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Haidar Ahmad IA, Makey DM, Wang H, Shchurik V, Singh AN, Stoll DR, Mangion I, Regalado EL. In Silico Multifactorial Modeling for Streamlined Development and Optimization of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11532-11539. [PMID: 34375071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continued adoption of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) in industrial laboratories will depend on the development of approaches to make method development for 2D-LC more systematic, less tedious, and less reliant on user expertise. In this paper, we build on previous efforts in these directions by describing the use of multifactorial modeling software that can help streamline and simplify the method development process for 2D-LC. Specifically, we have focused on building retention models for second dimension (2D) separations involving variables including gradient time, temperature, organic modifier blending, and buffer concentration using LC simulator (ACD/Labs) software. Multifactorial retention modeling outcomes are illustrated as resolution map planes or cubes that enable straightforward location of 2D conditions that maximize resolution while minimizing analysis time. We also illustrate the practicality of this approach by identifying conditions that yield baseline separation of all compounds co-eluting from a first dimension (1D) separation using a single combination of 2D stationary phase and elution conditions. The multifactorial retention models were found to be very accurate for both the 1D and 2D separations, with differences between experimental and simulated retention times of less than 0.5%. Pharmaceutical applications of this approach for multiple heartcutting 2D-LC were demonstrated using IEC-IEC or achiral RPLC-chiral RPLC for 2D separations of multicomponent mixtures. The framework outlined here should help make 2D-LC method development more systematic and streamline development and optimization for a variety of 2D-LC applications in both industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Devin M Makey
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew N Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Collins SL, Koo I, Peters JM, Smith PB, Patterson AD. Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:467-487. [PMID: 34314226 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091620-015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) has advanced the study of metabolism in living systems by allowing many metabolites to be measured in a single experiment. Although improvements in mass detector sensitivity have facilitated the detection of greater numbers of analytes, compound identification strategies, feature reduction software, and data sharing have not kept up with the influx of MS data. Here, we discuss the ongoing challenges with MS-based metabolomics, including de novo metabolite identification from mass spectra, differentiation of metabolites from environmental contamination, chromatographic separation of isomers, and incomplete MS databases. Because of their popularity and sensitive detection of small molecules, this review focuses on the challenges of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methods. We then highlight important instrumentational, experimental, and computational tools that have been created to address these challenges and how they have enabled the advancement of metabolomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Philip B Smith
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
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53
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Niezen LE, Staal BBP, Lang C, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Thermal modulation to enhance two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations of polymers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462429. [PMID: 34371364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many materials used in a wide range of fields consist of polymers that feature great structural complexity. One particularly suitable technique for characterising these complex polymers, that often feature correlated distributions in e.g. microstructure, chemical composition, or molecular weight, is comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC). For example, using a combination of reversed-phase LC and size-exclusion chromatography (RPLC × SEC). Efficient and sensitive LC × LC often requires focusing of the analytes between the two stages. For the analysis of large-molecule analytes, such as synthetic polymers, thermal modulation (or cold trapping) may be feasible. This approach is studied for the analysis of a styrene/butadiene "star" block copolymer. Trapping efficiency is evaluated qualitatively by monitoring the effluent of the trap with an evaporative light-scattering detector and quantitatively by determining the recovery of polystyrene standards from RPLC × SEC experiments. The recovery was dependant on the molecular weight and the temperatures of the first-dimension column and of the trap, and ranged from 46% for a molecular weight of 2.78 kDa to 86% (or up to 94.5% using an optimized set-up) for a molecular weight of 29.15 kDa, all at a first-dimension-column temperature of 80 °C and a trap temperature of 5 °C. Additionally a strategy to reduce the pressure pulse from the modulation has been developed, bringing it down from several tens of bars to only a few bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland.
| | | | - Christiane Lang
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland
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54
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Pérez-Cova M, Jaumot J, Tauler R. Untangling comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography data sets using regions of interest and multivariate curve resolution approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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55
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Cacciola F, Arena K, Mandolfino F, Donnarumma D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Reversed phase versus hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as first dimension of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems for the elucidation of the polyphenolic content of food and natural products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462129. [PMID: 33864987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a well-established method for the unraveling of very complex real-world samples. With regard to food and natural products such a technique turned out to be a very promising approach due to its high resolving power and improved identification capability, especially in combination with mass spectrometry. In this context, polyphenols comprise a particular complex class of bioactive compounds, due to their nature and content in commonly consumed foodstuffs, making their analysis challenging. The present contribution shows an overview of the two commonly employed approaches used for polyphenol analysis, viz. RP-LC × RP-LC and HILIC × RP-LC. Furthermore, the latest implementations as well as limitations and future perspectives are critically reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Donnarumma
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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56
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Pepermans V, Chapel S, Heinisch S, Desmet G. Detailed numerical study of the peak shapes of neutral analytes injected at high solvent strength in short reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns and comparison with experimental observations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462078. [PMID: 33780885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on a numerical investigation of the different steps in the development of the spatial concentration profiles developing along the axis of a liquid chromatography column when injecting large relative volumes (>10 to 20% of column volume) of analytes dissolved in a high solvent strength solvent band as can be encountered in the second dimension (2D) column of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) system. More specifically, we made a detailed study of the different retention and the axial band broadening effects leading to the double-headed peak shapes or strongly fronting peaks that can be experimentally observed under certain conditions in 2D-LC. The establishment of these intricate peak profiles is discussed in all its fine, mechanistic details. The effect of the volume of the column, the volume and the shape of the sample band, the retention properties of the analyte and the band broadening experienced by the analytes and the sample solvent are investigated. A good agreement between the simulations and the experimental observations with caffeine and methylparaben injected in acetonitrile/water (ACN/H2O) mobile phase with different injection volumes is obtained. Save the difference in dwell volume, key features of experimental and simulated chromatograms agree within a few %. The simulations are also validated against a number of simple mathematical rules of thumb that can be established to predict the occurrence of a breakthrough fraction and estimate the amount of breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pepermans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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57
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Impurity profiling of siRNA by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with quinine carbamate anion-exchanger and ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462065. [PMID: 33780886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A short RNA with the sequence of the antisense strand of Patisiran has been selected as test material for the investigation of its common impurities using three different two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) platforms. On the one hand, a quinine (QN) carbamate-based weak anion-exchange (AX) stationary phase (QN-AX) and a classical C18 reversed phase (RP) stationary phase in ion-pair (IP) mode with tripropylammonium acetate, respectively, have been used in the first dimension (1D) to provide the selectivity for impurities formed during the synthesis of the RNA. In the next step, certain peaks of interest from 1D have been transferred by multiple-heart-cutting (MHC) into a 2D in which an ESI-MS-compatible non-ionpairing RP method has been used for desalting via a diverter valve to remove non-volatile phosphate buffer components and ion-pair agents, respectively. Thus, a sensitive electrospray-ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) analysis of resolved impurity peaks of the siRNA has become possible under MS-friendly conditions. With both 2D-LC setups, peak purity of the ON has been evaluated by selective comprehensive (high resolution) sampling of the main peak. In a third MHC 2D-LC approach, the QN-AX LC mode was online coupled with the IP-RPLC in the 2D using UV detection. It allows the separation of additional impurities which coeluted in the first dimension. The potential of these methods for comprehensive impurity profiling of ON therapeutics is illustrated and discussed.
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58
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Comparison of existing strategies for keeping symmetrical peaks in on-line Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography x Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography despite solvent strength mismatch. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462001. [PMID: 33684873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is very attractive due to the complementarity of their separation mechanisms. On-line comprehensive HILIC x RPLC is well-known to give rise to a large retention space coverage when dealing with ionisable compounds. However, method development in on-line HILIC x RPLC is challenging due to the reversed solvent strength between both dimensions, which can greatly affect the peak shapes in the second RPLC dimension, and thus the separation quality and the method sensitivity. In the present contribution, we compared four strategies designed to avoid this problem: (1) flow splitting, which consists in reducing the injection volume in the second dimension (2D), (2) on-line dilution with a make-up flow and (3) on-line dilution with Active Solvent Modulation (ASM), which both consist in reducing the solvent strength of the injected fractions, and (4) Total Breakthrough Strategy, which we recently proposed. Unlike the three preceding strategies, this latter one consists in injecting large volumes of strong solvent in 2D. The performance of each strategy was evaluated for sub-hour separations of a tryptic digest in on-line HILIC x RPLC. In this work, we considered the critical case for which the same column internal diameters (i.e. 2.1 mm here) are used in both dimensions. Peak capacity, peak shapes and peak intensities were considered for this evaluation. The highest peak capacity could be achieved with Total Breakthrough Strategy while the lowest one with on-line dilution using ASM. Peak intensities were usually higher with on-line dilution approaches (make-up flow and ASM). However, despite the presence of breakthrough, peak intensities were approximately 7-fold higher with Total Breakthrough Strategy than with flow splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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59
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Molenaar SRA, Dahlseid TA, Leme GM, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ. Peak-tracking algorithm for use in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography - Application to monoclonal-antibody peptides. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461922. [PMID: 33540183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A peak-tracking algorithm was developed for use in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chromatographic peaks were tracked across two different chromatograms, utilizing the available spectral information, the statistical moments of the peaks and the relative retention times in both dimensions. The algorithm consists of three branches. In the pre-processing branch, system peaks are removed based on mass spectra compared to low intensity regions and search windows are applied, relative to the retention times in each dimension, to reduce the required computational power by elimination unlikely pairs. In the comparison branch, similarity between the spectral information and statistical moments of peaks within the search windows is calculated. Lastly, in the evaluation branch extracted-ion-current chromatograms are utilized to assess the validity of the pairing results. The algorithm was applied to peptide retention data recorded under varying chromatographic conditions for use in retention modelling as part of method optimization tools. Moreover, the algorithm was applied to complex peptide mixtures obtained from enzymatic digestion of monoclonal antibodies. The algorithm yielded no false positives. However, due to limitations in the peak-detection algorithm, cross-pairing within the same peaks occurred and six trace compounds remained falsely unpaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef R A Molenaar
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Gabriel M Leme
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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60
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Shoykhet K, Stoll D, Buckenmaier S. Constant pressure mode of operation in the second dimension of two-dimensional liquid chromatography: A proof of concept. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461880. [PMID: 33508638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) continues to grow as the advantages over 1D-LC become increasingly clear in specific application areas, and the number of experienced 2D-LC users increases. As with any technique, however, there is always room for innovation that could improve the performance of 2D-LC. In recent years the technical aspects and potential benefits of a volume-based mode of operation were studied in detail for 1D-LC. The salient features of this approach that are immediately interesting for use in 2D-LC are two-fold. First, the ability to maintain a nominally constant pressure in the second dimension by dynamically adjusting the flow rate to compensate for changes in the viscosity of the fluid in the 2D flow path provides a means to more fully utilize the pressure capability of the pumping system, and accelerates separations in the second dimension (2D). Second, constant pressure operation minimizes physical stress on the system components and the 2D column. In this paper we discuss the aspects of volume-based operation of LC that are particularly relevant to 2D-LC systems. The proof-of-concept experiments illustrate the viability of the constant pressure mode of operation for the second dimension of 2D-LC. In the described separations the throughput improvement is on the order of 10%; this gain will be strongly application-dependent, and may be as large as several tens percent in some cases. Future work will involve a detailed investigation of the impact of the constant pressure mode on robustness of 2D separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Shoykhet
- Agilent Technologies R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, Waldbronn, 76337, Germany.
| | - Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, St. Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Stephan Buckenmaier
- Agilent Technologies R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, Waldbronn, 76337, Germany
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61
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Dunn ZD, Desai J, Leme GM, Stoll DR, Richardson DD. Rapid two-dimensional Protein-A size exclusion chromatography of monoclonal antibodies for titer and aggregation measurements from harvested cell culture fluid samples. MAbs 2021; 12:1702263. [PMID: 31876441 PMCID: PMC6973321 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1702263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics have increased pharmaceutical investment in mAb production, which has led to a greater demand of technologies to efficiently characterize these biotherapeutics. The large size and heterogeneity of mAbs require the measurement of multiple critical quality attributes (CQAs) during production. The current workflow to measure CQAs of antibodies involves multiple one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods, including Protein-A (ProA), ion-exchange (IEX), reversed-phase, size exclusion (SEC), hydrophilic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction (HIC). Recent advances in commercial two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) affords an opportunity to perform two separations at once to measure multiple CQAs in a single assay. Here, we describe the development of a 2D ProA–SEC method using entirely commercially available instrumentation. Each individual separation and the transfer of material between dimensions were optimized to develop a method that measures titer and aggregation of a target antibody from harvested cell culture fluid in under 5 min. We determined the effects of each parameter of the method on mAb recovery and stability, as well as speed, robustness, resolution, and accuracy of the aggregate amount detected in the second dimension (2D). While there are still sources of error caused by hardware limitations, our rapid ProA-SEC method is an effective screening tool with a significant throughput advantage over previously described methods. Additionally, this work serves as a basis for developing other 2D-LC methods with ProA as the first dimension (1D) separation coupled with different 2D separation, such as ProA-IEX and ProA-HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Gabriel M Leme
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, USA
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62
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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63
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Arena K, Mandolfino F, Cacciola F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Multidimensional liquid chromatography approaches for analysis of food contaminants. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:17-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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64
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Huygens B, Efthymiadis K, Nowé A, Desmet G. Application of evolutionary algorithms to optimise one- and two-dimensional gradient chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461435. [PMID: 32822975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the performance of three classes of evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithms (GA), evolution strategies (ES) and covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES)) as a means to enhance searches in the method development spaces of 1D- and 2D-chromatography. After optimisation of the design parameters of the different algorithms, they were benchmarked against the performance of a plain grid search. It was found that all three classes significantly outperform the plain grid search, especially in terms of the number of search runs needed to achieve a given separation quality. As soon as more than 100 search runs are needed, the ES algorithm clearly outperforms the GA and CMA-ES algorithms, with the latter performing very well for short searches (<50 search runs) but being susceptible to convergence to local optima for longer searches. It was also found that the performance of the ES and GA algorithms, as well as the grid search, follow a hyperbolic law in the large search run number limit, such that the convergence rate parameter of this hyperbolic function can be used to quantify the difference in required number of search runs for these algorithms. In agreement with one's physical expectations, it was also found that the general advantage of the GA and ES algorithms over the grid search, as well as their mutual performance differences, grow with increasing difficulty of the separation problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Huygens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriakos Efthymiadis
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Nowé
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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65
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Wicht K, Baert M, Kajtazi A, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Pharmaceutical impurity analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461561. [PMID: 32992220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the possibilities of temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography (TRLC × RPLC) are assessed in terms of pharmaceutical impurity analysis. Due to the increased peak capacity per unit time they offer, two-dimensional LC approaches are gaining relevance for the analysis of complex drug formulations. Because the latter depicts a larger predisposition for the occurrence of an increased number of impurities, current 1D-HPLC approaches often prove insufficient. Since many LC × LC methods are limited by modulation, solvent compatibility, orthogonality, and sensitivity issues, the combination of TRLC × RPLC is explored in this work for pharmaceutical impurity analysis. As this combination of a purely aqueous separation with RPLC allows for systematic and optimization-free refocusing in the second dimension, it opens possibilities for generic LC × LC requiring minimal to no method development, in this way overcoming a major perceived contemporary hurdle of LC × LC. The approach is demonstrated with a representative mixture of 17 solutes comprising 11 corticosteroids and 6 progestogens. Orthogonality and peak capacities were assessed on three RP core-shell column selectivities (Poroshell EC-C18, phenyl-hexyl and PFP). Although the TRLC × EC-C18 combination offered somewhat better orthogonality, the combination with the PFP column proved the best for the separation at hand. Depending on the composition of the mixture, the use of full, shifted, or segmented gradients allowed facile optimization of the separation. The developed platform allowed detection of the impurities at the 0.05% level compared to a selected main compound, while also opening up possibilities for analysis of formulations comprising two active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ardiana Kajtazi
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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66
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Hegade RS, Chen K, Boon JP, Hellings M, Wicht K, Lynen F. Development of an achiral-chiral 2-dimensional heart-cutting platform for enhanced pharmaceutical impurity analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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A selective comprehensive reversed-phase×reversed-phase 2D-liquid chromatography approach with multiple complementary detectors as advanced generic method for the quality control of synthetic and therapeutic peptides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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68
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Fujimura D, Inagaki F, Okada R, Rosenberg A, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Conjugation Ratio, Light Dose, and pH Affect the Stability of Panitumumab-IR700 for Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1598-1604. [PMID: 32832029 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), a newly developed cancer-cell-specific therapy, relies on a monoclonal antibody-photoabsorber conjugate (APC) and is based on a photoinduced ligand release reaction. Local exposure of the tumor to NIR light induces rapid immunogenic necrotic cell death. The molecular properties of APCs, including their stability and aggregation properties, have important implications for the long-term stability and shelf life. In this study, panitumumab was conjugated with IRDye700DX (IR700) as a model for other NIR-PIT agents. Higher IR700-to-mAb conjugation ratios correlated with increased in vitro cell death up to a ratio of 2.5 dye molecules per antibody. Conjugation ratios higher than 2.5 did not improve cell killing activity. APC aggregation was induced in a light-dose-dependent manner. A near-room-level light dose was sufficient to induce aggregation of APCs. Solvent pH lower than 4 induced aggregation, but higher pH did not induce aggregation. The IR700-to-mAb conjugation ratio, light irradiation dose, and solvent pH affect the APC stability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Adrian Rosenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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69
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Simulation of elution profiles in liquid chromatography – IV: Experimental characterization and modeling of solute injection profiles from a modulation valve used in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Living with Breakthrough: Two-Dimensional Liquid-Chromatography Separations of a Water-Soluble Synthetically Grafted Bio-Polymer. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the use of various two-dimensional liquid chromatographic methods to characterize water-soluble, synthetically grafted bio-polymers, consisting of long poly(acrylic acid) chains and short maltodextrin grafts. The confirmation of the presence of grafting and the estimation of its extent is challenging. It is complicated by the limited solubility of polymers, their structural dispersity and chemical heterogeneity. Moreover, the starting materials (and other reagents, reaction products and additives) may be present in the product. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used to characterize the product, as well as the starting materials. Additionally, fractions were collected for off-line characterization by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The one-dimensional separation methods were found to be inconclusive regarding the grafting question. Breakthrough (the early elution of polymer fractions due to strong injection solvents) is shown to be a perpetual problem. This issue is not solved by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), but information demonstrating the success of the grafting reaction could be obtained. SEC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC separations are presented and discussed.
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71
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Wang H, Herderschee HR, Bennett R, Potapenko M, Pickens CJ, Mann BF, Haidar Ahmad IA, Regalado EL. Introducing online multicolumn two-dimensional liquid chromatography screening for facile selection of stationary and mobile phase conditions in both dimensions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:460895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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72
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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73
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Li F, Su X, Bäurer S, Lämmerhofer M. Multiple heart-cutting mixed-mode chromatography-reversed-phase 2D-liquid chromatography method for separation and mass spectrometric characterization of synthetic oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461338. [PMID: 32709362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Until today, ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography is still the dominating method for analytical characterization of synthetic oligonucleotides. Its hyphenation with mass spectrometry, however, has some drawbacks such as ion-suppression in electrospray ionization. To overcome this problem, we present in this work a multiple heart-cutting (MHC) two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method with ultra-violet (UV) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) detection. A reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange (RP/WAX) stationary phase in the first dimension (1D) provides the selectivity for separation of structurally closely related oligonucleotide sequences and deletions (shortmers), respectively, using a mixed pH/triethylammonium phosphate buffer gradient at constant organic modifier content. Heart cuts of the oligonucleotide peaks are transferred to the second dimension (2D) via a multiple heart-cutting valve which is equipped with two loop decks. The 2D RP column is used for desalting via a diverter valve. Active solvent modulation enables to refocus the oligonucleotide peak into a sharp zone by 2D RP entirely free of non-volatile buffer components and ion-pair agents. Oligonucleotides can thus be sensitively detected by ESI-QTOF-MS under MS-compatible conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Su
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bäurer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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74
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Cacciola F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for the analysis of food and food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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75
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Groeneveld G, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Perspectives on the future of multi-dimensional platforms. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:72-100. [PMID: 31140485 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) formats have emerged to help address separation problems that are too complex for conventional one-dimensional LC. There are a number of obstacles to the proliferation of 2D-LC that are gradually being removed. Reliable commercial instrumentation has become available and data analysis software is being improved. Detector-sensitivity and phase-system compatibility issues can largely be solved by using active-modulation strategies. The remaining challenge, developing good and fast 2D-LC methods within a reasonable time, may be solved with smart algorithms. The technology platform that has been developed for 2D-LC also creates a number of other possibilities. Between the two separation stages, all kinds of physical (e.g. dissolution) or chemical (e.g. enzymatic or light-induced degradation) processes can be made to take place, allowing a wide variety of experiments to be performed within a single, efficient and automated analysis. All these developments are discussed in this paper and a number of critical issues are identified. A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Groeneveld
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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76
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Application of the new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator for the two-dimensional RP×HILIC analysis of Buddleja davidii. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1483-1495. [PMID: 31965244 PMCID: PMC7026260 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was the analysis of the complex chemical composition from different parts of Buddleja davidii, whose species are commonly known as ornamental plants and herbal medicines in many countries. As an herbal medicine, it has been utilized for stroke treatments, headache, wound healing, neurological disorder, etc. However, the understanding of its chemical matrices is still insufficient. Therefore, an online two-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography x hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLCxHILIC) system coupled with mass spectrometry was applied for further detailed investigation of the chemical constituents in Buddleja dividii. In this two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method, a new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator was introduced in the 2D-LC system to solve the incompatibility problem of the mobile phase between two dimensions, which resulted in a 2D-LC analysis with high orthogonality. For the root extract, as one of the analyzed samples, the optimization of the 1D and 2D gradients was carried out carefully. With this new modulator, much better peak separation and better peak shape were achieved compared to two-dimensional liquid chromatography system using a traditional standard (TS) modulator. With a similar approach, the other four parts of Buddleja davidii were well separated. Comparing the different analyzed parts, flowers and leaves showed the most complex profiles. MS and MS/MS data were obtained successfully, which demonstrated the potential of the proposed RPLCxHILIC-MS system in the constituents’ analysis of herbal medicine. However, due to the lack of reported reference information, 24 compounds could be tentatively identified.
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77
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Mixed-mode chromatography characteristics of chiralpak ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(−) and elucidation of their chromatographic orthogonality for LC × LC application. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1093:168-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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78
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Gritti F, Gilar M, Hill J. Mismatch between sample diluent and eluent: Maintaining integrity of gradient peaks using in silico approaches. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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79
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Stoll DR, Lhotka HR, Harmes DC, Madigan B, Hsiao JJ, Staples GO. High resolution two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for robust and sensitive characterization of therapeutic antibodies at the peptide level. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1134-1135:121832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Zhou W, Liu Y, Wang J, Guo Z, Shen A, Liu Y, Liang X. Application of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography in the separation of traditional Chinese medicine. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:87-104. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zhou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
- College of Fisheries and Life ScienceDalian Ocean University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control Jinan P. R. China
| | - Jixia Wang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Aijin Shen
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
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81
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Lv W, Shi X, Wang S, Xu G. Multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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82
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Montero L, Herrero M. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches in Foodomics – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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83
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Chen Y, Montero L, Schmitz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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84
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Yang P, Gao W, Zhang T, Pursch M, Luong J, Sattler W, Singh A, Backer S. Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with active solvent modulation for studying monomer incorporation in copolymer dispersants. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2805-2815. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- Analytical ScienceThe Dow Chemical Company Collegeville PA USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Analytical ScienceThe Dow Chemical Company Collegeville PA USA
| | - Tianlan Zhang
- Analytical ScienceThe Dow Chemical Company Collegeville PA USA
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Analytical ScienceDow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH Stade Germany
| | - Jim Luong
- Analytical ScienceDow Chemical Canada ULC Fort Saskatchewan AB Canada
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Formulation Science & AutomationThe Dow Chemical Company Collegeville PA USA
| | - Anurima Singh
- Packaging and Specialty PlasticsThe Dow Chemical Company Freeport TX USA
| | - Scott Backer
- Home and Personal CareThe Dow Chemical Company Collegeville PA USA
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85
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Chen Y, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Development of an At-Column Dilution Modulator for Flexible and Precise Control of Dilution Factors to Overcome Mobile Phase Incompatibility in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10251-10257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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86
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
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87
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Iguiniz M, Corbel E, Roques N, Heinisch S. Quantitative aspects in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical applications. Talanta 2019; 195:272-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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88
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Pirok BW, Abdulhussain N, Brooijmans T, Nabuurs T, de Bont J, Schellekens MA, Peters RA, Schoenmakers PJ. Analysis of charged acrylic particles by on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography and automated data-processing. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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89
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Schwaiger M, Schoeny H, El Abiead Y, Hermann G, Rampler E, Koellensperger G. Merging metabolomics and lipidomics into one analytical run. Analyst 2019; 144:220-229. [PMID: 30411762 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel integrated metabolomics/lipidomics workflow is introduced enabling high coverage of polar metabolites and non-polar lipids within one analytical run. Dual HILIC and RP chromatography were combined to high-resolution mass spectrometry. As a major advantage, only one data file per sample was obtained by fully automated simultaneous analysis of two extracts per sample. Hence, the unprecedented high coverage without compromise on analytical throughput was not only obtained by the orthogonality of the chromatographic separations, but also by the implementation of dedicated sample preparation procedures resulting in optimum extraction efficiency for both sub-omes. Thus, the method addressed completely hydrophilic sugars and organic acids next to water-insoluble triglycerides. As for the timing of the dual chromatography setup, HILIC and RP separation were performed consecutively. However, re-equilibration of the HILIC column during elution of RP compounds and vice versa reduced the overall analysis time by one third to 32 min. Application to the Standard Reference Material SRM 1950 - Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma resulted in >100 metabolite and >380 lipid identifications based on accurate mass implementing fast polarity switching and acquiring data dependent MS2 spectra with the use of automated exclusion lists. Targeted quantification based on external calibrations and 13C labeled yeast internal standards was successfully accomplished for 59 metabolites. Moreover, the potential for lipid quantification was shown integrating non-endogenous lipids as internal standards. In human plasma, concentrations ranging over 4 orders of magnitude (low nM to high μM) were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schwaiger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Schoeny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin El Abiead
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerrit Hermann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and ISOtopic solutions, Waehringerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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90
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Pulsed elution modulation for on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupling reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1583:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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91
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Pirok BWJ, Molenaar SRA, Roca LS, Schoenmakers PJ. Peak-Tracking Algorithm for Use in Automated Interpretive Method-Development Tools in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14011-14019. [PMID: 30396266 PMCID: PMC6282104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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A peak-tracking algorithm
for chromatograms recorded using liquid
chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed. Peaks are tracked
across chromatograms using the spectrometric information, the statistical
moments of the chromatographic peaks, and the relative retention.
The algorithm can be applied to pair chromatographic peaks in two
very different chromatograms, obtained for different samples using
different methods. A fast version of the algorithm was specifically
tailored to process chromatograms obtained during method development
or optimization, where a few similar mobile-phase-composition gradients
(same eluent components, but different ranges and programming rates)
are applied to the same sample for the purpose of obtaining model
parameters to describe the retention of sample components. Due to
the relative similarity between chromatograms, time-saving preselection
protocols can be used to locate a candidate peak in another chromatogram.
The algorithm was applied to two different samples featuring isomers.
The automatically tracked peaks and the resulting retention parameters
generally yielded prediction errors of less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Stef R A Molenaar
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Liana S Roca
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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92
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2018; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry , Gustavus Adolphus College , Saint Peter , Minnesota 56082 , United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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93
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Yuan H, Jiang B, Zhao B, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Multidimensional Separation for Proteome Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:264-276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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94
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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95
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Bäurer S, Guo W, Polnick S, Lämmerhofer M. Simultaneous Separation of Water- and Fat-Soluble Vitamins by Selective Comprehensive HILIC × RPLC (High-Resolution Sampling) and Active Solvent Modulation. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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96
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Groeneveld G, Dunkle MN, Rinken M, Gargano AF, de Niet A, Pursch M, Mes EP, Schoenmakers PJ. Characterization of complex polyether polyols using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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97
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Evaluation of active solvent modulation to enhance two-dimensional liquid chromatography for target analysis in polymeric matrices. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1562:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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98
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Woiwode U, Reischl RJ, Buckenmaier S, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Imaging Peptide and Protein Chirality via Amino Acid Analysis by Chiral × Chiral Two-Dimensional Correlation Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7963-7971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Woiwode
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Johann Reischl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stephan Buckenmaier
- Agilent Technologies, Research and Development, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Lindner
Consulting
GmbH, Ziegelofengasse 37, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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99
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Stoll DR, Harmes DC, Staples GO, Potter OG, Dammann CT, Guillarme D, Beck A. Development of Comprehensive Online Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Using Hydrophilic Interaction and Reversed-Phase Separations for Rapid and Deep Profiling of Therapeutic Antibodies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5923-5929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R. Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - David C. Harmes
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | | | - Oscar G. Potter
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Carston T. Dammann
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Center of Immunology, Pierre Fabre, 5, Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
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100
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Baert M, Martens S, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Enhancing the Possibilities of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography through Hyphenation of Purely Aqueous Temperature-Responsive and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4961-4967. [PMID: 29551061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) allows for substantial gains in theoretical peak capacity in the field of liquid chromatography. However, in practice, theoretical performance is rarely achieved due to a combination of undersampling, orthogonality, and refocusing issues prevalent in many LC × LC applications. This is intricately linked to the column dimensions, flow rates, and mobile-phase compositions used, where, in many cases, incompatible or strong solvents are introduced in the second-dimension (2D) column, leading to peak broadening and the need for more complex interfacing approaches. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive (TR) and reversed-phase (RP) LC is demonstrated, which, due to the purely aqueous mobile phase used in TRLC, allows for complete and more generic refocusing of organic solutes prior to the second-dimension RP separation using a conventional 10-port valve interface. Thus far, this was only possible when combining other purely aqueous modes such as ion exchange or gel filtration chromatography with RPLC, techniques which are limited to the analysis of charged or high MW solutes, respectively. This novel TRLC × RPLC combination relaxes undersampling constraints and complete refocusing and therefore offers novel possibilities in the field of LC × LC including temperature modulation. The concept is illustrated through the TRLC × RPLC analysis of mixtures of neutral organic solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussel , Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602 , South Africa
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