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Liu Q, Zhang A, Wang R, Zhang Q, Cui D. A Review on Metal- and Metal Oxide-Based Nanozymes: Properties, Mechanisms, and Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:154. [PMID: 34241715 PMCID: PMC8271064 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the ferromagnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were firstly reported to exert enzyme-like activity in 2007, extensive research progress in nanozymes has been made with deep investigation of diverse nanozymes and rapid development of related nanotechnologies. As promising alternatives for natural enzymes, nanozymes have broadened the way toward clinical medicine, food safety, environmental monitoring, and chemical production. The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of metal- and metal oxide-based nanozymes owing to their remarkable physicochemical properties in parallel with low cost, high stability, and easy storage. It is widely known that the deep study of catalytic activities and mechanism sheds significant influence on the applications of nanozymes. This review digs into the characteristics and intrinsic properties of metal- and metal oxide-based nanozymes, especially emphasizing their catalytic mechanism and recent applications in biological analysis, relieving inflammation, antibacterial, and cancer therapy. We also conclude the present challenges and provide insights into the future research of nanozymes constituted of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Amin Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruhao Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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52
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Song Z, Jiang C, Wang F, Yu L, Ye S, Dramou P, He H. Nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe 3O 4, CuO, and cucurbit[6]uril for colorimetric determination of homocysteine. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:207. [PMID: 34047863 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe3O4 NPs, CuO NPs, and cucurbit[6]uril has been successfully fabricated by a simple sonochemical technique. By employing CB[6] as a specific binding pocket and Fe3O4@CuO-GO as a peroxidase mimic, this novel nanozyme (BN I) is equipped with molecular recognition ability and enhanced peroxidase-like activity. On the basis of the inhibition effect of homocysteine (Hcy) towards the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by BN I, a simple colorimetric method is established for the sensitive and selective determination of Hcy. This proposed method displays a good linear response in the range 5-200 μM with a detection limit of 1.8 μM. In the practical assay of human plasma samples, the relative standard deviations (RSD) are lower than 11% and the recoveries are between 98.0 and 104.9%. In the assay of human urine samples, the RSD are below 9.0% and the recoveries range from 94.0 to 103.5%. The colorimetric method presented offers a convenient and accurate way for the determination of biomarkers in point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Chenrui Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Fangqi Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Sijing Ye
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Pierre Dramou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Hua He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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53
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Liu C, Zhao Y, Xu D, Zheng X, Huang Q. A green and facile approach to a graphene-based peroxidase-like nanozyme and its application in sensitive colorimetric detection of L-cysteine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4013-4022. [PMID: 33961104 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile and green approach to the preparation of peroxidase-like nanozymes by reducing and functionalizing graphene oxide (rGO) with Ganoderma polysaccharide (GP) has been achieved in this work. Our results showed that the as-fabricated nanozyme, namely rGO-GP, possessed the excellent property of simulating peroxidase with higher catalytic activity compared with GO or rGO obtained by using chitosan, which may be due to the better dispersion of rGO-GP in the solution. Steady-state kinetics studies further showed that the catalytic process conformed to Michaelis-Menten equation and ping-pong mechanism. Benefiting from the excellent peroxidase property of rGO-GP, we have also successfully established a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection approach to trace detection of L-cysteine (L-Cys). The limit of detection (LOD) of L-cysteine is 0.1 μM and the linear detection range is 2-30 μM. Furthermore, the nanozyme was successfully applied for detecting L-cysteine in serum. This work therefore demonstrates the advantages of rGO-GP as an effective nanozyme in both its green synthesis and detecting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institute of IntelligentAgriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yunmeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institute of IntelligentAgriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Di Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institute of IntelligentAgriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institute of IntelligentAgriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institute of IntelligentAgriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China. .,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
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54
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Aghayan M, Mahmoudi A, Sazegar MR, Adhami F. Tailoring cysteine detection in colorimetric techniques using Co/Fe-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3716-3726. [PMID: 33900347 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of studies focused on sensors for cysteine (Cys) as a crucial factor in physiological function and disease diagnosis. Among those sensors, nanomaterial-based peroxidase mimetics have received particular attention from researchers. This study introduces a new series of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) incorporated with iron and cobalt (Co/Fe-MSN) with a molar ratio of Si/Fe = 10 and cobalt species at 1, 3, and 5 wt% that have great potential in the sensing application. These nanomaterial characterization was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The peroxidase activity of these nanomaterials was studied through kinetic analysis. The findings revealed that Co/Fe-MSN (1%) showed higher peroxidatic activity than the others towards the common chromogenic substrate 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) diammonium salt. Based on the enzymatic activity of Co/Fe-MSN (1%), a colorimetric sensing platform was designed to detect H2O2 and Cys. The limit of detection (LOD) for H2O2 and Cys was determined to be 1.1 μM and 0.89 nM, respectively. The results indicated that the proposed enzyme mimic exhibited excellent potential as a sensor in medical diagnostics and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Aghayan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Sazegar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Forogh Adhami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Islamic Azad University, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH), Shahre rey Branch, Tehran, Iran
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55
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Zhang C, Zhang N, Xu Y, Feng J, Yao T, Wang F, Ma Z, Han H. Fenton reaction-mediated dual-attenuation of signal for ultrasensitive amperometric immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113009. [PMID: 33493899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to alter the complexion of immunoprobe with large impedance as negative factor in sensitivity of amperometric immunosensor, a strategy of Fenton reaction-mediated dual-attenuation of signal was proposed. Herein, metal-polydopamine-Fe3+ composite with the ability of Fenton reaction was initially prepared as immunoprobe for an ultrasensitive immunoassay. The polymerization of dopamine occurred on the surface of ZIF-67 to gain the metal-polydopamine shell, which possessed rich functional groups, negative charge and high specific surface. Then the prepared functional shell was further used to absorb Fe3+ and immobilize labeling antibody as immunoprobe, which was used to construct a sandwich type immunosensor. With addition of H2O2 and aniline, Fenton reaction was triggered to produce hydroxyl radicals, which can not only decrease the current value by degrading methylene blue molecules, but also further initiate aniline to polymerize into non-conductive polyaniline for successive abatement of signal intensity. Therefore, the dual-attenuation of signal model rendered the immunoprobe into a favorable factor and synchronously enhance sensitivity. Expectedly, the detection performance with a linear range from 1.0 × 10-4-100 ng mL-1 and ultralow detection limit of 9.07 × 10-5 ng mL-1 toward neuron-specific enolase was obtained under optimal conditions. This work offered a novel tactic for enhancing sensitivity of immunosensor through the preparation of functional immunoprobe and its rational utilization as signal enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiejie Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhanfang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Hongliang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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56
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Huang T, Hu X, Wang M, Wu Y, Hu L, Xia Z. Ionic liquid-assisted chemiluminescent immunoassay of prostate specific antigen using nanoceria as an alkaline phosphatase-like nanozyme label. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3054-3057. [PMID: 33625435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An alkaline phosphatase-like nanozyme was applied for an immunoassay for the first time. By using nanoceria as the alkaline phosphatase-like catalytic label and CDP-star as the substrate, the chemiluminescent detection of prostate specific antigen was demonstrated. More importantly, the addition of ionic liquid can significantly increase the sensitivity of the immunoassay. With the aid of ionic liquid, an order of magnitude improvement in the sensitivity was achieved with a detection limit of 53 fg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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57
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Mei T, Zhang S, Sun J, Hu Y. 2D CoOOH nanosheets as oxidase mimic for the colorimetric assay of sulfite in food. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:764-768. [PMID: 33566878 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a rapid, sensitive and selective colorimetric assay for sulfite (SO32-) based on the intrinsic oxidase-like activity of 2D cobalt oxyhydroxide nanosheets (CoOOH NSs). The 2D CoOOH nanozyme could directly oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue products (TMBox) in an aerobic solution without H2O2. Interestingly, the presence of SO32- could effectively inhibit the CoOOH NS-O2-TMB reaction system and thus caused changes in color and absorbance, which facilitated a colorimetric sensor for sulfite. After optimizing detection conditions, a facile and robust approach was developed for SO32- detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Mei
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yihui Hu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. and Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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58
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Xu J, Cai R, Zhang Y, Mu X. Molybdenum disulfide-based materials with enzyme-like characteristics for biological applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111575. [PMID: 33524697 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanozyme, a kind of nanomaterials with enzymatic activity, has been developing vigorously over the past years owing to its advantages such as low-cost, easy storage, ease of use in harsh environments and so on, compared with natural enzymes. At present, as a typical two-dimensional nanomaterial, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and their hybrids with unexpected enzyme-like activities have caused wide attention. In this review, we mainly investigated the enzyme-like activities of MoS2 based nanomaterials, including peroxidase-like activity, catalase-like activity and superoxide dismutase-like activity. Furthermore, we systematically introduce recent research progress of MoS2 based nanomaterials in the fields of biological applications such as radiation protection, cancer therapy, antibacterial, and wound healing. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives of MoS2 based nanomaterials in the future are also discussed and proposed. We expect this review may be significant to understand the properties of MoS2 based nanomaterials and the development of two-dimensional nanomaterials with enzyme mimicking activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Xu
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, China
| | - Ru Cai
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, China
| | - Yunguang Zhang
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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59
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Zhang X, Lin S, Liu S, Tan X, Dai Y, Xia F. Advances in organometallic/organic nanozymes and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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60
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Recent improvements in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on nanomaterials. Talanta 2021; 223:121722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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61
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62
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Chen Q, Liu Y, Liu J, Liu J. Liposome‐Boosted Peroxidase‐Mimicking Nanozymes Breaking the pH Limit. Chemistry 2020; 26:16659-16665. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and, Molecular Engineering of, Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and, Molecular Engineering of, Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research 17W Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong China
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63
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Nandu N, Smith CW, Kachwala MJ, Yigit MV. Regulation of the Peroxidase-Like Activity of nGO, MoS 2 and WS 2 Nanozymes by Using Metal Cations. Chembiochem 2020; 22:662-665. [PMID: 33022809 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two dimensional nanoparticles (2D-NPs) along with other nanoscale materials have been deemed to be the next generation of artificial enzymes (nanozymes). The low-cost bulk-scale production, ease of storage and modification of such nanomaterials have given nanozymes an advantage over traditional enzymes. Many studies have been aimed at developing methods to increase the performance of these nanozymes, and also identify interfering agents. To investigate the interference of a number of metal cations, we studied the effect of Ti2+ , Fe2+ , Ag+ , Hg2+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Ni2+ , Pb2+ , Ca2+ , Zn2+ and Mn2+ in a nanozyme assays of 2D-NPs using ABTS radical formation. Ti2+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Ni2+ , Ca2+ , Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions did not display any notable effect on the peroxidase-like activity of nGO, MoS2 and WS2 2D-NPs. However, Fe2+ , Ag+ , Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions' effects on the overall ABTS reaction were significant enough to be visualised by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA). We report that, similar to that of many natural enzymes, the nanozyme activity of 2D-NPs is regulated by a number of metal cations allowing their identification and discrimination by using a statistical analysis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nandu
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Mahera J Kachwala
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Mehmet V Yigit
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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64
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Pei J, Zhao R, Mu X, Wang J, Liu C, Zhang XD. Single-atom nanozymes for biological applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6428-6441. [PMID: 33141122 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01447h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanozymes have been widely used as highly active and stable arterial enzymes due to their controllable electronic transfer and unique catalytic reaction route. However, the development of nanozymes is hindered by their ambiguous structure, insufficient activity and inadequate substrate selectivity. In comparison, single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) hold superior catalytic activity 10-100 times higher than conventional nanozymes by maximizing the utilization of metal atom dispersion, and exhibit versatile catalytic selectivity through precisely adjusting the atom spatial configuration. In this review, we highlight several well-defined SAzymes, and discuss their accurate atom configuration, catalytic mechanisms, enzyme-like activity, and applications in cancer treatment, brain disease, and wound healing. It is of great significance to understand the advantages and properties of SAzymes for further medical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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65
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Zhang X, Huang X, Xu Y, Wang X, Guo Z, Huang X, Li Z, Shi J, Zou X. Single-step electrochemical sensing of ppt-level lead in leaf vegetables based on peroxidase-mimicking metal-organic framework. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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66
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Abstract
Cascade reactions have been described as efficient and universal tools, and are of substantial interest in synthetic organic chemistry. This review article provides an overview of the novel and recent achievements in enzyme cascade processes catalyzed by multi-enzymatic or chemoenzymatic systems. The examples here selected collect the advances related to the application of the sequential use of enzymes in natural or genetically modified combination; second, the important combination of enzymes and metal complex systems, and finally we described the application of biocatalytic biohybrid systems on in situ catalytic solid-phase as a novel strategy. Examples of efficient and interesting enzymatic catalytic cascade processes in organic chemistry, in the production of important industrial products, such as the designing of novel biosensors or bio-chemocatalytic systems for medicinal chemistry application, are discussed
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Liu G, Liu H, Xu H, Zhu L, Su C, Gu C, Li L. Enhanced peroxidase-like activity of Fe 3O 4-sodium lignosulfonate loaded copper peroxide composites for colorimetric detection of H 2O 2 and glutathione. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118544. [PMID: 32502816 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the composites of Fe3O4 modified by sodium lignosulfonate and copper peroxide (Fe3O4@CP) were produced by a simple two-step method, and their morphology and composition were featured in Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Then, Fe3O4@CP catalyzed the oxidation of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to blue oxide in the presence of H2O2, indicating that it had good catalytic performance. Further, the experimental conditions were optimized, including time, pH, temperature and material concentration. The kinetic analysis results showed that Fe3O4@CP exhibited excellent catalytic performance and its catalytic kinetic plot conformed to the Michaelis-Menten equation and the catalytic mechanism was consistent with the ping-pong mechanism. Finally, a H2O2 colorimetric assay with a linear range of 0.2-300 μM and a detection limit of 0.11 μM was constructed. In addition, due to the decolorization reaction of ox-TMB with glutathione and the scavenging effect of GSH on hydroxyl radicals (·OH), a glutathione colorimetric assay was further constructed with a linear range of 0.2-40 μM and a detection limit of 0.05 μM. It also verified that the assay had excellent selectivity and stability and could be utilized to detect actual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxian Liu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongying Liu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Langlang Zhu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chang Su
- The Children's Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chunchuan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Lihua Li
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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68
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Li X, Liu P, Niu X, Ye K, Ni L, Du D, Pan J, Lin Y. Tri-functional Fe-Zr bi-metal-organic frameworks enable high-performance phosphate ion ratiometric fluorescent detection. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19383-19389. [PMID: 32945814 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featured with flexible design and versatile properties are finding increasing applications. In particular, integrating multiple functions into one framework can bring them improved detection efficiency towards various analytes. Herein, for the first time, a Fe-Zr bi-metal-organic framework (UiO-66(Fe/Zr)-NH2) with three functions (intrinsic fluorescence, peroxidase-mimicking activity, and specific recognition) is designed to establish a ratiometric fluorescent platform for high-performance phosphate ion (Pi) sensing. The use of a fluorescent organic ligand endows the MOF material with a strong intrinsic fluorescence at 435 nm. The presence of Fe3+/Fe2+ nodes offers good enzyme-like capacity to catalyze the o-phenylenediamine (OPD) substrate to fluorescent OPDox (555 nm), which then quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of UiO-66(Fe/Zr)-NH2 due to the inner filter effect. The Zr4+ nodes in the MOF material act as selective sites for Pi recognition. When Pi exists, it specifically adsorbs onto UiO-66(Fe/Zr)-NH2 and decreases the latter's peroxidase-mimetic activity, resulting in the less production of fluorescent OPDox. As a consequence, the intrinsic fluorescence of UiO-66(Fe/Zr)-NH2 at 435 nm is restored, and the signal from OPDox at 555 nm is reduced inversely. With the ratiometric strategy, efficient determination of Pi with outstanding sensitivity and selectivity was realized, giving a detection limit down to 85 nM in the concentration range of 0.2-266.7 μM. Accurate measurement of the target in practical water matrices was also validated, indicating its promising application for Pi analysis in environmental and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China. and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. and School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Xiangheng Niu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China. and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Kun Ye
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Liang Ni
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Jianming Pan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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69
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Paper-based ITP technology: An application to specific cancer-derived exosome detection and analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 164:112292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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70
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Sun J, Ning X, Cui L, Ling M, Xu X, He S. Assembly of "carrier free" enzymatic nano-reporters for improved ELISA. Analyst 2020; 145:6541-6548. [PMID: 32776037 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an economic and easy operation technique that has been widely used for the detection of protein in industry. However, the low loading capacity of the enzyme reporter has contributed to the low sensitivity of traditional ELISA, and the cross-linking procedures of the enzyme-labeled antibody in ELISA methods can lead to the inactivation of the enzyme, which will further decrease the sensitivity. To address this issue, herein we fabricated "carrier-free" nanoparticles to obtain a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled reporter with a high HRP loading capacity. A disulphide-containing bis-N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) crosslinker (NHS-SS-NHS) was used to control the link and release of traceless HRPs, thus without reduction of its enzymatic activity. The HRP nanoparticle (NanoHRP) was successfully applied for dot blotting and ELISA. When carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was used as a target, the detection limit of the NanoHRP-based ELISA was 0.005 ng mL-1, which was about 400 times more sensitive than traditional ELISA. A good correlation between the CEA concentrations and the response values measured by NanoHRP ELISA was obtained in the range of 0.005 to 1 ng mL-1. This concept could be exploited to improve ELISA tests, especially those requiring a high accuracy, to facilitate physicians in deciding the appropriate medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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71
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Ding W, Liu H, Zhao W, Wang J, Zhang L, Yao Y, Yao C, Song C. A Hybrid of FeS2 Nanoparticles Encapsulated by Two-Dimensional Carbon Sheets as Excellent Nanozymes for Colorimetric Glucose Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5905-5912. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weiwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yuewei Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chan Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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72
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Mahmudunnabi RG, Farhana FZ, Kashaninejad N, Firoz SH, Shim YB, Shiddiky MJA. Nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors for disease biomarker detection. Analyst 2020; 145:4398-4420. [PMID: 32436931 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a new group of nanomaterials named nanozymes that exhibit enzyme-mimicking catalytic activity has emerged as a promising alternative to natural enzymes. Nanozymes can address some of the intrinsic limitations of natural enzymes such as high cost, low stability, difficulty in storage, and specific working conditions (i.e., narrow substrate, temperature and pH ranges). Thus, synthesis and applications of hybrid and stimuli-responsive advanced nanozymes could revolutionize the current practice in life sciences and biosensor applications. On the other hand, electrochemical biosensors have long been used as an efficient way for quantitative detection of analytes (biomarkers) of interest. As such, the use of nanozymes in electrochemical biosensors is particularly important to achieve low cost and stable biosensors for prognostics, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring of diseases. Herein, we summarize the recent advances in the synthesis and classification of common nanozymes and their application in electrochemical biosensor development. After briefly overviewing the applications of nanozymes in non-electrochemical-based biomolecular sensing systems, we thoroughly discuss the state-of-the-art advances in nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors, including genosensors, immunosensors, cytosensors and aptasensors. The applications of nanozymes in microfluidic-based assays are also discussed separately. We also highlight the challenges of nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors and provide some possible strategies to address these limitations. Finally, future perspectives on the development of nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors for disease biomarker detection are presented. We envisage that standardization of nanozymes and their fabrication process may bring a paradigm shift in biomolecular sensing by fabricating highly specific, multi-enzyme mimicking nanozymes for highly sensitive, selective, and low-biofouling electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbee G Mahmudunnabi
- Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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73
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Nie R, Huang J, Xu X, Yang L. Immunoassays Using Optical-Fiber Sensor with All-Directional Chemiluminescent Collection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6257-6262. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People’s Republic of China
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Wang J, Wei T, Liu Y, Bao M, Feng R, Qian Y, Yang X, Si L, Dai Z. Colloidal-sized zirconium porphyrin metal-organic frameworks with improved peroxidase-mimicking catalytic activity, stability and dispersity. Analyst 2020; 145:3002-3008. [PMID: 32129332 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02418b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention as enzyme mimic materials in colorimetric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. At present, it is highly desirable but remains challenging to prepare MOFs with high stability and dispersity to further improve their peroxidase-mimicking catalytic activity. In this work, we developed a new and facile method for the synthesis of a sub-100 nm peroxidase-mimicking zirconium porphyrin metal-organic framework (Zr-PorMOF) via a solvothermal method. The experimental results indicated that compared with the micron-sized crystals obtained using a classical synthesis method, the catalytic activity, stability and dispersity in water of the colloidal Zr-PorMOF were obviously enhanced. The as-synthesized colloidal Zr-PorMOF was further successfully applied in colorimetric H2O2 detection, and satisfactory detection performance was obtained. Furthermore, the colloidal Zr-PorMOF was also successfully employed in the construction of a peroxidase-based tandem catalysis system. Taking glucose oxidase as an example, this system was successfully applied for glucose sensing in real human serum samples, which proved its practical feasibility in diabetes diagnosis and indicates its high potential feasibility in peroxidase-related applications in complex biomatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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75
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Zhou Z, Gao Z, Shen H, Li M, He W, Su P, Song J, Yang Y. Metal-Organic Framework in Situ Post-Encapsulating DNA-Enzyme Composites on a Magnetic Carrier with High Stability and Reusability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7510-7517. [PMID: 31971363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied as candidate enzyme immobilization platforms. However, conventional MOF-enzyme composites usually exhibit low controllability and reusability. In this study, a novel and stable strategy for enzyme immobilization was designed by use of ZIF-8 to encapsulate in situ DNA-enzyme composites on the surface of magnetic particles (MPs). The mechanism of in situ encapsulation was discussed in detail. It was found that immobilized enzymes were involved in the growth of ZIF-8, and the DNA cross-linking agents promoted the growth of ZIF-8 on the surface of MP. The thermal, chemical, and physical stabilities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were all significantly enhanced after in situ encapsulation. Most importantly, this strategy was proven to be a general platform that can be used to stabilize various proteins. The in situ encapsulation strategy was expanded to immobilize a cascade of enzymes, and ZIF-8@MPGOx-HRP possessed high selectivity and a wide linear range (25-500 μM) for glucose detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zijing Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Hao Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Wenting He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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76
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Niu X, Li X, Lyu Z, Pan J, Ding S, Ruan X, Zhu W, Du D, Lin Y. Metal–organic framework based nanozymes: promising materials for biochemical analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11338-11353. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks with enzyme-like catalytic features (MOF nanozymes) exhibit great promise in detecting various analytes with amplified signal outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangheng Niu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
| | - Xin Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
| | - Zhaoyuan Lyu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Jianming Pan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Shichao Ding
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Xiaofan Ruan
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
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