51
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Qi H, Zhang L, Yang L, Yu P, Mao L. Anion-Exchange-Based Amperometric Assay for Heparin Using Polyimidazolium as Synthetic Receptor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3439-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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52
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Al-Horani RA, Ponnusamy P, Mehta AY, Gailani D, Desai UR. Sulfated pentagalloylglucoside is a potent, allosteric, and selective inhibitor of factor XIa. J Med Chem 2013; 56:867-78. [PMID: 23316863 DOI: 10.1021/jm301338q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of factor XIa (FXIa) is a novel paradigm for developing anticoagulants without major bleeding consequences. We present the discovery of sulfated pentagalloylglucoside (6) as a highly selective inhibitor of human FXIa. Biochemical screening of a focused library led to the identification of 6, a sulfated aromatic mimetic of heparin. Inhibitor 6 displayed a potency of 551 nM against FXIa, which was at least 200-fold more selective than other relevant enzymes. It also prevented activation of factor IX and prolonged human plasma and whole blood clotting. Inhibitor 6 reduced V(MAX) of FXIa hydrolysis of chromogenic substrate without affecting the K(M), suggesting an allosteric mechanism. Competitive studies showed that 6 bound in the heparin-binding site of FXIa. No allosteric small molecule has been discovered to date that exhibits equivalent potency against FXIa. Inhibitor 6 is expected to open up a major route to allosteric FXIa anticoagulants with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
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53
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Zhu Z, Zhan X, Wu Y, Song L, Kang J. Structural Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin by Ultraperformance Size Exclusion Chromatography/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1819-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303185w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqiang Zhan
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lankun Song
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
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54
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Alekseeva A, Casu B, Torri G, Pierro S, Naggi A. Profiling glycol-split heparins by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of their heparinase-generated oligosaccharides. Anal Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23201389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycol-split (gs) heparins, obtained by periodate oxidation/borohydride reduction of heparin currently used as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug, are arousing increasing interest in anticancer and anti-inflammation therapies. These new medical uses are favored by the loss of anticoagulant activity associated with glycol-splitting-induced inactivation of the antithrombin III (AT) binding site. The structure of gs heparins has not been studied yet in detail. In this work, ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IPRP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) widely used for unmodified heparin has been adapted to the analysis of oligosaccharides generated by digestion with heparinases of gs heparins usually prepared from porcine mucosal heparin. The method was also found to be very effective in analyzing gs derivatives obtained from heparins of different animal and tissue origins. Besides the major 2-O-sulfated disaccharides, heparinase digests of gs heparins contain mainly tetra- and hexasaccharides incorporating one or two gs residues, with distribution patterns typical for individual gs heparins. A heptasulfated, mono-N-acetylated hexasaccharide with two gs residues was shown to be a marker of the gs-modified AT binding site within heparin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20133 Milan, Italy
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55
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Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: Analysis of heparin digests by RPIP-UHPLC–QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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56
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Langeslay DJ, Jones CJ, Beni S, Larive CK. Glycosaminoglycans: oligosaccharide analysis by liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and specific labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:131-44. [PMID: 22252632 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biopolymers that include chondrotin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, and heparan sulfate. The GAGs are linear polysaccharides that are microheterogeneous in composition and polydisperse in size. Because they have the most complex structures, this article is aimed at describing a step-by-step procedure for processing and analyzing heparin and heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides, although the basic protocols and procedures apply equally well to other members of the GAG family. The methods described in this manuscript include the preparation of oligosaccharides through enzymatic depolymerization, size fractionation by preparative scale size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and disaccharide isomer analysis by reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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57
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Takegawa Y, Araki K, Fujitani N, Furukawa JI, Sugiyama H, Sakai H, Shinohara Y. Simultaneous analysis of heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfates, and hyaluronan disaccharides by glycoblotting-assisted sample preparation followed by single-step zwitter-ionic-hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9443-9. [PMID: 22044073 DOI: 10.1021/ac2021079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play important roles in cell adhesion and growth, maintenance of extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity, and signal transduction. To fully understand the biological functions of GAGs, there is a growing need for sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analysis of GAGs. The present work describes a novel analytical technique that enables high throughput cellular/tissue glycosaminoglycomics for all three families of uronic acid-containing GAGs, hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS), and heparan sulfate (HS). A one-pot purification and labeling procedure for GAG Δ-disaccharides was established by chemo-selective ligation of disaccharides onto high density hydrazide beads (glycoblotting) and subsequent labeling by fluorescence. The 17 most common disaccharides (eight comprising HS, eight CS/DS, and one comprising HA) could be separated with a single chromatography for the first time by employing a zwitter-ionic type of hydrophilic-interaction chromatography column. These novel analytical techniques were able to precisely characterize the glycosaminoglycome in various cell types including embryonal carcinoma cells and ocular epithelial tissues (cornea, conjunctiva, and limbus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takegawa
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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58
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Kipper K, Herodes K, Leito I, Nei L. Two fluoroalcohols as components of basic buffers for liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometric determination of antibiotic residues. Analyst 2011; 136:4587-94. [PMID: 21922097 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Two fluoroalcohols--1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2-propanol (HFTB)--were evaluated for the first time as volatile buffer acids in the basic mobile phase for reversed-phase chromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS) detection of five antibiotics. Chromatographic separation as well as positive and negative ion ESI-MS intensities using these novel buffer components were compared to traditional buffer systems. Overall, the highest signal intensities and best chromatographic separation for the five antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole) were achieved using 5 mM HFIP as the buffer acid to methanol : water mobile phase (pH of the aqueous component adjusted to 9.0 with ammonium hydroxide). Comparable results were achieved using 5 mM HFTB (pH adjusted to 9.0 with ammonium hydroxide). The suitability of HFIP for analysis of antibiotic residues in lettuce is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kipper
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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59
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Kipper K, Herodes K, Leito I. Fluoroalcohols as novel buffer components for basic buffer solutions for liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: Retention mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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60
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Ficarro SB, Zhang Y, Carrasco-Alfonso MJ, Garg B, Adelmant G, Webber JT, Luckey CJ, Marto JA. Online nanoflow multidimensional fractionation for high efficiency phosphopeptide analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:O111.011064. [PMID: 21788404 PMCID: PMC3226414 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o111.011064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intense, continued interest in global analyses of signaling cascades through mass spectrometry-based studies, the large-scale, systematic production of phosphoproteomics data has been hampered in-part by inefficient fractionation strategies subsequent to phosphopeptide enrichment. Here we explore two novel multidimensional fractionation strategies for analysis of phosphopeptides. In the first technique we utilize aliphatic ion pairing agents to improve retention of phosphopeptides at high pH in the first dimension of a two-dimensional RP-RP. The second approach is based on the addition of strong anion exchange as the second dimension in a three-dimensional reversed phase (RP)-strong anion exchange (SAX)-RP configuration. Both techniques provide for automated, online data acquisition, with the 3-D platform providing the highest performance both in terms of separation peak capacity and the number of unique phosphopeptide sequences identified per μg of cell lysate consumed. Our integrated RP-SAX-RP platform provides several analytical figures of merit, including: (1) orthogonal separation mechanisms in each dimension; (2) high separation peak capacity (3) efficient retention of singly- and multiply-phosphorylated peptides; (4) compatibility with automated, online LC-MS analysis. We demonstrate the reproducibility of RP-SAX-RP and apply it to the analysis of phosphopeptides derived from multiple biological contexts, including an in vitro model of acute myeloid leukemia in addition to primary polyclonal CD8(+) T-cells activated in vivo through bacterial infection and then purified from a single mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Ficarro
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- §Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- §Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Brijesh Garg
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- §Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School
| | - James T. Webber
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
| | - C. John Luckey
- ¶Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6084
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- From the ‡Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- §Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School
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61
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Hu P, Fang L, Jones CM, Chess EK. Collective sampling of intact anionic polysaccharide components and application in quantitative determination by LC-MS. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2268-73. [PMID: 21867994 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polysaccharides, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and alginate, readily undergo source-induced fragmentation when analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry with the use of high source cone voltage. The dissociation chemistry converts all components of a polysaccharide into a small set of structurally characteristic small saccharides. This chemistry enables the collective detection of a polysaccharide through the detection of one or more small saccharides. This ability, combined with the elution of polysaccharides as relatively compact bands using ion-pairing reverse phase liquid chromatography, created a unique opportunity for the development of LC-MS methods suitable for the quantitative analysis of intact anionic polysaccharides. Feasibility of this approach is demonstrated with a mixture of heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, and alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Hu
- Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA.
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62
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Synthesis, separation, and characterization of amphiphilic sulfated oligosaccharides enabled by reversed-phase ion pairing LC and LC-MS methods. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2792-800. [PMID: 22015170 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of amphiphilic oligosaccharides is problematic because traditional methods for separating and purifying oligosaccharides, including sulfated oligosaccharides, are generally not applicable to working with amphiphilic sugars. We report here RPIP-LC and LC-MS methods that enable the synthesis, separation, and characterization of amphiphilic N-arylacyl O-sulfonated aminoglycosides, which are being pursued as small-molecule glycosaminoglycan mimics. The methods described in this work for separating and characterizing these amphiphilic saccharides are further applied to a number of uses: monitoring the progression of sulfonation reactions with analytical RP-HPLC, characterizing sulfate content for individual molecules with ESI-MS, determining the degree of sulfation for products having mixed degrees of sulfation with HPLC and LC-MS, and purifying products with benchtop C18 column chromatography. We believe that the methods described here will be broadly applicable to enabling the synthesis, separation, and characterization of amphiphilic, sulfated, and phosphorylated oligosaccharides and other types of molecules substituted to varying degrees with both anionic and hydrophobic groups.
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63
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Jones CJ, Beni S, Larive CK. Understanding the effect of the counterion on the reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) resolution of heparin-related saccharide anomers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6762-9. [PMID: 21780769 DOI: 10.1021/ac2013724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) is an increasingly popular chromatographic technique for the separation of charged compounds, including oligosaccharides derived from the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). This family of heparin disaccharides has been shown to be useful compounds to probe the details of the RPIP-HPLC separation mechanism, the aspects of which are still being debated. In this manuscript, the effects of ion-pairing reagent (IPR) concentration, counterion, and mobile phase pH on the quality of the RPIP-UPLC separation were examined with particular emphasis on how these factors impact the separation of the disaccharide anomers. These results highlight the role of the IPR counterion and demonstrate that the resolution of the disaccharide anomers can be minimized by conducting the separation at low pH, simplifying chromatographic analysis and improving resolution. The results presented herein can also provide insights into strategies for developing more sensitive and efficient reverse-phase separations for other charged analytes including larger GAG oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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64
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Xue B, Alves S, Desbans C, Souchaud M, Filali-Ansary A, Soubayrol P, Tabet JC. Heparin-like glycosaminoglycan/amine salt-bridge interactions: a new potential tool for HLGAGs analysis using mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:689-695. [PMID: 21744418 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of glycosaminoglycans poses a challenge for current analytical techniques, as they are highly acidic, polydisperse and heterogeneous compounds. The purpose of this study is the separation and analysis of a partially depolymerized heparin-like glycosaminoglycan by on-line ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. The gas-phase behavior of two synthesized glycosaminoglycans has been investigated. Dibutylamine was found to be the best suited ion-pairing reagents for mass spectrometry analysis. The optimized ion-pairing conditions provide reproducible and easily interpretable electrospray mass spectra in both negative and positive ESI modes. The glycosaminoglycans are detected as a non-covalent complex with amines. In fact, the observed ionic species and their gas-phase dissociation under CID conditions revealed the presence of salt bridge interactions in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyi Xue
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique et Biologique - UMR 7201, University of Paris VI, Batiment F, 7éme étage, boîte 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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65
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Jones CJ, Beni S, Limtiaco JFK, Langeslay DJ, Larive CK. Heparin characterization: challenges and solutions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:439-465. [PMID: 21469955 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although heparin is an important and widely prescribed pharmaceutical anticoagulant, its high degree of sequence microheterogeneity and size polydispersity make molecular-level characterization challenging. Unlike nucleic acids and proteins that are biosynthesized through template-driven assembly processes, heparin and the related glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate are actively remodeled during biosynthesis through a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to variable levels of O- and N-sulfonation and uronic acid epimers. As summarized in this review, heparin sequence information is determined through a bottom-up approach that relies on depolymerization reactions, size- and charge-based separations, and sensitive mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to determine the structural identity of component oligosaccharides. The structure-elucidation process, along with its challenges and opportunities for future analytical improvements, is reviewed and illustrated for a heparin-derived hexasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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66
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Yang B, Solakyildirim K, Chang Y, Linhardt RJ. Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:541-57. [PMID: 20853165 PMCID: PMC3235348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of glycosaminoglycan has proven to be challenging for analytical chemists. Molecules of glycosaminoglycan have a high negative charge and are polydisperse and microheterogeneous, thus requiring the application of multiple analytical techniques and methods. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most structurally complex of the glycosaminoglycans and are widely distributed in nature. They play critical roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes through their interaction with heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, heparin and low-molecular weight heparin are currently used as pharmaceutical drugs to control blood coagulation. In 2008, the health crisis resulting from the contamination of pharmaceutical heparin led to considerable attention regarding their analysis and structural characterization. Modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, played critical roles in this effort. A successful combination of separation and spectral techniques will clearly provide a critical advantage in the future analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This review focuses on recent efforts to develop hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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67
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Ly M, Laremore TN, Linhardt RJ. Proteoglycomics: recent progress and future challenges. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:389-99. [PMID: 20450439 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycomics is a systematic study of structure, expression, and function of proteoglycans, a posttranslationally modified subset of a proteome. Although relying on the established technologies of proteomics and glycomics, proteoglycomics research requires unique approaches for elucidating structure-function relationships of both proteoglycan components, glycosaminoglycan chain, and core protein. This review discusses our current understanding of structure and function of proteoglycans, major players in the development, normal physiology, and disease. A brief outline of the proteoglycomic sample preparation and analysis is provided along with examples of several recent proteoglycomic studies. Unique challenges in the characterization of glycosaminoglycan component of proteoglycans are discussed, with emphasis on the many analytical tools used and the types of information they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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68
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Brustkern AM, Buhse LF, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of Currently Marketed Heparin Products: Reversed-Phase Ion-Pairing Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Heparin Digests. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9865-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Brustkern
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lucinda F. Buhse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Moheb Nasr
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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69
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Lam MPY, Siu SO, Lau E, Mao X, Sun HZ, Chiu PCN, Yeung WSB, Cox DM, Chu IK. Online coupling of reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for protein and glycoprotein characterization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:791-804. [PMID: 20632160 PMCID: PMC2939347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel system for coupling reverse-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) online in a micro-flow scheme. In this approach, the inherent solvent incompatibility between RP and HILIC is overcome through the use of constant-pressure online solvent mixing, which allows our system to perform efficient separations of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds for mass spectrometry-based proteomics applications. When analyzing the tryptic digests of bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease B, and horseradish peroxidase, we observed near-identical coverage of peptides and glycopeptides when using online RP-HILIC—with only a single sample injection event—as we did from two separate RP and HILIC analyses. The coupled system was also capable of concurrently characterizing the peptide and glycan portions of deglycosylated glycoproteins from one injection event, as confirmed, for example, through our detection of 23 novel glycans from turkey ovalbumin. Finally, we validated the applicability of using RP-HILIC for the analysis of highly complex biological samples (mouse chondrocyte lysate, deglycosylated human serum). The enhanced coverage and efficiency of online RP-HILIC makes it a viable technique for the comprehensive separation of components displaying dramatically different hydrophobicities, such as peptides, glycopeptides, and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie P. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - S. O. Siu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Lau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuli Mao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - H. Z. Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip C. N. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William S. B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David M. Cox
- MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, ON L4K 4V8 Canada
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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70
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Assays and reference materials for current and future applications of heparins. Biologicals 2010; 38:459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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71
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Vanderschaeghe D, Festjens N, Delanghe J, Callewaert N. Glycome profiling using modern glycomics technology: technical aspects and applications. Biol Chem 2010; 391:149-161. [PMID: 20128687 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics research has become indispensable in many research fields such as immunity, signal transduction and development. Moreover, changes in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids have been reported in several diseases including cancer. The analysis of a complex post-translational modification such as glycosylation depends on the availability or development of appropriate analytical technologies. The research goal determines the sensitivity, resolution and throughput requirements and guides the choice of a particular technology. This review highlights the evolution of glycan profiling tools in the past 5 years. We focus on capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and lectin microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Vanderschaeghe
- Unit for Molecular Glycobiology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Festjens
- Unit for Molecular Glycobiology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Unit for Molecular Glycobiology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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72
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Zhong YY, Zhou WF, Hu ZZ, Chen ML, Zhu Y. Novel additives for the separation of organic acids by ion-pair chromatography. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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73
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Laremore TN, Ly M, Solakyildirim K, Zagorevski DV, Linhardt RJ. High-resolution preparative separation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:236-41. [PMID: 20211145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Separation of milligram amounts of heparin oligosaccharides ranging in degree of polymerization from 4 to 32 is achieved within 6h using continuous elution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CE-PAGE) on commercially available equipment. The purity and structural integrity of CE-PAGE-separated oligosaccharides are confirmed by strong anion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The described method is straightforward and time-efficient, affording size-homogeneous oligosaccharides that can be used in sequencing, protein binding, and other structure-function relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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74
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Kojima H, Inagaki M, Tomita T, Watanabe T, Uchida S. Improved separation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide related compounds by reverse phase ion pairing-HPLC/electrospray ionization-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (RPIP-HPLC/ESI-Q-MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:442-8. [PMID: 20061194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the separation and inline characterization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) related compounds has been developed. The separation was based on the difference in the number of charged phosphate and ethanolamine groups, as non-stoichiometric substituents, on the polysaccharide backbone, and was achieved with reverse phase ion-pairing chromatography (RPIP-HPLC). Tributylamine was used as an ion-pair reagent. In the conditions used in this study, tributylammonium then binds to the LPS related compounds through the negatively charged phosphate groups. This changes the hydrophobicity of the analytes at different positions and allows for separation based on both the number and position of the substituents on the analyte. The RPIP-HPLC was found to be effective for the separation of the O,N-deacylated derivative (deON) and polysaccharide portion (PS) from the LPS of Escherichia coli C strain. Post-column fluorescence derivatization (FLD), using sodium periodate and taurine, was used to detect the separated LPS related species. On the other hand, the separated species were also detected by direct infusion into the ESI-Q-MS using a volatile ammonium acetate buffer rather than the more traditional potassium phosphate buffer. The signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) was low for the total ion chromatogram, however, high S/N ratios as well as good resolution were attained by selected ion monitoring (SIM) using m/z numbers corresponding to species with different numbers of non-stoichiometric substituents. Five species for deON and ten species for PS were clearly identified on the SIM chromatogram on the RPIP-HPLC/ESI-Q-MS. Accordingly, the present method allows for the effective separation and inline identification of the species corresponding to the diverse non-stoichiometric substitutions in LPS related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaki Kojima
- Analytical Science, Preclinical Development, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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75
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Jones CJ, Membreno N, Larive CK. Insights into the mechanism of separation of heparin and heparan sulfate disaccharides by reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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76
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Solakyildirim K, Zhang Z, Linhardt RJ. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for chondroitin disaccharide analysis. Anal Biochem 2009; 397:24-8. [PMID: 19769936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has an important role in cell division, in the central nervous system, and in joint-related pathologies such as osteoarthritis. Due to the complex chemical structure and biological importance of CS, simple, sensitive, high resolution, and robust analytical methods are needed for the analysis of CS disaccharides and oligosaccharides. An ion-pairing, reversed-phase, ultraperformance liquid chromatography (IPRP-UPLC) separation, coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with an ion trap mass analyzer, was applied for the analyses of CS-derived disaccharides. UPLC separation technology uses small particle diameter, short column length, and elevated column temperature to obtain high resolution and sensitivity. Hexylamine (15 mM) was selected as the optimal ion-pairing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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