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Differentiation of human blood from animal blood using Raman spectroscopy: A survey of forensically relevant species. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 282:204-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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52
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Bian H, Wang P, Wang J, Yin H, Tian Y, Bai P, Wu X, Wang N, Tang Y, Gao J. Discrimination of human and nonhuman blood using Raman spectroscopy with self-reference algorithm. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-7. [PMID: 28936824 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.095006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a self-reference algorithm to discriminate human and nonhuman blood by calculating the ratios of identification Raman peaks to reference Raman peaks and choosing appropriate threshold values. The influence of using different reference peaks and identification peaks was analyzed in detail. The Raman peak at 1003 cm-1 was proved to be a stable reference peak to avoid the influencing factors, such as the incident laser intensity and the amount of sample. The Raman peak at 1341 cm-1 was found to be an efficient identification peak, which indicates that the difference between human and nonhuman blood results from the C-H bend in tryptophan. The comparison between self-reference algorithm and partial least square method was made. It was found that the self-reference algorithm not only obtained the discrimination results with the same accuracy, but also provided information on the difference of chemical composition. In addition, the performance of self-reference algorithm whose true positive rate is 100% is significant for customs inspection to avoid genetic disclosure and forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Bian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical E, China
| | - Huancai Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical E, China
| | - Yubing Tian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
| | - Pengli Bai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical E, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
- Shanghai University, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical E, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedica, China
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Species identification of bloodstains by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: the effects of bloodstain age and the deposition environment. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:667-674. [PMID: 28821964 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential of attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometrics for species identification of bloodstains similar to evidence obtained from real crime scenes. Two partial least squares-discriminant analysis classification models (a human-mammal-domestic fowl trilateral model and a species-specific model) were established. The models demonstrated complete separation among the three classes (human, mammal, and domestic fowl) and distinguished six species (human, rat, rabbit, dog, chicken, and duck). Validation was subsequently conducted to evaluate the robustness of these two models, which resulted in 100 and 94.2% accuracy; even human bloodstains placed in an outdoor environment for up to 107 days were successfully identified. Additionally, all bloodstains were positively identified as blood using the squared Euclidean cosine method by comparing the spectra with those of non-blood substances that had a similar appearance or easily produced false positives. These results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be a powerful tool for species identification of bloodstains.
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54
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Pereira JF, Silva CS, Vieira MJL, Pimentel MF, Braz A, Honorato RS. Evaluation and identification of blood stains with handheld NIR spectrometer. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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55
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Atkins CG, Buckley K, Blades MW, Turner RFB. Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:767-793. [PMID: 28398071 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816686593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood is a bodily fluid that is vital for a number of life functions in animals. To a first approximation, blood is a mildly alkaline aqueous fluid (plasma) in which a large number of free-floating red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes), and platelets are suspended. The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body and move carbon dioxide in the return direction after it is produced by the cells' metabolism. Blood also carries nutrients to the cells and brings waste products to the liver and kidneys. Measured levels of oxygen, nutrients, waste, and electrolytes in blood are often used for clinical assessment of human health. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to provide information on chemical composition, and hence has a potential role in this clinical assessment process. Raman spectroscopic probing of blood components and of whole blood has been on-going for more than four decades and has proven useful in applications ranging from the understanding of hemoglobin oxygenation, to the discrimination of cancerous cells from healthy lymphocytes, and the forensic investigation of crime scenes. In this paper, we review the literature in the field, collate the published Raman spectroscopy studies of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, plasma, and whole blood, and attempt to draw general conclusions on the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad G Atkins
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Buckley
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 3 Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Michael W Blades
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada
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56
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Muro CK, Lednev IK. Race Differentiation Based on Raman Spectroscopy of Semen Traces for Forensic Purposes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4344-4348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire K. Muro
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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57
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Sikirzhytskaya A, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Determining Gender by Raman Spectroscopy of a Bloodstain. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1486-1492. [PMID: 28208285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel methods for forensic science is a constantly growing area of modern analytical chemistry. Raman spectroscopy is one of a few analytical techniques capable of nondestructive and nearly instantaneous analysis of a wide variety of forensic evidence, including body fluid stains, at the scene of a crime. In this proof-of-concept study, Raman microspectroscopy was utilized for gender identification based on dry bloodstains. Raman spectra were acquired in mapping mode from multiple spots on a bloodstain to account for intrinsic sample heterogeneity. The obtained Raman spectroscopic data showed highly similar spectroscopic features for female and male blood samples. Nevertheless, support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neuron network (ANN) statistical methods applied to the spectroscopic data allowed for differentiating between male and female bloodstains with high confidence. More specifically, the statistical approach based on a genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with an ANN classification showed approximately 98% gender differentiation accuracy for individual bloodstains. These results demonstrate the great potential of the developed method for forensic applications, although more work is needed for method validation. When this method is fully developed, a portable Raman instrument could be used for the infield identification of traces of body fluids and to obtain phenotypic information about the donor, including gender and race, as well as for the analysis of a variety of other types of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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58
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Identification of individual red blood cells by Raman microspectroscopy for forensic purposes: in search of a limit of detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:287-293. [PMID: 27783126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traces of body fluids can be present at a variety of crime scenes. It is important that forensic investigators have a reliable and nondestructive method of identifying these traces. Of equal importance is establishing the limitations of any method in use, including its detection limit. We have previously reported on the use of Raman microspectroscopy and multivariate data analysis to identify and differentiate body fluids. While many studies use serial dilutions to establish limits of detection, we utilized a different approach and demonstrated that a single red blood cell is sufficient to be correctly identified as blood. The experimental Raman spectra of individual red blood cells were loaded into the previously reported models for body fluid identification, and all were correctly classified as peripheral blood. These results demonstrate that our model can be used to identify peripheral blood, even if there is only a single red blood cell present. Furthermore, a single red blood cell is 5000× smaller than the amount of peripheral blood required to perform DNA analysis in a modern crime laboratory. This means that if a bloodstain is large enough for DNA analysis, Raman microspectroscopy should be able to make a positive identification. Considering that the sample analysis reported here was carried out with a different instrument, not the one used for the previously reported method development, these results also represent a form of method validation. The model's ability to correctly classify spectra acquired on a different instrumental platform is crucial in preparing it for practical application. Graphical Abstract Peripheral blood is of great interest in forensic sciences. While many tests are available for the identification of peripheral blood at a crime scene, most are presumptive and destructive. Here we present results that show our new, nondestructive method can identify peripheral blood using as little as a single red blood cell.
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Muangkram Y, Wajjwalku W, Amano A, Sukmak M. The novel primers for mammal species identification-based mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence: implication for reserved wild animals in Thailand and endangered mammal species in Southeast Asia. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 29:62-72. [PMID: 27758125 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1238902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We presented the powerful techniques for species identification using the short amplicon of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence. Two faecal samples and one single hair sample of the Asian tapir were tested using the new cytochrome b primers. The results showed a high sequence similarity with the mainland Asian tapir group. The comparative sequence analysis of the reserved wild mammals in Thailand and the other endangered mammal species from Southeast Asia comprehensibly verified the potential of our novel primers. The forward and reverse primers were 94.2 and 93.2%, respectively, by the average value of the sequence identity among 77 species sequences, and the overall mean distance was 35.9%. This development technique could provide rapid, simple, and reliable tools for species confirmation. Especially, it could recognize the problematic biological specimens contained less DNA material from illegal products and assist with wildlife crime investigation of threatened species and related forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttamol Muangkram
- a Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga , Japan.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kasetsart University , Kamphaeng Saen , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
| | - Worawidh Wajjwalku
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kasetsart University , Kamphaeng Saen , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
| | - Akira Amano
- a Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga , Japan
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kasetsart University , Kamphaeng Saen , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
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61
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Starovoitova VN, Segebade C. Photon activation analysis as a tool for evidentiary sample identification: a feasibility study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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62
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Mistek E, Halámková L, Doty KC, Muro CK, Lednev IK. Race Differentiation by Raman Spectroscopy of a Bloodstain for Forensic Purposes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7453-6. [PMID: 27334540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bearing in mind forensic purposes, a nondestructive and rapid method was developed for race differentiation of peripheral blood donors. Blood is an extremely valuable form of evidence in forensic investigations so proper analysis is critical. Because potentially miniscule amounts of blood traces can be found at a crime scene, having a method that is nondestructive, and provides a substantial amount of information about the sample, is ideal. In this study Raman spectroscopy was applied with advanced statistical analysis to discriminate between Caucasian (CA) and African American (AA) donors based on dried peripheral blood traces. Spectra were collected from 20 donors varying in gender and age. Support vector machines-discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) was used for differentiation of the two races. An outer loop subject-wise cross-validation (CV) method evaluated the performance of the SVM classifier for each individual donor from the training data set. The performance of SVM-DA, evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) metric, showed 83% probability of correct classification for both races, and a specificity and sensitivity of 80%. This preliminary study shows promise for distinguishing between different races of human blood. The method has great potential for real crime scene investigation, providing rapid and reliable results, with no sample preparation, destruction, or consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mistek
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Lenka Halámková
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kyle C Doty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Claire K Muro
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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63
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Bai P, Wang J, Yin H, Tian Y, Yao W, Gao J. Discrimination of Human and Nonhuman Blood by Raman Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1176033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Huancai Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yubing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenming Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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Doty KC, McLaughlin G, Lednev IK. A Raman "spectroscopic clock" for bloodstain age determination: the first week after deposition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3993-4001. [PMID: 27007735 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the time since deposition (TSD) of an evidentiary bloodstain is highly desired in forensics, yet it can be extremely complicated to accurately determine in practice. Although there have been numerous attempts to solve this problem using a variety of different techniques, currently, no established, well-accepted method exists. Here, a Raman spectroscopic approach was developed for determining the age of bloodstains up to 1 week old. Raman spectroscopy, along with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D CoS) and statistical modeling, was used to analyze fresh bloodstains at ten time points under ambient conditions. The 2D CoS results indicate a high correlation between several Raman bands and the age of a bloodstain. A regression model was built to provide quantitative predictions of the TSD, with cross-validated root mean squared error and R (2) values of 0.13 and 0.97, respectively. It was determined that a "new" (1 h) bloodstain could be easily distinguished from older bloodstains, which is very important for forensic science in helping to establish the relevant association of multiple bloodstains. Additionally, all bloodstains were confirmatively identified as blood by comparing the experimentally measured spectra to multidimensional body fluid spectroscopic signatures of blood, saliva, semen, sweat, and vaginal fluid. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a nondestructive analytical tool for discriminating between bloodstains on the scale of hours to days. This approach shows promise for immediate practical use in the field to predict the TSD with a high degree of accuracy. Graphical Abstract Bloodstain aging over time illustrating naturally ocurring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Doty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Gregory McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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65
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Lin M, Li W, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang K, Wang Q, Wang P, Chang Y, Tan Y. Discrimination of hemoglobins with subtle differences using an aptamer based sensing array. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:8304-6. [PMID: 25876962 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00929d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of hemoglobins with subtle differences was achieved using an aptamer based sensing array. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that the sensing array can discriminate human hemoglobins from hemoglobins of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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66
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Muehlethaler C, Leona M, Lombardi JR. Review of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications in Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2015; 88:152-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Muehlethaler
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Marco Leona
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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67
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Mistek E, Lednev IK. Identification of species' blood by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [PMID: 26195028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood is one of the most common and informative forms of biological evidence found at a crime scene. A very crucial step in forensic investigations is identifying a blood stain's origin. The standard methods currently employed for analyzing blood are destructive to the sample and time-consuming. In this study, attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is used as a confirmatory, nondestructive, and rapid method for distinction between human and animal (nonhuman) blood. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built and demonstrated complete separation between human and animal donors, as well as distinction between three separate species: human, cat, and dog. Classification predictions of unknown blood donors were performed by the model, resulting in 100 % accuracy. This study demonstrates ATR FT-IR spectroscopy's great potential for blood stain analysis and species discrimination, both in the lab and at a crime scene since portable ATR FT-IR instrumentation is commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mistek
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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68
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Wu Y, Zhou L, Li G, Yi D, Wu X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yi D. Cognition of and Demand for Education and Teaching in Medical Statistics in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128721. [PMID: 26053876 PMCID: PMC4459963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a substantial number of studies focus on the teaching and application of medical statistics in China, few studies comprehensively evaluate the recognition of and demand for medical statistics. In addition, the results of these various studies differ and are insufficiently comprehensive and systematic. Objectives This investigation aimed to evaluate the general cognition of and demand for medical statistics by undergraduates, graduates, and medical staff in China. Methods We performed a comprehensive database search related to the cognition of and demand for medical statistics from January 2007 to July 2014 and conducted a meta-analysis of non-controlled studies with sub-group analysis for undergraduates, graduates, and medical staff. Results There are substantial differences with respect to the cognition of theory in medical statistics among undergraduates (73.5%), graduates (60.7%), and medical staff (39.6%). The demand for theory in medical statistics is high among graduates (94.6%), undergraduates (86.1%), and medical staff (88.3%). Regarding specific statistical methods, the cognition of basic statistical methods is higher than of advanced statistical methods. The demand for certain advanced statistical methods, including (but not limited to) multiple analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple linear regression, and logistic regression, is higher than that for basic statistical methods. The use rates of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and statistical analysis software (SAS) are only 55% and 15%, respectively. Conclusion The overall statistical competence of undergraduates, graduates, and medical staff is insufficient, and their ability to practically apply their statistical knowledge is limited, which constitutes an unsatisfactory state of affairs for medical statistics education. Because the demand for skills in this area is increasing, the need to reform medical statistics education in China has become urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wu
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dali Yi
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wu
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanqi Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dong Yi
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- * E-mail:
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Bisson PJ, Whitten JE. A compact Raman converter for UV-VIS spectrometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:055107. [PMID: 26026558 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A small form factor, easily constructed converter that adapts fiber coupled UV/VIS CCD detector-based spectrometers into a right angle scattering Raman spectrometer is described. Its design philosophy and design are discussed. An example measurement, the depolarization ratio of carbon tetrachloride, a classic Raman test compound, is presented. The unique instrument features a blue-violet (405 nm wavelength) diode laser that takes advantage of the inverse fourth power wavelength dependence of Raman scattering. The converter also features Glan-Thompson polarizing prisms that enable measurement of depolarization ratios. The spectrometer is also capable of measuring a standard Raman spectrum. A fiber optic link offers flexibility when adapting the converter to any spectrometer system that accepts a fiber optic input. The performance of the instrument is critically discussed in the context of an example measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Bisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
| | - James E Whitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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70
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De Wael K, Lepot L. Morphological details in bloodstain particles. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 246:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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71
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Zapata F, Fernández de la Ossa MÁ, García-Ruiz C. Emerging spectrometric techniques for the forensic analysis of body fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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72
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McLaughlin G, Doty KC, Lednev IK. Raman Spectroscopy of Blood for Species Identification. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11628-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5026368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kyle C. Doty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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73
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McLaughlin G, Doty KC, Lednev IK. Discrimination of human and animal blood traces via Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 238:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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74
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Bakshi S, Halámková L, Halámek J, Katz E. Biocatalytic analysis of biomarkers for forensic identification of gender. Analyst 2014; 139:559-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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A facile and real-time spectroscopic method for biofluid analysis in point-of-care diagnostics. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1853-61. [PMID: 23905859 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate and real-time information is critical for decision making, especially in medical applications, where any delay in diagnosis due to collection, transport and storage of biofluids can have substantial ramifications for disease management. RESULTS We present a facile method for point-of-care biofluid diagnostics based on the spectroscopic analysis of cotton-swab contents using a Raman probe. A PCA algorithm was developed in order to understand the clustering behavior of different off-the-shelf pharmaceutical formulations based on the recorded spectral data. Furthermore, we employed the Raman probe to detect antibiotics in a human urine sample. Our observations suggest that it is possible to provide quantitative concentration determination of Raman-active analytes by using cotton swabs as a sampling probe, which offers a wealth of possibility for real-time measurement in clinical situations. CONCLUSION We envision that the intrinsic simplicity of the proposed approach in conjunction with its capability for accurate analyte determination in biofluids will lead to its clinical translation and application in point-of-care settings in the near future.
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76
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NIR Raman spectra of whole human blood: effects of laser-induced and in vitro hemoglobin denaturation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:193-200. [PMID: 24162820 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Care must be exercised in the use of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of blood in forensic applications. The Raman spectra of dried whole human blood excited at 785 nm are shown to be exclusively due to oxyhemoglobin or related hemoglobin denaturation products. Raman spectra of whole blood are reported as a function of the incident 785-nm-laser power, and features attributable to heme aggregates are observed for fluences on the order of 10(4) W/cm(2) and signal collection times of 20 s. In particular, the formation of this local-heating-induced heme aggregate product is indicated by a redshifting of several heme porphyrin ring vibrational bands, the appearance of a large broad band at 1,248 cm(-1), the disappearance of the Fe-O2 stretching and bending bands, and the observation of a large overlapping fluorescence band. This denaturation product is also observed in the low-power-excitation Raman spectrum of older ambient-air-exposed bloodstains (2 weeks or more). The Raman spectrum of methemoglobin whole blood excited at 785 nm is reported, and increasing amounts of this natural denaturation product can also be identified in Raman spectra of dried whole blood particularly when the blood has been stored prior to drying. These results indicate that to use 785-nm-excitation Raman spectra as an identification method for forensic applications to maximum effect, incident laser powers need to be kept low to eliminate variable amounts of heme aggregate spectral components contributing to the signal and the natural aging process of hemoglobin denaturation needs to be accounted for. This also suggests that there is a potential opportunity for 785-nm-excitation Raman spectra to be a sensitive indicator of the age of dried bloodstains at crime scenes.
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77
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Sikirzhytskaya A, Sikirzhytski V, McLaughlin G, Lednev IK. Forensic identification of blood in the presence of contaminations using Raman microspectroscopy coupled with advanced statistics: effect of sand, dust, and soil. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1141-1148. [PMID: 23898809 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Body fluid traces recovered at crime scenes are among the most common and important types of forensic evidence. However, the ability to characterize a biological stain at a crime scene nondestructively has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we expand the Raman spectroscopic approach for the identification of dry traces of pure body fluids to address the problem of heterogeneous contamination, which can impair the performance of conventional methods. The concept of multidimensional Raman signatures was utilized for the identification of blood in dry traces contaminated with sand, dust, and soil. Multiple Raman spectra were acquired from the samples via automatic scanning, and the contribution of blood was evaluated through the fitting quality using spectroscopic signature components. The spatial mapping technique allowed for detection of "hot spots" dominated by blood contribution. The proposed method has great potential for blood identification in highly contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222
| | - Gregory McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222
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78
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Scano P, Locci E, Noto A, Navarra G, Murgia F, Lussu M, Barberini L, Atzori L, De Giorgio F, Rosa MF, d'Aloja E. 1H NMR metabolite fingerprinting as a new tool for body fluid identification in forensic science. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2013; 51:454-462. [PMID: 23737349 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this feasibility study, we propose, for the first time, (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with mathematical strategies as a valid tool for body fluid (BF) trace identification in forensic science. In order to assess the ability of this approach to identify traces composed either by a single or by two different BFs, samples of blood, urine, saliva, and semen were collected from different donors, and binary mixtures were prepared. (1)H NMR analyses were carried out for all samples. Spectral data of the whole set were firstly submitted to unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA); it showed that samples of the same BF cluster well on the basis of their characterizing molecular components and that mixtures exhibit intermediate characteristics among BF typologies. Furthermore, samples were divided into a training set and a test set. An average NMR spectral profile for each typology of BF was obtained from the training set and validated as representative of each BF class. Finally, a fitting procedure, based on a system of linear equations with the four obtained average spectral profiles, was applied to the test set and the mixture samples; it showed that BFs can be unambiguously identified, even as components of a mixture. The successful use of this mathematical procedure has the advantage, in forensics, of overcoming bias due to the analyst's personal judgment. We therefore propose this combined approach as a valid, fast, and non-destructive tool for addressing the challenges in the identification of composite traces in forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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79
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Boyd S, Bertino MF, Ye D, White LS, Seashols SJ. Highly sensitive detection of blood by surface enhanced Raman scattering. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:753-6. [PMID: 23488826 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy for forensic body fluid analysis has received some attention due to the nondestructive nature and potential application for identification at the crime scene; however, its usage has been limited by low detection sensitivity. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was evaluated for blood identification for forensic applications. Specifically, a SERS-active substrate was fabricated, composed of nickel nanotips coated with Ag nanoparticles. Compared with a conventional substrate, the SERS substrate enhanced Raman scattering by more than two orders of magnitude and allowed blood to be identified to a dilution of 1:100,000. Blood was also successfully detected by swabbing the SERS substrate directly on mock evidence. Most importantly, Raman spectra obtained by swabbing the SERS substrate on blood stains were free of luminescence even when blood was deposited on luminescent fabrics. The nondestructive character, simplicity of sample preparation, and high sensitivity make SERS a prime candidate for field and laboratory-based blood identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boyd
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 843079, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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80
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Advanced statistical analysis of Raman spectroscopic data for the identification of body fluid traces: Semen and blood mixtures. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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81
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Tan TC, AlKarkhi AFM, Easa AM. Assessment of the ribose-induced Maillard reaction as a means of gelatine powder identification and quality control. Food Chem 2012; 134:2430-6. [PMID: 23442706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
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82
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Edelman G, Manti V, van Ruth SM, van Leeuwen T, Aalders M. Identification and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by near infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220:239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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83
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Sikirzhytskaya A, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Raman spectroscopic signature of vaginal fluid and its potential application in forensic body fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 216:44-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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84
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Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signature of sweat and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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McLaughlin G, Lednev IK. Spectroscopic Discrimination of Bone Samples from Various Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.32023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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86
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Suffren Y, Rollet FG, Reber C. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES: MOLECULAR VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES, PHASE TRANSITIONS, ISOMERS, AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2012.659776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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87
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Potential application of Raman spectroscopy for determining burial duration of skeletal remains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2511-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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88
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Shashilov VA, Lednev IK. Advanced statistical and numerical methods for spectroscopic characterization of protein structural evolution. Chem Rev 2011; 110:5692-713. [PMID: 20593900 DOI: 10.1021/cr900152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Shashilov
- Aegis Analytical Corporation, 1380 Forest Park Circle, Suite 200, Lafayette, Colorado 80026, USA
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89
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Raman spectroscopy of blood samples for forensic applications. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:124-8. [PMID: 21208757 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated Raman scattering from human blood as a function of parameters that are relevant for forensic field analysis, such as substrate, sample dilution, individual from which the sample originates, and age of the sample. Peaks characteristic of blood components and in particular the hemoglobin peaks were routinely detected when blood was deposited on substrates that are not strongly luminescent, such as plastic, metal utensils and dry wall. Raman scattering from blood proved quite sensitive and blood samples with a dilution up to 1:250 could be measured for an excitation power of ∼2 mW measured at the sample plane. The sensitivity of Raman scattering to diluted blood allowed measurement using blood reconstituted from fabric substrates, thereby alleviating issues related to luminescence and scattering from the substrate. The dependence of Raman scattering on sample age and individual was also investigated. We found that the relative intensities of scattering peaks depended on sample age and history. For example, the relative intensity of oxyhemoglobin peaks decreases after blood has dried. Fresh blood drawn directly from a donor without intermediate storage exhibits also scattering peaks at 1155 and 1511 cm(-1) which disappear after drying. The origin of these peaks is under investigation. We noticed, however, that they were not found in blood that had been stored for longer than one week in EDTA containers before analysis, thus requiring the use of fresh blood for future studies and validation purposes. The relative intensity of scattering peaks was also found to be somewhat dependent on the donor and, for a same donor, on the day on which blood was drawn.
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90
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Brooke H, Baranowski MR, McCutcheon JN, Morgan SL, Myrick ML. Multimode Imaging in the Thermal Infrared for Chemical Contrast Enhancement. Part 3: Visualizing Blood on Fabrics. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8427-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101107v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Brooke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Megan R. Baranowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Jessica N. McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Stephen L. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Michael L. Myrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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91
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Sikirzhytski V, Virkler K, Lednev IK. Discriminant analysis of Raman spectra for body fluid identification for forensic purposes. SENSORS 2010; 10:2869-84. [PMID: 22319277 PMCID: PMC3274205 DOI: 10.3390/s100402869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection and identification of blood, semen and saliva stains, the most common body fluids encountered at a crime scene, are very important aspects of forensic science today. This study targets the development of a nondestructive, confirmatory method for body fluid identification based on Raman spectroscopy coupled with advanced statistical analysis. Dry traces of blood, semen and saliva obtained from multiple donors were probed using a confocal Raman microscope with a 785-nm excitation wavelength under controlled laboratory conditions. Results demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy to identify an unknown substance to be semen, blood or saliva with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor K. Lednev
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-518-591-8863
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92
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Virkler K, Lednev IK. Forensic body fluid identification: The Raman spectroscopic signature of saliva. Analyst 2010; 135:512-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b919393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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93
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Raman spectroscopic signature of blood and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:525-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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