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Musicò A, Zenatelli R, Romano M, Zendrini A, Alacqua S, Tassoni S, Paolini L, Urbinati C, Rusnati M, Bergese P, Pomarico G, Radeghieri A. Surface functionalization of extracellular vesicle nanoparticles with antibodies: a first study on the protein corona "variable". Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:4703-4717. [PMID: 37705771 PMCID: PMC10496878 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
To be profitably exploited in medicine, nanosized systems must be endowed with biocompatibility, targeting capability, the ability to evade the immune system, and resistance to clearance. Currently, biogenic nanoparticles, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), are intensively investigated as the platform that naturally recapitulates these highly needed characteristics. EV native targeting properties and pharmacokinetics can be further augmented by decorating the EV surface with specific target ligands as antibodies. However, to date, studies dealing with the functionalization of the EV surface with proteins have never considered the protein corona "variable", namely the fact that extrinsic proteins may spontaneously adsorb on the EV surface, contributing to determine the surface, and in turn the biological identity of the EV. In this work, we explore and compare the two edge cases of EVs modified with the antibody Cetuximab (CTX) by chemisorption of CTX (through covalent binding via biorthogonal click-chemistry) and by formation of a physisorbed CTX corona. The results indicate that (i) no differences exist between the two formulations in terms of binding affinity imparted by molecular recognition of CTX versus its natural binding partner (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR), but (ii) significant differences emerge at the cellular level, where CTX-EVs prepared by click chemistry display superior binding and uptake toward target cells, very likely due to the higher robustness of the CTX anchorage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Musicò
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Rossella Zenatelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Miriam Romano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Silvia Alacqua
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Selene Tassoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Chiara Urbinati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
- National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugs Based on RNA Technology - CN3 Padova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pomarico
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science 50019 Florence Italy
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Calini G, Abd El Aziz MA, Paolini L, Abdalla S, Rottoli M, Mari G, Larson DW. Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease (SUDD): Practical Guidance and Challenges for Clinical Management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:29-43. [PMID: 37013200 PMCID: PMC10066719 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s340929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease (SUDD) is a syndrome within the diverticular disease spectrum, characterized by local abdominal pain with bowel movement changes but without systemic inflammation. This narrative review reports current knowledge, delivers practical guidance, and reveals challenges for the clinical management of SUDD. A broad and common consensus on the definition of SUDD is still needed. However, it is mainly considered a chronic condition that impairs quality of life (QoL) and is characterized by persistent left lower quadrant abdominal pain with bowel movement changes (eg, diarrhea) and low-grade inflammation (eg, elevated calprotectin) but without systemic inflammation. Age, genetic predisposition, obesity, physical inactivity, low-fiber diet, and smoking are considered risk factors. The pathogenesis of SUDD is not entirely clarified. It seems to result from an interaction between fecal microbiota alterations, neuro-immune enteric interactions, and muscular system dysfunction associated with a low-grade and local inflammatory state. At diagnosis, it is essential to assess baseline clinical and Quality of Life (QoL) scores to evaluate treatment efficacy and, ideally, to enroll patients in cohort studies, clinical trials, or registries. SUDD treatments aim to improve symptoms and QoL, prevent recurrence, and avoid disease progression and complications. An overall healthy lifestyle - physical activity and a high-fiber diet, with a focus on whole grains, fruits, and vegetables - is encouraged. Probiotics could effectively reduce symptoms in patients with SUDD, but their utility is missing adequate evidence. Using Rifaximin plus fiber and Mesalazine offers potential in controlling symptoms in patients with SUDD and might prevent acute diverticulitis. Surgery could be considered in patients with medical treatment failure and persistently impaired QoL. Still, studies with well-defined diagnostic criteria for SUDD that evaluate the safety, QoL, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of these interventions using standard scores and comparable outcomes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Calini
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohamed A Abd El Aziz
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Internal Medicine Department, MercyOne North Iowa, Mason City, IA, USA
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Solafah Abdalla
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Oncologic and Digestive Surgery, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Rottoli
- Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Mari
- Department of Laparoscopic and Oncological General Surgery, ASST Brianza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - David W Larson
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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3
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Paolini L, Hussain S, Galardy PJ. Chromosome instability in neuroblastoma: A pathway to aggressive disease. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988972. [PMID: 36338721 PMCID: PMC9633097 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 100-years, genomic instability has been investigated as a central player in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Conceptually, genomic instability includes an array of alterations from small deletions/insertions to whole chromosome alterations, referred to as chromosome instability. Chromosome instability has a paradoxical impact in cancer. In most instances, the introduction of chromosome instability has a negative impact on cellular fitness whereas in cancer it is usually associated with a worse prognosis. One exception is the case of neuroblastoma, the most common solid tumor outside of the brain in children. Neuroblastoma tumors have two distinct patterns of genome instability: whole-chromosome aneuploidy, which is associated with a better prognosis, or segmental chromosomal alterations, which is a potent negative prognostic factor. Through a computational screen, we found that low levels of the de- ubiquitinating enzyme USP24 have a highly significant negative impact on survival in neuroblastoma. At the molecular level, USP24 loss leads to destabilization of the microtubule assembly factor CRMP2 - producing mitotic errors and leading to chromosome missegregation and whole-chromosome aneuploidy. This apparent paradox may be reconciled through a model in which whole chromosome aneuploidy leads to the subsequent development of segmental chromosome alterations. Here we review the mechanisms behind chromosome instability and the evidence for the progressive development of segmental alterations from existing numerical aneuploidy in support of a multi-step model of neuroblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, MI, Italy
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Paul J. Galardy
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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4
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Caselli L, Ridolfi A, Cardellini J, Sharpnack L, Paolini L, Brucale M, Valle F, Montis C, Bergese P, Berti D. A plasmon-based nanoruler to probe the mechanical properties of synthetic and biogenic nanosized lipid vesicles. Nanoscale Horiz 2021; 6:543-550. [PMID: 33870976 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized lipid vesicles are ubiquitous in living systems (e.g. cellular compartments or extracellular vesicles, EVs) and in formulations for nanomedicine (e.g. liposomes for RNA vaccine formulations). The mechanical properties of such vesicles are crucial in several physicochemical and biological processes, ranging from cellular uptake to stability in aerosols. However, their accurate determination remains challenging and requires sophisticated instruments and data analysis. Here we report the first evidence that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of citrated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) adsorbed on synthetic vesicles is finely sensitive to the vesicles' mechanical properties. We then leverage this finding to show that the SPR tracking provides quantitative access to the stiffness of vesicles of synthetic and natural origin, such as EVs. The demonstration of this plasmon-based "stiffness nanoruler" paves the way for developing a facile, cost-effective and high-throughput method to assay the mechanical properties of dispersions of vesicles of nanometric size and unknown composition at a collective level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Caselli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
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Abstract
The detrimental effects of tobacco exposure on children's health are well known. Nonetheless, the prevalence of secondhand or direct cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) in the pediatric population has not significantly decreased over time. On the contrary, the rapid incline in use of e-cigarettes among adolescents has evoked public health concerns since increasing cases of vaping-induced acute lung injury have highlighted the potential harm of these new "smoking" devices. Two pediatric populations are especially vulnerable to the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke. The first group is former premature infants whose risk is elevated both due to their prematurity as well as other risk factors such as oxygen and mechanical ventilation to which they are disproportionately exposed. The second group is children and adolescents with chronic respiratory diseases, in particular asthma and other wheezing disorders. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a spectrum of diseases caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has spread worldwide over the last year. Here, respiratory symptoms ranging from mild to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are at the forefront of COVID-19 cases among adults, and cigarette smoking is associated with worse outcomes in this population, and cigarette smoking is associated with worse outcomes in this population. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection affects children differently in regard to infection susceptibility, disease manifestations, and complications. Although children carry and transmit the virus, the likelihood of symptomatic infection is low, and the rates of hospitalization and death are even lower when compared to the adult population. However, multisystem inflammatory syndrome is recognized as a serious consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population. In addition, recent data demonstrate specific clinical patterns in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who develop multisystem inflammatory syndrome vs. severe COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the pulmonary effects of CSE in vulnerable pediatric populations in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Schiliro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Vogel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Pediatric, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Zendrini A, Paolini L, Busatto S, Radeghieri A, Romano M, Wauben MHM, van Herwijnen MJC, Nejsum P, Borup A, Ridolfi A, Montis C, Bergese P. Corrigendum: Augmented COlorimetric NANoplasmonic (CONAN) Method for Grading Purity and Determine Concentration of EV Microliter Volume Solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:674507. [PMID: 33937223 PMCID: PMC8080608 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.674507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Miriam Romano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Borup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Grossi I, Radeghieri A, Paolini L, Porrini V, Pilotto A, Padovani A, Marengoni A, Barbon A, Bellucci A, Pizzi M, Salvi A, De Petro G. MicroRNA‑34a‑5p expression in the plasma and in its extracellular vesicle fractions in subjects with Parkinson's disease: An exploratory study. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:533-546. [PMID: 33416118 PMCID: PMC7797475 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an important disabling age-related disorder and is the second most common neuro-degenerative disease. Currently, no established molecular biomarkers exist for the early diagnosis of PD. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), either vesicle-free or encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as potential blood-based biomarkers also for neurodegenerative diseases. In this exploratory study, we focused on miR-34a-5p because of its well-documented involvement in neurobiology. To explore a differential profile of circulating miR-34a-5p in PD, PD patients and age-matched control subjects were enrolled. Serial ultracentrifugation steps and density gradient were used to separate EV subpopulations from plasma according to their different sedimentation properties (Large, Medium, Small EVs). Characterization of EV types was performed using western blotting and atomic force microscopy (AFM); purity from protein contaminants was checked with the colorimetric nanoplasmonic assay. Circulating miR-34a-5p levels were evaluated using qPCR in plasma and in each EV type. miR-34a-5p was significantly up-regulated in small EVs devoid of exogenous protein contaminants (pure SEVs) from PD patients and ROC analysis indicated a good diagnostic performance in discriminating patients from controls (AUC=0.74, P<0.05). Moreover, miR-34a-5p levels in pure SEVs were associated with disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr and Beck Depression Inventory scores. These results under-line the necessity to examine the miRNA content of each EV subpopulation to identify miRNA candidates with potential diagnostic value and lay the basis for future studies to validate the overexpression of circulating miR-34a-5p in PD via the use of pure SEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marengoni
- General Medicine and Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
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Locatelli C, Corvaglia L, Simonazzi G, Bisulli M, Paolini L, Faldella G. "Percorso Giacomo": An Italian Innovative Service of Perinatal Palliative Care. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:589559. [PMID: 33330283 PMCID: PMC7710893 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.589559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The perspective proposed by this article will focus on perinatal palliative care as a strategy for improving the quality of life of neonates with life-limiting conditions when extending the patient's life is no longer the goal of care. This manuscript reports the creation of an innovative program of perinatal palliative care called "Percorso Giacomo" (Giacomo's Pathway) at Sant'Orsola Hospital in Bologna, Italy in 2013. Key features include interdisciplinary collaboration between professionals from obstetrics, neonatology and other specialties aiming to reach the most detailed fetal and neonatal diagnosis and prognosis; communication and engagement with the family to discuss goals of care and prepare a birthing plan that follows the family's desires and expectations; and personalized care to achieve comfort for each newborn and support for families according to their social, cultural, and religious backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliana Simonazzi
- Obstetric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Bisulli
- Obstetric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ridolfi A, Brucale M, Montis C, Caselli L, Paolini L, Borup A, Boysen AT, Loria F, van Herwijnen MJC, Kleinjan M, Nejsum P, Zarovni N, Wauben MHM, Berti D, Bergese P, Valle F. AFM-Based High-Throughput Nanomechanical Screening of Single Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10274-10282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ridolfi
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Caselli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Anne Borup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, P. Juul-Jensens Boulevard 45, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders T. Boysen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, P. Juul-Jensens Boulevard 45, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francesca Loria
- HansaBiomed Life Sciences, Mäealuse 2/1, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Kleinjan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, P. Juul-Jensens Boulevard 45, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natasa Zarovni
- HansaBiomed Life Sciences, Mäealuse 2/1, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debora Berti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Montis C, Salvatore A, Valle F, Paolini L, Carlà F, Bergese P, Berti D. Biogenic supported lipid bilayers as a tool to investigate nano-bio interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 570:340-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The term secretome, which traditionally strictly refers to single proteins, should be expanded to also include the great variety of nanoparticles secreted by cells (secNPs) into the extracellular space, which ranges from high-density lipoproteins of a few nanometers to extracellular vesicles and fat globules of hundreds of nanometers. Widening the definition is urged by the ever-increasing understanding of the role of secNPs as regulators/mediators of key physiological and pathological processes, which also puts them in the running as breakthrough cell-free therapeutics and diagnostics. "Made by cells for cells", secNPs are envisioned as a sweeping paradigm shift in nanomedicine, promising to overcome the limitations of synthetic nanoparticles by unsurpassed circulation and targeting abilities, precision and sustainability. From a longer/wider perspective, advanced manipulation would possibly make secNPs available as building blocks for future "biogenic" nanotechnology. However, the current knowledge is fragmented and sectorial (the majority of the studies being focused on a specific biological and/or medical aspect of a given secNP class or subclass), the understanding of the nanoscale and interfacial properties is limited and the development of bioprocesses and regulatory initiatives is in the early days. We believe that new multidisciplinary competencies and synergistic efforts need to be attracted and augmented to move forward. This review will contribute to the effort by attempting for the first time to rationally gather and elaborate secNPs and their traits into a unique concise framework - from biogenesis to colloidal properties, engineering and clinical translation - disclosing the overall view and easing comparative analysis and future exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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12
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Paolini L, Federici S, Consoli G, Arceri D, Radeghieri A, Alessandri I, Bergese P. Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy fingerprints subpopulations of extracellular vesicles of different sizes and cellular origin. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1741174. [PMID: 32341767 PMCID: PMC7170381 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1741174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations remains an open challenge. To date, the common strategy is based on searching and probing set of molecular components and physical properties intended to be univocally characteristics of the target subpopulation. Pitfalls include the risk to opt for an unsuitable marker set – which may either not represent the subpopulation or also cover other unintended subpopulations – and the need to use different characterization techniques and equipment. This approach focused on specific markers may result inadequate to routinely deal with EV subpopulations that have an intrinsic high level of heterogeneity. In this paper, we show that Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can provide a collective fingerprint of EV subpopulations in one single experiment. FT-IR measurements were performed on large (LEVs, ~600 nm), medium (MEVs, ~200 nm) and small (SEVs ~60 nm) EVs enriched from two different cell lines medium: murine prostate cancer (TRAMP-C2) and skin melanoma (B16). Spectral regions between 3100–2800 cm−1 and 1880–900 cm−1, corresponding to functional groups mainly ascribed to lipid and protein contributions, were acquired and processed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). LEVs, MEVs and SEVs were separately grouped for both the considered cell lines. Moreover, subpopulations of the same size but from different sources were assigned (with different degrees of accuracy) to two different groups. These findings demonstrate that FT-IR has the potential to quickly fingerprint EV subpopulations as a whole, suggesting an appealing complement/alternative for their characterization and grading, extendable to healthy and pathological EVs and fully artificial nanovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Consoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diletta Arceri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Florence, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-INO), Unit of Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Florence, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
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13
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Zendrini A, Paolini L, Busatto S, Radeghieri A, Romano M, Wauben MHM, van Herwijnen MJC, Nejsum P, Borup A, Ridolfi A, Montis C, Bergese P. Augmented COlorimetric NANoplasmonic (CONAN) Method for Grading Purity and Determine Concentration of EV Microliter Volume Solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:452. [PMID: 32117903 PMCID: PMC7028770 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol paper describes how to assign a purity grade and to subsequently titrate extracellular vesicle (EV) solutions of a few microliters in volume by microplate COlorimetric NANoplasmonic (CONAN) assay. The CONAN assay consists of a solution of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into which the EV preparation is added. The solution turns blue if the EV preparation is pure, whereas it stays red if soluble exogenous single and aggregated proteins (SAPs; often referred to as protein contaminants) are present. The color change is visible by the naked eye or can be quantified by UV-Vis spectroscopy, providing an index of purity (a unique peculiarity to date). The assay specifically targets SAPs, and not the EV-related proteins, with a detection limit <50 ng/μl (an order of magnitude higher resolution than that of the Bradford protein assay). For pure solutions, the assay also allows for determining the EV number, as the color shift is linearly dependent on the AuNP/EV molar ratio. Instead, it automatically reports if the solution bears SAP contaminants, thus avoiding counting artifacts. The CONAN assay proves to be robust and reliable and displays very interesting performances in terms of cost (inexpensive reagents, run by standard microplate readers), working volumes (1–2 μl of sample required), and time (full procedure takes <1 h). The assay is applicable to all classes of natural and artificial lipid microvesicles and nanovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Miriam Romano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Borup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Salvi A, Vezzoli M, Busatto S, Paolini L, Faranda T, Abeni E, Caracausi M, Antonaros F, Piovesan A, Locatelli C, Cocchi G, Alvisi G, De Petro G, Ricotta D, Bergese P, Radeghieri A. [Corrigendum] Analysis of a nanoparticle‑enriched fraction of plasma reveals miRNA candidates for Down syndrome pathogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:768. [PMID: 31173160 PMCID: PMC6605711 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Teresa Faranda
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Abeni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola‑Malpighi Polyclinic, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola‑Malpighi Polyclinic, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, I‑35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
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15
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Salvi A, Vezzoli M, Busatto S, Paolini L, Faranda T, Abeni E, Caracausi M, Antonaros F, Piovesan A, Locatelli C, Cocchi G, Alvisi G, De Petro G, Ricotta D, Bergese P, Radeghieri A. Analysis of a nanoparticle‑enriched fraction of plasma reveals miRNA candidates for Down syndrome pathogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2303-2318. [PMID: 31017260 PMCID: PMC6488180 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of part or all of a third copy of chromosome 21. DS is associated with several phenotypes, including intellectual disability, congenital heart disease, childhood leukemia and immune defects. Specific microRNAs (miRNAs/miR) have been described to be associated with DS, although none of them so far have been unequivocally linked to the pathology. The present study focuses to the best of our knowledge for the first time on the miRNAs contained in nanosized RNA carriers circulating in the blood. Fractions enriched in nanosized RNA-carriers were separated from the plasma of young participants with DS and their non-trisomic siblings and miRNAs were extracted. A microarray-based analysis on a small cohort of samples led to the identification of the three most abundant miRNAs, namely miR-16-5p, miR-99b-5p and miR-144-3p. These miRNAs were then profiled for 15 pairs of DS and non-trisomic sibling couples by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results identified a clear differential expression trend of these miRNAs in DS with respect to their non-trisomic siblings and gene ontology analysis pointed to their potential role in a number of typical DS features, including 'nervous system development', 'neuronal cell body' and certain forms of 'leukemia'. Finally, these expression levels were associated with certain typical quantitative and qualitative clinical features of DS. These results contribute to the efforts in defining the DS-associated pathogenic mechanisms and emphasize the importance of properly stratifying the miRNA fluid vehicles in order to probe biomolecules that are otherwise hidden and/or not accessible to (standard) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Teresa Faranda
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Abeni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- CSGI, Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Sesto Fiorentino, I‑50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- CSGI, Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Sesto Fiorentino, I‑50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola‑Malpighi Polyclinic, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola‑Malpighi Polyclinic, I‑40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, I‑35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
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16
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Vescovi R, Monti M, Moratto D, Paolini L, Consoli F, Benerini L, Melocchi L, Calza S, Chiudinelli M, Rossi G, Bugatti M, Maio M, Fonsatti E, Farisoglio C, Simbolo M, Almici C, Verardi R, Scarpa A, Bergese P, Manganoni A, Facchetti F, Vermi W. Collapse of the Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Compartment in Advanced Cutaneous Melanomas by Components of the Tumor Cell Secretome. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:12-28. [PMID: 30401679 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an immunogenic neoplasm infiltrated by T cells, although these adaptive T cells usually fail to eradicate the tumor. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are potent regulators of the adaptive immune response and can eliminate melanoma cells via TLR-mediated effector functions. The PDC compartment is maintained by progressively restricted bone marrow progenitors. Terminally differentiated PDCs exit the bone marrow into the circulation, then home to lymph nodes and inflamed peripheral tissues. Infiltration by PDCs is documented in various cancers. However, their role within the melanoma immune contexture is not completely known. We found that in locoregional primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM), PDC infiltration was heterogeneous, occurred early, and was recurrently localized at the invasive margin, the site where PDCs interact with CD8+ T cells. A reduced PDC density was coupled with an increased Breslow thickness and somatic mutations at the NRAS p.Q61 codon. Compared with what was seen in PCM, high numbers of PDCs were found in regional lymph nodes, as also identified by in silico analysis. In contrast, in metastatic melanoma patients, PDCs were mostly absent in the tumor tissues and were significantly reduced in the circulation, particularly in the advanced M1c group. Exposure of circulating PDCs to melanoma cell supernatant (SN-mel) depleted of extracellular vesicles resulted in significant PDC death. SN-mel exposure also resulted in a defect of PDC differentiation from CD34+ progenitors. These findings indicate that soluble components released by melanoma cells support the collapse of the PDC compartment, with clinical implications for refining TLR agonist-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Vescovi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matilde Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Moratto
- Laboratory of Genetic Disorders of Childhood, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Benerini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariella Chiudinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Romagna, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Ester Fonsatti
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Michele Simbolo
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Camillo Almici
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Verardi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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17
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles, involved in cell-to-cell communication, in both normal and pathological processes. Originating by the outward budding of the plasma membrane or released by exocytosis, they are natural cargoes for lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. EV-based diagnostics promises unique advantages compared with conventional strategies involving whole body fluid analysis, including the reduction of biofluids complexity and more specific and sensitive detection of low abundance biomacromolecules. Besides EV cargoes, new breakthrough technologies are addressing EV 'colloidal properties' - including particle content, size and membrane mechanical properties - directly experienced by researchers to be critical factors in biomarkers discovery. This article focuses on the progresses in EV biophysical properties characterization as diagnostic tools for different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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18
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Paolini L, Orizio F, Busatto S, Radeghieri A, Bresciani R, Bergese P, Monti E. Exosomes Secreted by HeLa Cells Shuttle on Their Surface the Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialidase NEU3. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6401-6408. [PMID: 29039925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are glycohydrolases that remove terminal sialic acid residues from oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. The plasma membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 is involved in the fine-tuning of sialic acid-containing glycans directly on the cell surface and plays relevant roles in important biological phenomena such as cell differentiation, molecular recognition, and cancer transformation. Extracellular vesicles are membranous structures with a diameter of 0.03-1 μm released by cells and can be detected in blood, urine, and culture media. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes play roles in intercellular communication and maintenance of several physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer, and could represent a useful diagnostic tool for personalized nanomedicine approaches. Using inducible expression of the murine form of NEU3 in HeLa cells, a study of the association of the enzyme with exosomes released in the culture media has been performed. Briefly, NEU3 is associated with highly purified exosomes and localizes on the external leaflet of these nanovesicles, as demonstrated by enzyme activity measurements, Western blot analysis, and dot blot analysis using specific protein markers. On the basis of these results, it is plausible that NEU3 activity on exosome glycans enhances the dynamic biological behavior of these small extracellular vesicles by modifying the negative charge and steric hindrance of their glycocalyx. The presence of NEU3 on the exosomal surface could represent a useful marker for the detection of these nanovesicles and a tool for improving our understanding of the biology of these important extracellular carriers in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Orizio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bresciani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia, Italy
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19
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Montis C, Zendrini A, Valle F, Busatto S, Paolini L, Radeghieri A, Salvatore A, Berti D, Bergese P. Size distribution of extracellular vesicles by optical correlation techniques. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:331-338. [PMID: 28711858 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the colloidal properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is key to advance fundamental knowledge in this field and to develop effective EV-based diagnostics, therapeutics and devices. Determination of size distribution and of colloidal stability of purified EVs resuspended in buffered media is a complex and challenging issue - because of the wide range of EV diameters (from 30 to 2000nm), concentrations of interest and membrane properties, and the possible presence of co-isolated contaminants with similar size and densities, such as protein aggregates and fat globules - which is still waiting to be fully addressed. We report here a fully detailed protocol for accurate and robust determination of the size distribution and stability of EV samples which leverages a dedicated combination of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The theoretical background, critical experimental steps and data analysis procedures are thoroughly presented and finally illustrated through the representative case study of EV formulations obtained from culture media of B16 melanoma cells, a murine tumor cell line used as a model for human skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Montis
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati - ISMN-CNR e CSGI, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salvatore
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale e CSGI, Università degli Studi di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Di Noto G, Busatto S, Lottini E, Radeghieri A, Dossi A, Caneschi A, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Residual matrix from different separation techniques impacts exosome biological activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23550. [PMID: 27009329 PMCID: PMC4806376 DOI: 10.1038/srep23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are gaining a prominent role in research due to their intriguing biology and several therapeutic opportunities. However, their accurate purification from body fluids and detailed physicochemical characterization remain open issues. We isolated exosomes from serum of patients with Multiple Myeloma by four of the most popular purification methods and assessed the presence of residual contaminants in the preparations through an ad hoc combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques - including Western Blot, colloidal nanoplasmonics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning helium ion microscopy (HIM). The preparations obtained by iodixanol and sucrose gradients were highly pure. To the contrary, those achieved with limited processing (serial centrifugation or one step precipitation kit) resulted contaminated by a residual matrix, embedding the exosomes. The contaminated preparations showed lower ability to induce NfkB nuclear translocation in endothelial cells with respect to the pure ones, probably because the matrix prevents the interaction and fusion of the exosomes with the cell membrane. These findings suggest that exosome preparation purity must be carefully assessed since it may interfere with exosome biological activity. Contaminants can be reliably probed only by an integrated characterization approach aimed at both the molecular and the colloidal length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lottini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Paolini L. Quantification of β region IgA paraproteins – should we include immunochemical “heavy/light chain” measurements? Counterpoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:1059-64. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSerum protein electrophoresis (SPE), serum immunofixation (s-IFE), free light chain measurement (FLC) and nephelometric measurements of total immunoglobulin in serum (IgTot) are some of the laboratory tests required for the management of plasma cell proliferative disorders. The monoclonal protein is usually visible on SPE as a spike (M-spike) in the γ region and the derived densitogram is used to quantify it relative to serum total protein concentration. IgA M-protein, however, often migrates in the β region on SPE and its quantification can be masked by other serum proteins that migrate in this region. The immunoassay Hevylite™ (heavy/light chain, HLC) seems to solve this problem: it quantifies the involved/uninvolved isotype, calculating the ratio IgAκ/IgAλ, considered indicative of clonal proliferation. However, this test seems redundant in the case of artifacts on SPE such as obvious hemolysis or lipemia, or if the IgA M-spike is clearly visible in the β region. In conclusion whereas the IgA HLC assay does not represent an alternative to SPE and s-IFE in the diagnostic patient workup, it may prove to be an alternative to SPE, s-IFE and total IgA quantification in risk stratification and evaluation of response to therapy in patients affected by MM and other monoclonal plasma proliferative disorders.
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Maiolo D, Paolini L, Di Noto G, Zendrini A, Berti D, Bergese P, Ricotta D. Colorimetric nanoplasmonic assay to determine purity and titrate extracellular vesicles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4168-76. [PMID: 25674701 DOI: 10.1021/ac504861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) - cell secreted vesicles that carry rich molecular information of the parental cell and constitute an important mode of intercellular communication - are becoming a primary topic in translational medicine. EVs (that comprise exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles) have a size ranging from 40 nm to 1 μm and share several physicochemical proprieties, including size, density, surface charge, and light interaction, with other nano-objects present in body fluids, such as single and aggregated proteins. This makes separation, titration, and characterization of EVs challenging and time-consuming. Here we present a cost-effective and fast colorimetric assay for probing by eye protein contaminants and determine the concentration of EV preparations, which exploits the synergy between colloidal gold nanoplasmonics, nanoparticle-protein corona, and nanoparticle-membrane interaction. The assay hits a limit of detection of protein contaminants of 5 ng/μL and has a dynamic range of EV concentration ranging from 35 fM to 35 pM, which matches the typical range of EV concentration in body fluids. This work provides the first example of the exploitation of the nanoparticle-protein corona in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maiolo
- †Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and INSTM, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- §Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- †Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and INSTM, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Paolini L, Di Noto G, Maffina F, Martellosio G, Radeghieri A, Luigi C, Ricotta D. Comparison of Hevylite™ IgA and IgG assay with conventional techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of plasma cell dyscrasia. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 52:337-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563214564225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Heavy/light chain assay allows the characterization and quantification of immunoglobulin light chains bound to heavy chains for each Ig’k and Ig’λ immunoglobulin class, discriminating between the involved/uninvolved isotypes in plasma cell dyscrasia. The Ig’k/Ig’λ ratio (heavy/light chain ratio) enables to monitor the trend of monoclonal component during therapy and disease evolution. Objective In this study, we evaluate the impact of the heavy/light chain assay in monitoring multiple myeloma patients in comparison with conventional techniques. Methods Serum samples of 28 patients with IgG or IgA monoclonal component were collected for a mean of 109 days and analyzed. The heavy/light chain assay was compared with classical immunoglobulin quantification (Ig’Tot), serum immunofixation electrophoresis, serum protein electrophoresis, and serum-free light chains quantification. Serum samples from 30 healthy patients were used as control (polyclonal). Results Heavy/light chain ratio and serum immunofixation electrophoresis were comparable in 86% of the cases, and free light chain ratio and heavy/light chain ratio in 71.8%. Heavy/light chain assay and Ig’Tot measurements showed a concentration-dependent agreement in monoclonal patients. The heavy/light chain assay was able to quantify the monoclonal component migrating in SPE β region: this occurred in 10% of our IgG and 50% of our IgA patients. Conclusions The concordance scores indicate that heavy/light chain and Ig’Tot assays show differences at high monoclonal component values. The heavy/light chain ratio, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and free light chain ratio showed partial concordance. Our study confirmed that, in the context of heavy/light chain assay, heavy/light chain Ig’k and Ig’λ absolute values and heavy/light chain ratio are both important tools to monitor the presence of monoclonal component that are difficult to be identified in SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Maffina
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martellosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caimi Luigi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Di Noto G, Chiarini M, Paolini L, Mazzoldi EL, Giustini V, Radeghieri A, Caimi L, Ricotta D. Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains and GAGs Mediate Multiple Myeloma Extracellular Vesicles Uptake and Secondary NfκB Nuclear Translocation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:517. [PMID: 25386176 PMCID: PMC4209816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by a microenviromentally aided persistence of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Monoclonal plasma cells often secrete high amounts of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) that could induce tissue damage. Recently, we showed that FLCs are internalized in endothelial and myocardial cell lines and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs). MM serum derived EVs presented phenotypic differences if compared with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) serum derived EVs suggesting their involvement in MM pathogenesis or progression. To investigate the effect of circulating EVs on endothelial and myocardial cells, we purified MM and MGUS serum derived EVs with differential ultracentrifugation protocols and tested their biological activity. We found that MM and MGUS EVs induced different proliferation and internalization rates in endothelial and myocardial cells, thus we tried to find specific targets in MM EVs docking and processing. Pre-treatment of EVs with anti-FLCs antibodies or heparin blocked the MM EVs uptake, highlighting that FLCs and glycosaminoglycans are involved. Indeed, only MM EVs exposure induced a strong nuclear factor kappa B nuclear translocation that was completely abolished after anti-FLCs antibodies and heparin pre-treatment. The protein tyrosine kinase c-src is present on MM circulating EVs and redistributes to the cell plasma membrane after MM EVs exposure. The anti-FLCs antibodies and heparin pre-treatments were able to block the intracellular re-distribution of the c-src kinase and the subsequent c-src kinase containing EVs production. Our results open new insights in EVs cellular biology and in MM therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- CREA, Diagnostic Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Laura Mazzoldi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- CREA, Diagnostic Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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Di Noto G, Cimpoies E, Dossi A, Paolini L, Radeghieri A, Caimi L, Ricotta D. Polyclonal versus monoclonal immunoglobulin-free light chains quantification. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 52:327-36. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563214553808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical usefulness of the serum-free light chain assays has expanded since their first description, and further applications other than plasma cell dyscrasia are emerging. Currently, we have the ability to perform the measurements with two certified methods: the Freelite™ assay (The Binding Site Ltd, Birmingham, UK) and the new N Latex free-light chain assay (Siemens, Germany). In the present study, we investigated the impact of free light chain concentrations and structures on their quantification, performed with both tests. Methods A total of 524 serum samples from 497 patients from our routine laboratory were analysed with the Freelite™ and the N Latex free light chain assay. The results were compared in two subgroups: with or without monoclonal component. Twenty-four samples were subsequently investigated for the presence of dimeric and monomeric free light chain with sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometric quantification. Results Methods comparison showed that the Pearson rank correlation coefficients were 0.90 for polyclonal k and 0.91 for polyclonal λ free light chain. Conversely for monoclonal immunoglobulins, the Pearson rank correlation coefficient was lower with 0.82 for kM >500 mg/L and 0.56 for λM >500 mg/L. Furthermore, densitometric quantification of the involved monoclonal free light chains showed that both assays do not reflect the Coomassie-stained protein mass. Conclusion Samples containing high amounts of a single pathologic free light chain may not be considered like a sample containing a sum of different polyclonal free light chains. Indeed, free light chain dimerization leads to different scatter efficiency of macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cimpoies
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
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Scarsi M, Paolini L, Ricotta D, Colombo E, Pedrini A, Piantoni S, Caimi L, Tincani A, Airò P. FRI0335 Serum Levels of Immunoglobulins and Free Light Chains in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Abatacept. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Scarsi M, Paolini L, Ricotta D, Pedrini A, Piantoni S, Caimi L, Tincani A, Airò P. Abatacept reduces levels of switched memory B cells, autoantibodies, and immunoglobulins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:666-72. [PMID: 24584924 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abatacept (ABA) is a chimeric molecule, able to block the CD28-mediated costimulatory pathway. To evaluate the hypothesis that, through this mechanism of action, ABA may down-modulate the immune responses of B lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we investigated the serum levels of immunoglobulins (Ig), free light chains (FLC), anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), and rheumatoid factor (RF), as well as the number of B lymphocytes differentiated into post-switch memory cells in patients treated with ABA. METHODS The serum levels of Ig, FLC, different ACPA, RF isotypes, and the B cell phenotype were longitudinally evaluated in 30 patients with RA treated with ABA. RESULTS At baseline, the proportion of total and post-switch memory B cells was lower in RA than in healthy individuals. After 6 months of ABA treatment we observed significant reductions of serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM, as well as FLC, with a normalization in many patients who had initially abnormal values. A significant reduction of the titers of IgG- and IgA-ACPA, as well as of IgM-, IgA-, and IgG-RF was also observed. A decrease of autoantibodies below the upper limits of normal values was found in 2 of 26 patients (8%) initially seropositive for IgG-ACPA, 1 of 14 (7%) for IgA-ACPA, 5 of 22 (23%) for IgM-RF, 7 of 22 (30%) for IgA-RF, and 5 of 16 (31%) for IgG-RF. After treatment, the proportion of circulating post-switch memory B cells was also further significantly decreased. CONCLUSION ABA treatment in patients with RA can reduce signs of polyclonal B cell activation, inducing a trend toward normalization of serum levels of different classes of Ig and of FLC, decreasing titers of ACPA and RF, and percentages of post-switch memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Scarsi
- From the Rheumatology Unit and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia; and Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Di Noto G, Paolini L, Zendrini A, Radeghieri A, Caimi L, Ricotta D. C-src enriched serum microvesicles are generated in malignant plasma cell dyscrasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70811. [PMID: 23940647 PMCID: PMC3733647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell dyscrasias are immunosecretory disorders that can lead to hematological malignancies such as Multiple Myeloma (MM). MM accounts for 15% of all hematologic cancers, and those diagnosed with MM typically become severely ill and have a low life expectancy. Monoclonal immunoglobulin Free Light Chains (FLC) are present in the serum and urine of many patients with plasma cell diseases. The biological differences between monoclonal FLCs, produced under malignant or benign dyscrasias, has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we show that endothelial and heart muscle cell lines internalize kappa and lambda FLCs. After internalization, FLCs are rerouted in the extracellular space via microvesicles and exosomes that can be re-internalized in contiguous cells. Only FLCs secreted from malignant B Lymphocytes were carried in Hsp70, annexin V, and c-src positive vesicles. In both MM and AL Amyloidosis patients we observed an increase in microvesicle and exosome production. Isolated serum vesicles from MM, AL Amyloidosis and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) patients contained FLCs. Furthermore MM and AL amyloidosis vesicles were strongly positive for Hsp70, annexin V, and c-src compared to MGUS and control patients. These are the first data implying that FLCs reroute via microvesicles in the blood stream, and also suggest a potential novel mechanism of c-src activation in plasma cell dyscrasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Danieli M, Moretti R, Gambini S, Paolini L, Gabrielli A. AB0689 Interstitial lung disease in severe connective tissue diseases (CTD). Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Marques IB, Silva RDM, Moraes CE, Azevedo LS, Nahas WC, David-Neto E, Furmanczyk-Zawiska A, Baczkowska T, Chmura A, Szmidt J, Durlik M, Joslin J, Blaker P, White B, Marinaki A, Sanderson J, Goldsmith DJ, Medani S, Traynor C, Mohan P, Little D, Conlon P, Molina M, Gonzalez E, Gutierrez E, Sevillano A, Polanco N, Morales E, Hernandez A, Praga M, Morales JM, Andres A, Park SJ, Kim TH, Kim YW, Kim YH, Kang SW, Kujawa-Szewieczek A, Szotowska M, Kuczera P, Chudek J, Wiecek A, Kolonko A, Mahrova A, Svagrova K, Bunc V, Stollova M, Teplan V, Hundt F, van Heteren P, Woitas R, Cavallo MC, Sepe V, Conte F, Albrizio P, Bottazzi A, Geraci PM, Alpay N, Gumber MR, Kute VB, Vanikar AV, Patel HV, Shah PR, Engineer DP, Trivedi HL, Golebiewska JE, Debska-Slizien A, Rutkowski B, Matias P, Martins AR, Raposo L, Jorge C, Weigert A, Birne R, Bruges M, Adragao T, Almeida M, Mendes M, Machado D, Masin-Spasovska J, Dohcev S, Stankov O, Stavridis S, Saidi S, Dejanova B, Rambabova-Busletic I, Dejanov P, Spasovski G, Nho KW, Kim YH, Han DJ, Park SK, Kim SB, Fenoglio R, Lazzarich EE, Cagna D, Cena T, Conti N, Quaglia M, Radin E, Izzo C, Stratta P, Oh IH, Park JS, Lee CH, Kang CM, Kim GH, Leone F, Lofaro D, Gigliotti P, Lupinacci S, Toteda P, Vizza D, Perri A, Papalia T, Bonofiglio R, di Loreto P, de Silvestro L, Montanaro D, Martino F, Sandrini S, Minetti E, Cabiddu G, Yildirim T, Yilmaz R, Turkmen E, Abudalal A, Altindal M, Ertoy-Baydar D, Erdem Y, Panuccio V, Tripepi R, Parlongo G, Versace MC, Politi R, Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Porrini E, Silva I, Diaz J, Ibernon M, Moreso F, Benitez R, Delgado Mallen P, Osorio J, Lauzurica R, Torres A, Ersoy A, Koca N, Gullu Koca T, Kirhan E, Sarandol E, Ersoy C, Dirican M, Milne J, Suter V, Mikhail A, Akalin H, Dizdar O, Ersoy A, Pascual J, Torio A, Garcia C, Hernandez J, Perez-Saez MJ, Mir M, Anna F, Crespo M, Carta P, Zanazzi M, Antognoli G, Di Maria L, Caroti L, Minetti E, Dizdar O, Ersoy A, Akalin H, Ray DS, Mukherjee K, Bohidar NP, Pattanaik A, Das P, Thukral S, Kimura T, Yagisawa T, Ishikawa N, Sakuma Y, Fujiwara T, Nukui A, Gavela EE, Sancho AA, Kanter JJ, Avila AA, Beltran SS, Pallardo LL, Dawoud FG, Aithal V, Mikhail A, Majernikova M, Rosenberger J, Prihodova L, Nagyova I, Jarcuskova M, Roland R, Groothoff JW, van Dijk JP, van Agteren M, de Weerd A, van de Wetering J, IJzermans J, Betjes M, Weimar W, Popoola J, Reed A, Tavarro R, Chryssanthopoulou C, MacPhee I, Mayor M, Franco S, Jara P, Ayala R, Orue MG, Martinez A, Martinez M, Wasmouth N, Arik G, Yasar A, Turkmen E, Yildirim T, Altindal M, Abudalal A, Yilmaz S, Arici M, Bihari Bansal S, Pokhariyal S, Jain S, Sethi S, Ahlawat R, Kher V, Martins LS, Aguiar P, Dias L, Fonseca I, Henriques AC, Cabrita A, Davide J, Sparkes TM, Trofe-Clark J, Reese PP, Jakobowski D, Goral S, Doll SL, Abt PL, Sawinski D, MBloom RD, Knap B, Lukac J, Lukin M, Majcen I, Pavlovec F, Kandus A, Bren AF, Kong JM, Jeong JH, Ahn J, Lee DR, Son SH, Kim BC, Choi WY, Whang EJ, Czajka B, Malgorzewicz S, Debska-Slizien A, Rutkowski B, Panizo N, Rengel MA, Vega A, Abad S, Tana L, Arroyo D, Rodriguez-Ferrero M, Perez de Jose A, Lopez-Gomez JM, Koutroutsos K, Sackey J, Paolini L, Ramkhelawon R, Tavarro R, Chowrimootoo M, Whelan D, Popoola J, Szotowska M, Kuczera P, Chudek J, Wiecek A, Kolonko A, Slatinska J, Honsova E, Wohlfahrtova M, Slimackova E, Rajnochova SB, Viklicky O, Yankovoy A, Smith ISJ, Wylie E, Ruiz-Esteban P, Lopez V, Garcia-Frias P, Cabello M, Gonzalez-Molina M, Vozmediano C, Hernandez D, Pavlovic J, Radivojevic D, Lezaic V, Simic-Ogrizovic S, Lausevic M, Naumovic R, Ersoy A, Koca N, Kirhan E, Gullu Koca T, Ersoy C, Sarandol E, Dirican M, Sakhuja V, Gundlapalli S, Rathi M, Jha V, Kohli HS, Sharma A, Minz M, Nimgirova A, Esayan A, Kayukov I, Zuyeva E, Bilen Y, Cankaya E, Keles M, Gulcan E, Turkeli M, Albayrak B, Uyanik A, Yildirim R, Molitor N, Praktiknjo M, Woitas R, Abeygunaratne TN, Balasubramanian S, Baker R, Nicholson T, Toprak O, Sari Y, Keceli S, Kurt H, Rocha A, Malheiro J, Martins LS, Fonseca I, Dias L, Pedroso S, Almeida M, Henriques A, Nihei C, Bacelar Marques I, Seguro CA, David-Neto E, Mate G, Martin N, Colon L, Casellas L, Garangou D, de la Torre M, Torguet P, Garcia I, Calabia J, Valles M, Pruthi R, Calestani M, Leydon G, Ravanan R, Roderick P, Korkmaz S, Ersoy A, Gulten S, Koca N. Transplantation - clinical studies II. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Paolini L, Radeghieri A, Civini S, Caimi L, Ricotta D. The Epsilon Hinge-Ear Region Regulates Membrane Localization of the AP-4 Complex. Traffic 2011; 12:1604-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of phenolphthalein-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in a patient maintained on several other medications more commonly known to be associated with TEN. CASE SUMMARY A 78-year-old white man presented with intractable lower back pain and constipation. On day 1 of admission, the patient exhibited a diffuse urticarial rash over his trunk and extremities. History revealed that the patient had taken a combination phenolphthalein/docusate sodium (Correctol) over-the-counter laxative 1 day prior to admission. He had a similar urticarial rash 1.5 years earlier with this product and was instructed not to use it. A biopsy was performed and evidence from light microscopic analysis of the tissue led to a diagnosis of TEN. Furosemide, spironolactone, allopurinol, and hydroxyurea were considered possible causes of the reaction and were discontinued. Despite this, the lesions worsened in severity. The patient subsequently responded well to intravenous antibiotics, intravenous corticosteroids, and local wound care. Furosemide, spironolactone, hydroxyurea, allopurinol, and docusate were all reintroduced without reactivation of the lesions. DISCUSSION Phenolphthalein is the active ingredient in several over-the-counter laxative preparations and has only rarely been reported to cause TEN. (It is no longer contained in Correctol.) To our knowledge, this case report represents only the third description of laxative-induced TEN. Although this patient had been exposed to several other medications more commonly associated with TEN, his long-term tolerance of and uneventful rechallenge with these medications exclude them as potential catalysts to this drug reaction. The patient's previous rash and the temporal relation of this event and the ingestion of phenolphthalein, as well as the similarity of this case to other reports, point to phenolphthalein as the cause of TEN in this patient. CONCLUSIONS TEN is a rare disorder that can be fatal in up to 30% of patients. Clinicians should include phenolphthalein in their list of possible causes of drug-induced TEN. A careful and complete medication history can help avoid unnecessary discontinuation of clinically important medications and inadvertent rechallenge with the causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Artymowicz
- Burdette Tomlin Memorial Hospital, Cape May Court House, NJ 08210, USA
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Maberley DA, Kozy DW, Maberley AL, Shea M, Giavedoni L, Paolini L, Wong D. Peribulbar injection of bupivacaine for the control of pain and nausea in vitreoretinal surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 1995; 30:317-9. [PMID: 8574979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Maberley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Falcone PM, Paolini L, Lou PL. Hydroxychloroquine toxicity despite normal dose therapy. Ann Ophthalmol 1993; 25:385-388. [PMID: 8304691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The risk of retinopathy associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine is said to be nullified if the dosage recommendations are followed strictly. In this case report, we describe an elderly patient with rheumatoid arthritis who had bilateral maculopathy, presumably secondary to hydroxychloroquine therapy, despite a dosing regimen within therapeutic guidelines. We believe special attention should be given to elderly patients who are being treated with hydroxychloroquine because their retinal pigment epithelium may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Falcone
- Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Grossi MP, Caputo A, Paolini L, Balboni PG, Gerna G, Pagnani M, Corallini A, Barbanti-Brodano G. Factors affecting amplification of BK virus episomal vectors in human cells. Brief report. Arch Virol 1988; 99:249-59. [PMID: 2835949 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of factors determining replication of BK virus (BKV) episomal vectors in human cells showed that vector copy number was related to the level of BKV T antigen expression. T antigen was synthesized efficiently, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, in vector-transfected primary embryonic fibroblasts undergoing neoplastic transformation. Surprisingly, transfected continuous cell lines (143 B, HeLa and KB), kept under biochemical selection or tested in transient assays, produced negligible amounts or no T antigen, revealed only by a sensitive ELISA test, suggesting that in these cells vector amplification was under the control of cellular factors. Presence or absence of BKV late region sequences, BKV strain, orientation of the inserted genes and presence or absence of selection were not relevant for vector replication. Type of biochemical selection, however, was important, since BKV vectors containing the thymidine kinase gene replicated better than those containing the neo gene. Despite great variability, vector copy number increased in transfected clones of adenovirus 5-transformed 293 cells, in the absence of immunofluorescence detectable T antigen. These cells express adenovirus immediate early proteins E1A and E1B which may directly or indirectly activate BKV origin of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Grossi
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Portolani M, Pietrosemoli P, Cermelli C, Mannini-Palenzona A, Grossi MP, Paolini L, Barbanti-Brodano G. Suppression of BK virus replication and cytopathic effect by inhibitors of prokaryotic DNA gyrase. Antiviral Res 1988; 9:205-18. [PMID: 2840850 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(88)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, two antibacterial agents known to inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, are shown to suppress the replication, as well as the cytopathic effect, of BK virus in Vero cell cultures. The inhibition of virus replication was detectable at day 4 post infection in cultures which had been continuously exposed to drugs at concentrations as low as 0.02 to 0.04 mM of nalidixic acid and 0.2 mM of oxolinic acid. These active concentrations are inferior to plasma levels attained in the course of clinical use of the drugs for antibacterial chemotherapy. Also, under these circumstances, no cytotoxicity occurred. The inhibition of development of cytopathology and of virus-induced cell death was demonstrable in cultures treated for 12 days with the drugs. Under these circumstances of prolonged action, oxolinic acid proved to be slightly cytotoxic in that virus inhibitory doses reduced the viability of normal cells. No alterations in the topological conformation of the viral genome or accumulation of end products of viral DNA replication were detected. However, accumulation of viral DNA form I at 48 h post infection suggests that the drugs act through a mechanism involving DNA topoisomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Portolani
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Modena, School of Medicine, Italy
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Ferroni R, Mazzotta D, Mantovani G, Guarneri M, Fagioli F, Balboni PG, Paolini L. Determination of antimony levels in organs of mice, treated with an antimony-albumin complex, by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Farmaco Prat 1987; 42:123-9. [PMID: 3609261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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