LC cell lines. The EV-RNA expression profiles of the four liver cancer cell lines share a similar background, but cell-specific features clearly emerge showing the marked heterogeneity of the EV-cargo among the individual cell lines, evident both for the coding and non-coding RNA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Berardocco
- U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Raggi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Clarissa Gissi
- U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Igea D'Agnano
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Armando Felsani
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Monterotondo, Italy.,Genomnia Srl, Bresso, Italy
| | - Anna C Berardi
- U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy
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62
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Montis C, Zendrini A, Valle F, Busatto S, Paolini L, Radeghieri A, Salvatore A, Berti D, Bergese P. Size distribution of extracellular vesicles by optical correlation techniques. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:331-338. [PMID: 28711858 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the colloidal properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is key to advance fundamental knowledge in this field and to develop effective EV-based diagnostics, therapeutics and devices. Determination of size distribution and of colloidal stability of purified EVs resuspended in buffered media is a complex and challenging issue - because of the wide range of EV diameters (from 30 to 2000nm), concentrations of interest and membrane properties, and the possible presence of co-isolated contaminants with similar size and densities, such as protein aggregates and fat globules - which is still waiting to be fully addressed. We report here a fully detailed protocol for accurate and robust determination of the size distribution and stability of EV samples which leverages a dedicated combination of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The theoretical background, critical experimental steps and data analysis procedures are thoroughly presented and finally illustrated through the representative case study of EV formulations obtained from culture media of B16 melanoma cells, a murine tumor cell line used as a model for human skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Montis
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati - ISMN-CNR e CSGI, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salvatore
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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63
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Hao N, Zhang JX. Microfluidic Screening of Circulating Tumor Biomarkers toward Liquid Biopsy. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1320763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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64
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Sunkara V, Woo HK, Cho YK. Emerging techniques in the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and their roles in cancer diagnostics and prognostics. Analyst 2017; 141:371-81. [PMID: 26535415 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanovesicles, present in almost all types of body fluids, which play an important role in intercellular communication and are involved in the transport of biological signals for regulating diverse cellular functions. Due to the increasing clinical interest in the role of EVs in tumor promotion, various techniques for their isolation, detection, and characterization are being developed. In this review, we present an overview of the current EV isolation and characterization methods in addition to their applications and limitations. Furthermore, EVs as the potential emerging biomarkers in cancer management and their clinical implementation are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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Huang X, O'Connor R, Kwizera EA. Gold Nanoparticle Based Platforms for Circulating Cancer Marker Detection. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:80-102. [PMID: 28217434 PMCID: PMC5313055 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.18216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of cancer-related circulating biomarkers in body fluids has become a cutting-edge technology that has the potential to noninvasively screen cancer, diagnose cancer at early stage, monitor tumor progression, and evaluate therapy responses. Traditional molecular and cellular detection methods are either insensitive for early cancer intervention or technically costly and complicated making them impractical for typical clinical settings. Due to their exceptional structural and functional properties that are not available from bulk materials or discrete molecules, nanotechnology is opening new horizons for low cost, rapid, highly sensitive, and highly specific detection of circulating cancer markers. Gold nanoparticles have emerged as a unique nanoplatform for circulating biomarker detection owning to their advantages of easy synthesis, facile surface chemistry, excellent biocompatibility, and remarkable structure and environment sensitive optical properties. In this review, we introduce current gold nanoparticle-based technology platforms for the detection of four major classes of circulating cancer markers - circulating tumor cells, vesicles, nucleic acids, and proteins. The techniques will be summarized in terms of signal detection strategies. Distinctive examples are provided to highlight the state-of-the-art technologies that significantly advance basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Ryan O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
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Cultured human amniocytes express hTERT, which is distributed between nucleus and cytoplasm and is secreted in extracellular vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:706-711. [PMID: 27988335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies on stem cells suggests that the therapeutic effect they exert is primarily mediated by a paracrine regulation through extracellular vesicles (EVs) giving solid grounds for stem cell EVs to be exploited as agents for treating diseases or for restoring damaged tissues and organs. Due to their capacity to differentiate in all embryonic germ layers, amniotic fluid stem cells (AFCs), represent a highly promising cell type for tissue regeneration, which however is still poorly studied and in turn underutilized. In view of this, we conducted a first investigation on the expression of human hTERT gene - known to be among the key triggers of organ regeneration - in AFCs and in the EVs they secrete. METHODS Isolated AFCs were evaluated by RT-qPCR for hTERT expression. The clones expressing the highest levels of transcript, were analyzed by Immunofluorescence imaging and Nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation in order to evaluate hTERT subcellular localization. We then separated EVs from FBS depleted culture medium by serial (ultra) centrifugations steps and characterized them using Western blotting, Atomic force Microscopy and Nanoplasmonic assay. RESULTS We first demonstrated that primary cultures of AFCs express the gene hTERT at different levels. Then we evidenced that in AFCs with the higher transcript levels, the hTERT protein is present in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartment. Finally, we found that cytosolic hTERT is embodied in the EVs that AFCs secrete in the extracellular milieu. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time the expression of the full protein hTERT by AFCs and its release outside the cell mediated by EVs, indicating a new extra telomeric role for this protein. This finding represents an initial but crucial evidence for considering AFCs derived EVs as new potential sources for tissue regeneration.
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Obeid S, Ceroi A, Mourey G, Saas P, Elie-Caille C, Boireau W. Development of a NanoBioAnalytical platform for "on-chip" qualification and quantification of platelet-derived microparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 93:250-259. [PMID: 27597127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles (50-1000nm), derived from different cell types. They are known to play important roles in various biological processes and also recognized as potential biomarkers of various health disorders. Different methods are currently used for the detection and characterization of MPs, but none of these methods is capable to quantify and qualify total MPs at the same time, hence, there is a need to develop a new approach for simultaneous detection, characterization and quantification of microparticles. Here we show the potential of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method coupled to atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify and qualify platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), on the whole nano-to micro-meter scale. The different subpopulations of microparticles could be determined via their capture onto the surface using specific ligands. In order to verify the correlation between the capture level and the microparticles concentration in solution, two calibration standards were used: Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) and synthetic beads with a mean diameter of 53nm and 920nm respectively. The AFM analysis of the biochip surface allowed metrological analysis of captured PMPs and revealed that more than 95% of PMPs were smaller than 300nm. Our results suggest that our NanoBioAnalytical platform, combining SPR and AFM, is a suitable method for a sensitive, reproducible, label-free characterization and quantification of MPs over a wide concentration range (≈107 to 1012 particles/mL; with a limit of detection (LOD) in the lowest ng/µL range) which matches with their typical concentrations in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Obeid
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Adam Ceroi
- INSERM U1098, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UBFC, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Guillaume Mourey
- INSERM U1098, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UBFC, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM U1098, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UBFC, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Celine Elie-Caille
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Wilfrid Boireau
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France.
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68
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Rupert DLM, Claudio V, Lässer C, Bally M. Methods for the physical characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles in biological samples. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3164-3179. [PMID: 27495390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our body fluids contain a multitude of cell-derived vesicles, secreted by most cell types, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles. They have attracted considerable attention for their function as intercellular communication vehicles in a broad range of physiological processes and pathological conditions. Extracellular vesicles and especially the smallest type, exosomes, have also generated a lot of excitement in view of their potential as disease biomarkers or as carriers for drug delivery. In this context, state-of-the-art techniques capable of comprehensively characterizing vesicles in biological fluids are urgently needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the arsenal of techniques available for quantification and characterization of physical properties of extracellular vesicles, summarizes their working principles, discusses their advantages and limitations and further illustrates their implementation in extracellular vesicle research. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The small size and physicochemical heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles make their physical characterization and quantification an extremely challenging task. Currently, structure, size, buoyant density, optical properties and zeta potential have most commonly been studied. The concentration of vesicles in suspension can be expressed in terms of biomolecular or particle content depending on the method at hand. In addition, common quantification methods may either provide a direct quantitative measurement of vesicle concentration or solely allow for relative comparison between samples. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The combination of complementary methods capable of detecting, characterizing and quantifying extracellular vesicles at a single particle level promises to provide new exciting insights into their modes of action and to reveal the existence of vesicle subpopulations fulfilling key biological tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah L M Rupert
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Virginia Claudio
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS, UMR168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.
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69
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Stremersch S, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2016; 244:167-183. [PMID: 27491882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of bioactive molecules from one cell to another. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly clear that these vesicles are involved in many (patho)physiological processes, providing opportunities for therapeutic applications. Moreover, it is known that the molecular composition of EVs reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue, rationalizing their exploitation as biomarkers in various diseases. In this review the composition, biogenesis and diversity of EVs is discussed in a therapeutic and diagnostic context. We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as cell-free vaccines, and reflect on future challenges for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Di Noto G, Busatto S, Lottini E, Radeghieri A, Dossi A, Caneschi A, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Residual matrix from different separation techniques impacts exosome biological activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23550. [PMID: 27009329 PMCID: PMC4806376 DOI: 10.1038/srep23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are gaining a prominent role in research due to their intriguing biology and several therapeutic opportunities. However, their accurate purification from body fluids and detailed physicochemical characterization remain open issues. We isolated exosomes from serum of patients with Multiple Myeloma by four of the most popular purification methods and assessed the presence of residual contaminants in the preparations through an ad hoc combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques - including Western Blot, colloidal nanoplasmonics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning helium ion microscopy (HIM). The preparations obtained by iodixanol and sucrose gradients were highly pure. To the contrary, those achieved with limited processing (serial centrifugation or one step precipitation kit) resulted contaminated by a residual matrix, embedding the exosomes. The contaminated preparations showed lower ability to induce NfkB nuclear translocation in endothelial cells with respect to the pure ones, probably because the matrix prevents the interaction and fusion of the exosomes with the cell membrane. These findings suggest that exosome preparation purity must be carefully assessed since it may interfere with exosome biological activity. Contaminants can be reliably probed only by an integrated characterization approach aimed at both the molecular and the colloidal length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lottini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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71
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Maiolo D, Del Pino P, Metrangolo P, Parak WJ, Baldelli Bombelli F. Nanomedicine delivery: does protein corona route to the target or off road? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3231-47. [PMID: 26470748 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine aims to find novel solutions for urgent biomedical needs. Despite this, one of the most challenging hurdles that nanomedicine faces is to successfully target therapeutic nanoparticles to cells of interest in vivo. As for any biomaterials, once in vivo, nanoparticles can interact with plasma biomolecules, forming new entities for which the name protein coronas (PCs) have been coined. The PC can influence the in vivo biological fate of a nanoparticle. Thus for guaranteeing the desired function of an engineered nanomaterial in vivo, it is crucial to dissect its PC in terms of formation and evolution within the body. In this contribution we will review the 'good' and 'bad' sides of the PC, starting from the scientific aspects to the technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maiolo
- Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina c/o Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, & Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pablo Del Pino
- CIC Biomagune, San Sebastian, Spain.,Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina c/o Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, & Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- CIC Biomagune, San Sebastian, Spain.,Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina c/o Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, & Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Di Noto G, Bugatti A, Zendrini A, Mazzoldi EL, Montanelli A, Caimi L, Rusnati M, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Merging colloidal nanoplasmonics and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for enhanced profiling of multiple myeloma-derived exosomes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 77:518-24. [PMID: 26469728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for sorting exosomes from multiple myeloma (MM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and healthy individuals is presented. The method is based on the combination of colloidal gold nanoplasmonics and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing and probes distinctive colloidal properties of MM-derived exosomes, such as molar concentration and cell membrane binding preferences. It allowed to discover that MM patients produce about four folds more exosomes than MGUS and healthy individuals. In addition, it showed that among the analyzed exosomes, only the MM-derived ones bind heparin - a structural analog of heparan sulfate proteoglycans known to mediate exosome endocytosis - with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) equal to about 1 nM, indicating a high affinity binding. This plasmonic method complements the classical biochemical profiling approach to exosomes, expanding the MM biomarker panel and adding biosensors to the toolbox to diagnose MM. It may find applications for other diseases and has wider interest for fundamental and translational research involving exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Laura Mazzoldi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Montanelli
- Spedali Civili of Brescia, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy.
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