51
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Tai F, Koike K, Kawagoe H, Ando J, Kumamoto Y, Smith NI, Sodeoka M, Fujita K. Detecting nitrile-containing small molecules by infrared photothermal microscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:2307-2312. [PMID: 33620044 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of infrared (IR) photothermal microscopy (IR-PTM) is emerging for imaging chemical substances in various samples. In this research, we demonstrated the use of a nitrile group as a vibrational tag to image target molecules in the low water-background region. We performed IR photothermal imaging of trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP) in cells and confirmed the high spatial resolution by photothermal detection using visible light as a probe beam. We imaged FCCP-treated HeLa cells and confirmed that the photothermal signal was indeed produced from the vibrational tag in lipid droplets. We also compared the results with nitrile imaging by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. From both the calculated and experimental results, IR-PTM demonstrated a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) several tens of times better than that of SRS microscopy on the basis of the same power input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Tai
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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52
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Wang H, González-Fialkowski JM, Li W, Xie Q, Yu Y, Xu XG. Liquid-Phase Peak Force Infrared Microscopy for Chemical Nanoimaging and Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3567-3575. [PMID: 33573375 PMCID: PMC7988711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is an emerging atomic force microscopy that bypasses Abbe's diffraction limit in achieving chemical nanoimaging and spectroscopy. The PFIR microscopy mechanically detects the infrared photothermal responses in the dynamic tip-sample contact of peak force tapping mode and has been applied for a variety of samples, ranging from soft matters, photovoltaic heterojunctions, to polaritonic materials under the air conditions. In this article, we develop and demonstrate the PFIR microscopy in the liquid phase for soft matters and biological samples. With the capability of controlling fluid compositions on demand, the liquid-phase peak force infrared (LiPFIR) microscopy enables in situ tracking of the polymer surface reorganization in fluids and detecting the product of click chemical reaction in the aqueous phase. Both broadband spectroscopy and infrared imaging with ∼10 nm spatial resolution are benchmarked in the fluid phase, together with complementary mechanical information. We also demonstrate the LiPFIR microscopy on revealing the chemical composition of a budding site of yeast cell wall particles in water as an application on biological structures. The label-free, nondestructive chemical nanoimaging and spectroscopic capabilities of the LiPFIR microscopy will facilitate the investigations of soft matters and their transformations at the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | | | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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53
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Vibrational Spectroscopic Detection of a Single Virus by Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4100-4107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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54
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Spadea A, Denbigh J, Lawrence MJ, Kansiz M, Gardner P. Analysis of Fixed and Live Single Cells Using Optical Photothermal Infrared with Concomitant Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3938-3950. [PMID: 33595297 PMCID: PMC8018697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This paper reports the first use of a novel completely optically
based photothermal method (O-PTIR) for obtaining infrared spectra
of both fixed and living cells using a quantum cascade laser (QCL)
and optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser as excitation sources,
thus enabling all biologically relevant vibrations to be analyzed
at submicron spatial resolution. In addition, infrared data acquisition
is combined with concomitant Raman spectra from exactly the same excitation
location, meaning the full vibrational profile of the cell can be
obtained. The pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 and the breast
cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 are used as model cells to demonstrate
the capabilities of the new instrumentation. These combined modalities
can be used to analyze subcellular structures in both fixed and, more
importantly, live cells under aqueous conditions. We show that the
protein secondary structure and lipid-rich bodies can be identified
on the submicron scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Spadea
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Joanna Denbigh
- Seda Pharmaceutical Development Services, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, U.K
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp. 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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55
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Lima C, Muhamadali H, Xu Y, Kansiz M, Goodacre R. Imaging Isotopically Labeled Bacteria at the Single-Cell Level Using High-Resolution Optical Infrared Photothermal Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3082-3088. [PMID: 33522799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report that the cellular uptake of stable isotope-labeled compounds by bacteria can be probed at the single-cell level using infrared spectroscopy, and this monitors the chemical vibrations affected by the incorporation of "heavy" atoms by cells and thus can be used to understand microbial systems. This presents a significant advancement as most studies have focused on evaluating communities of cells due to the poor spatial resolution achieved by classical infrared microspectrometers, and to date, there is no study evaluating the incorporation of labeled compounds by bacteria at single-cell levels using infrared spectroscopy. The development of new technologies and instrumentations that provide information on the metabolic activity of a single bacterium is critical as this will allow for a better understanding of the interactions between microorganisms as well as the function of individual members and their interactions in different microbial communities. Thus, the present study demonstrates the ability of a novel far-field infrared imaging technique, optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy, as a tool to monitor the uptake of 13C-glucose and 15N-ammonium chloride by Escherichia coli bacteria at single-cell levels using spectral signatures recorded via single-point and imaging modes. An additional novelty is that imaging was achieved using six vibrational bands in the amide I and II regions, which were analyzed with chemometrics by employing partial least squares-discriminant analysis to predict 13C/12C and 15N/14N simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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56
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Samolis PD, Langley D, O’Reilly BM, Oo Z, Hilzenrat G, Erramilli S, Sgro AE, McArthur S, Sander MY. Label-free imaging of fibroblast membrane interfaces and protein signatures with vibrational infrared photothermal and phase signals. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:303-319. [PMID: 33520386 PMCID: PMC7818956 DOI: 10.1364/boe.411888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Label-free vibrational imaging of biological samples has attracted significant interest due to its integration of structural and chemical information. Vibrational infrared photothermal amplitude and phase signal (VIPPS) imaging provide label-free chemical identification by targeting the characteristic resonances of biological compounds that are present in the mid-infrared fingerprint region (3 µm - 12 µm). High contrast imaging of subcellular features and chemical identification of protein secondary structures in unlabeled and labeled fibroblast cells embedded in a collagen-rich extracellular matrix is demonstrated by combining contrast from absorption signatures (amplitude signals) with sensitive detection of different heat properties (lock-in phase signals). We present that the detectability of nano-sized cell membranes is enhanced to well below the optical diffraction limit since the membranes are found to act as thermal barriers. VIPPS offers a novel combination of chemical imaging and thermal diffusion characterization that paves the way towards label-free imaging of cell models and tissues as well as the study of intracellular heat dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis D. Samolis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Langley
- Bioengineering Research Group Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Breanna M. O’Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zay Oo
- Bioengineering Research Group Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geva Hilzenrat
- Bioengineering Research Group Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shyamsunder Erramilli
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - Allyson E. Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sally McArthur
- Bioengineering Research Group Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
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57
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Adhikari S, Spaeth P, Kar A, Baaske MD, Khatua S, Orrit M. Photothermal Microscopy: Imaging the Optical Absorption of Single Nanoparticles and Single Molecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16414-16445. [PMID: 33216527 PMCID: PMC7760091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal (PT) signal arises from slight changes of the index of refraction in a sample due to absorption of a heating light beam. Refractive index changes are measured with a second probing beam, usually of a different color. In the past two decades, this all-optical detection method has reached the sensitivity of single particles and single molecules, which gave birth to original applications in material science and biology. PT microscopy enables shot-noise-limited detection of individual nanoabsorbers among strong scatterers and circumvents many of the limitations of fluorescence-based detection. This review describes the theoretical basis of PT microscopy, the methodological developments that improved its sensitivity toward single-nanoparticle and single-molecule imaging, and a vast number of applications to single-nanoparticle imaging and tracking in material science and in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Kar
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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58
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Xu J, Li X, Guo Z, Huang WE, Cheng JX. Fingerprinting Bacterial Metabolic Response to Erythromycin by Raman-Integrated Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14459-14465. [PMID: 33089997 PMCID: PMC8025921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report rapid and sensitive phenotyping of bacterial response to antibiotic treatment at single-cell resolution by a Raman-integrated optical mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscope. The MIP microscope successfully detected biochemical changes of bacteria in specific to the acting mechanism of erythromycin with 1 h incubation. Compared to Raman spectroscopy, MIP spectroscopy showed a much larger signal-to-noise ratio at the fingerprint region at an acquisition speed as fast as 1 s per spectrum. The high sensitivity of MIP enabled detection of metabolic changes at antibiotic concentrations below minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Meanwhile, the single-cell resolution of the technique allowed observation of heteroresistance within one bacterial population, which is of great clinical relevance. This study showcases characterizing antibiotic response as one of the many possibilities of applying MIP microscopy to single-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongyue Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Wei E Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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59
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Dong J, Yan P, Yang L, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhang L, Zhou S, Li J. Dual-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometry-assisted photothermal spectroscopy for characterization of surface contaminants. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29865-29875. [PMID: 33114876 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal spectroscopy (PTS) working in the mid-infrared region is an effective technique for in-situ characterization of the chemical composition of surface contaminants. The sensitivity relies on the way that the laser-induced response of the sample is detected. We present a highly-sensitive PTS assisted with a dual-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), MZI-PST in short. The MZI aims to sense all the phase delays taking place at the sample and air when the heat produced by resonance absorption of the contaminant is transferred into its surroundings and further to amplify the total phase delay to a large intensity difference of a probe beam. To guarantee a stable quadrature phase bias of the MZI working in the balanced detection mode, we employ two separate wavelengths, one for sensing and the other for phase bias feedback, to lock the working point to the quadrature point in real time. The MZI is expected to have a 7.8-fold sensitivity enhancement compared with the conventional phase-sensitive PTS in theory. The results of the proof-of-concept experiment on the olive oil contaminated on a wafer surface verify the spectral fidelity and the sensitivity enhancement as well as the capability of photothermal spectral imaging of the MZI-PST.
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60
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Kansiz M, Prater C, Dillon E, Lo M, Anderson J, Marcott C, Demissie A, Chen Y, Kunkel G. Optical Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy with Simultaneous Raman - A New Non-Contact Failure Analysis Technique for Identification of <10 μm Organic Contamination in the Hard Drive and other Electronics Industries. MICROSCOPY TODAY 2020; 28:26-36. [PMID: 33850481 PMCID: PMC8039913 DOI: 10.1017/s1551929520000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Optical Photothermal Infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy is a new technique for measuring submicron spatial resolution IR spectra with little or no sample preparation. This speeds up analysis times benefiting high-volume manufacturers through gaining insight into process contamination that occurs during development and on production lines. The ability to rapidly obtain far-field non-contact IR spectra at high spatial resolution facilitates the chemical identification of small organic contaminants that are not possible to measure with conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The unique pump-probe system architecture also facilitates submicron simultaneous IR + Raman microscopy from the same spot with the same spatial resolution. With these unique capabilities, O-PTIR is finding utilization in the high-volume and high-value industries of high-tech componentry (memory storage, electronics, displays, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Prater
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Eoghan Dillon
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Michael Lo
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Jay Anderson
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
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61
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Pavlovetc IM, Aleshire K, Hartland GV, Kuno M. Approaches to mid-infrared, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4313-4325. [PMID: 32064480 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05815j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This perspective highlights recent advances in super-resolution, mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. It provides an overview of the different near field microscopy techniques developed to address the problem of chemically imaging specimens in the mid-infrared "fingerprint" region of the spectrum with high spatial resolution. We focus on a recently developed far-field optical technique, called infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI), and discusses the technique in detail. Its practical implementation in terms of equipment used, optical geometries employed, and underlying contrast mechanism are described. Milestones where IR-PHI has led to notable advances in bioscience and materials science are summarized. The perspective concludes with a future outlook for robust and readily accessible high spatial resolution, mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia M Pavlovetc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kyle Aleshire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Gregory V Hartland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. and Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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62
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Abstract
Optical microscopy for biomedical samples requires expertise in staining to visualize structure and composition. Midinfrared (mid-IR) spectroscopic imaging offers label-free molecular recording and virtual staining by probing fundamental vibrational modes of molecular components. This quantitative signal can be combined with machine learning to enable microscopy in diverse fields from cancer diagnoses to forensics. However, absorption of IR light by common optical imaging components makes mid-IR light incompatible with modern optical microscopy and almost all biomedical research and clinical workflows. Here we conceptualize an IR-optical hybrid (IR-OH) approach that sensitively measures molecular composition based on an optical microscope with wide-field interferometric detection of absorption-induced sample expansion. We demonstrate that IR-OH exceeds state-of-the-art IR microscopy in coverage (10-fold), spatial resolution (fourfold), and spectral consistency (by mitigating the effects of scattering). The combined impact of these advances allows full slide infrared absorption images of unstained breast tissue sections on a visible microscope platform. We further show that automated histopathologic segmentation and generation of computationally stained (stainless) images is possible, resolving morphological features in both color and spatial detail comparable to current pathology protocols but without stains or human interpretation. IR-OH is compatible with clinical and research pathology practice and could make for a cost-effective alternative to conventional stain-based protocols for stainless, all-digital pathology.
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63
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Far-field midinfrared superresolution imaging and spectroscopy of single high aspect ratio gold nanowires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2288-2293. [PMID: 31964821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916433117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited approaches exist for imaging and recording spectra of individual nanostructures in the midinfrared region. Here we use infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI) to interrogate single, high aspect ratio Au nanowires (NWs). Spectra recorded between 2,800 and 4,000 cm-1 for 2.5-3.9-μm-long NWs reveal a series of resonances due to the Fabry-Pérot modes of the NWs. Crucially, IR-PHI images show structure that reflects the spatial distribution of the NW absorption, and allow the resonances to be assigned to the m = 3 and m = 4 Fabry-Pérot modes. This far-field optical measurement has been used to image the mode structure of plasmon resonances in metal nanostructures, and is made possible by the superresolution capabilities of IR-PHI. The linewidths in the NW spectra range from 35 to 75 meV and, in several cases, are significantly below the limiting values predicted by the bulk Au Drude damping parameter. These linewidths imply long dephasing times, and are attributed to reduction in both radiation damping and resistive heating effects in the NWs. Compared to previous imaging studies of NW Fabry-Pérot modes using electron microscopy or near-field optical scanning techniques, IR-PHI experiments are performed under ambient conditions, enabling detailed studies of how the environment affects mid-IR plasmons.
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64
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Mankar R, Bueso-Ramos CE, Yin CC, Hidalgo-Lopez JE, Berisha S, Kansiz M, Mayerich D. Automated Osteosclerosis Grading of Clinical Biopsies Using Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:749-757. [PMID: 31793292 PMCID: PMC7055712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteosclerosis and myefibrosis are complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms. These disorders result in excess growth of trabecular bone and collagen fibers that replace hematopoietic cells, resulting in abnormal bone marrow function. Treatments using imatinib and JAK2 pathway inhibitors can be effective on osteosclerosis and fibrosis; therefore, accurate grading is critical for tracking treatment effectiveness. Current grading standards use a four-class system based on analysis of biopsies stained with three histological stains: hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and reticulin. However, conventional grading can be subjective and imprecise, impacting the effectiveness of treatment. In this Article, we demonstrate that mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging may serve as a quantitative diagnostic tool for quantitatively tracking disease progression and response to treatment. The proposed approach is label-free and provides automated quantitative analysis of osteosclerosis and collagen fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Mankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - C. Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Sebastian Berisha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp., Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - David Mayerich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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65
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Lee HJ, Jiang Y, Cheng JX. Label-free Optical Imaging of Membrane Potential. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:118-125. [PMID: 32864527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Offering high temporal resolution, voltage imaging is an important and essential technique in neuroscience. Among different optical imaging approaches, the label-free approach remains attractive due to its unique value coming from free of exogenous chromophores. The intrinsic voltage-indicating signals arising from membrane deformation, membrane spectral change, phase shift, light scattering, and membrane hydration haven been reported. First demonstrated 70 years ago, label-free optical imaging of membrane potential is still at an early stage and the field is challenged by the relatively small signals generated by the intrinsic optical properties. We review major contrast mechanisms used for label-free voltage imaging and discuss several recent exciting advances that could potentially enable membrane potential imaging in mammalian neurons at high speed and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Ying Jiang
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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66
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Zahedian M, Koh ES, Dragnea B. Photothermal microspectroscopy with Bessel-Gauss beams and reflective objectives. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7352-7358. [PMID: 31674379 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate scanning photothermal microspectroscopic imaging of metal nanoparticles with reflective objectives. We show that correction-less collection of spectra from single spherical nanoparticles embedded in a polymer is possible over a wide spectral band, with large depth of focus, long working distance, and high lateral spatial resolution. We posit that these beneficial characteristics are inherent of the Bessel-Gauss character of the focused beam. When compared with other types of optical microscopy, the combination of these characteristics give photothermal imaging with reflective objectives unique appeal for material characterization applications.
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67
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Shi J, Wong TT, He Y, Li L, Zhang R, Yung CS, Hwang J, Maslov K, Wang LV. High-resolution, high-contrast mid-infrared imaging of fresh biological samples with ultraviolet-localized photoacoustic microscopy. NATURE PHOTONICS 2019; 13:609-615. [PMID: 31440304 PMCID: PMC6705424 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-019-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) microscopy provides rich chemical and structural information about biological samples, without staining. Conventionally, the long MIR wavelength severely limits the lateral resolution owing to optical diffraction; moreover, the strong MIR absorption of water ubiquitous in fresh biological samples results in high background and low contrast. To overcome these limitations, we propose a method that employs photoacoustic detection highly localized with a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser on the basis of the Grüneisen relaxation effect. For cultured cells, our method achieves water-background suppressed MIR imaging of lipids and proteins at UV resolution, at least an order of magnitude finer than the MIR diffraction limits. Label-free histology using this method is also demonstrated in thick brain slices. Our approach provides convenient high-resolution and high-contrast MIR imaging, which can benefit diagnosis of fresh biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Shi
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Terence T.W. Wong
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Present address: Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun He
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher S. Yung
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway Street, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway Street, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L.V.W. ()
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68
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Tamamitsu M, Toda K, Horisaki R, Ideguchi T. Quantitative phase imaging with molecular vibrational sensitivity. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3729-3732. [PMID: 31368954 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) quantifies the sample-specific optical-phase-delay enabling objective studies of optically transparent specimens such as biological samples but lacks chemical sensitivity, limiting its application to a morphology-based diagnosis. We present wide-field molecular vibrational (MV) microscopy realized in the framework of QPI utilizing a mid-infrared (MIR) photothermal effect. Our technique provides MIR spectroscopic performance comparable to that of a conventional infrared spectrometer in the molecular fingerprint region of 1450-1640 cm-1 and realizes wide-field molecular imaging of a silica-polystyrene bead mixture over a 100 μm×100 μm area at 1 frame per second with the spatial resolution of 430 nm and 2-3 orders of magnitude lower fluence of ∼10 pJ/μm2 compared to other high-speed label-free molecular imaging methods, reducing photodamages to the sample. With a high-energy MIR pulse source, our technique could enable high-speed, label-free, simultaneous, and in situ acquisition of quantitative morphology and MV contrast, providing new insights for studies of optically transparent complex dynamics.
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69
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Toda K, Tamamitsu M, Nagashima Y, Horisaki R, Ideguchi T. Molecular contrast on phase-contrast microscope. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9957. [PMID: 31316091 PMCID: PMC6637114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An optical microscope enables image-based findings and diagnosis on microscopic targets, which is indispensable in many scientific, industrial and medical settings. A standard benchtop microscope platform, equipped with e.g., bright-field and phase-contrast modes, is of importance and convenience for various users because the wide-field and label-free properties allow for morphological imaging without the need for specific sample preparation. However, these microscopes never have capability of acquiring molecular contrast in a label-free manner. Here, we develop a simple add-on optical unit, comprising of an amplitude-modulated mid-infrared semiconductor laser, that is attached to a standard microscope platform to deliver the additional molecular contrast of the specimen on top of its conventional microscopic image, based on the principle of photothermal effect. We attach this unit, termed molecular-contrast unit, to a standard phase-contrast microscope, and demonstrate high-speed label-free molecular-contrast phase-contrast imaging of silica-polystyrene microbeads mixture and molecular-vibrational spectroscopic imaging of HeLa cells. Our simple molecular-contrast unit can empower existing standard microscopes and deliver a convenient accessibility to the molecular world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Toda
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miu Tamamitsu
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Nagashima
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Horisaki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuro Ideguchi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan. .,Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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70
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Li X, Zhang D, Bai Y, Wang W, Liang J, Cheng JX. Fingerprinting a Living Cell by Raman Integrated Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10750-10756. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yeran Bai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jingqiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
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71
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Bai Y, Zhang D, Lan L, Huang Y, Maize K, Shakouri A, Cheng JX. Ultrafast chemical imaging by widefield photothermal sensing of infrared absorption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7127. [PMID: 31334347 PMCID: PMC6641941 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) imaging has become a viable tool for visualizing various chemical bonds in a specimen. The performance, however, is limited in terms of spatial resolution and imaging speed. Here, instead of measuring the loss of the IR beam, we use a pulsed visible light for high-throughput, widefield sensing of the transient photothermal effect induced by absorption of single mid-IR pulses. To extract these transient signals, we built a virtual lock-in camera synchronized to the visible probe and IR light pulses with precisely controlled delays, allowing submicrosecond temporal resolution determined by the probe pulse width. Our widefield photothermal sensing microscope enabled chemical imaging at a speed up to 1250 frames/s, with high spectral fidelity, while offering submicrometer spatial resolution. With the capability of imaging living cells and nanometer-scale polymer films, widefield photothermal microscopy opens a new way for high-throughput characterization of biological and material specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeran Bai
- Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Delong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lu Lan
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kerry Maize
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Ali Shakouri
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-X.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-X.C.); (A.S.)
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72
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Graefe CT, Punihaole D, Harris CM, Lynch MJ, Leighton R, Frontiera RR. Far-Field Super-Resolution Vibrational Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8723-8731. [PMID: 31251563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Potential label-free alternatives to super-resolution fluorescence techniques have been the focus of considerable research due to the challenges intrinsic in the reliance on fluorescent tags. In this Feature, we discuss efforts to develop super-resolution techniques based on vibrational spectroscopies and address possible sample applications as well as future potential resolution enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Graefe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - David Punihaole
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Celina M Harris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Michael J Lynch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Ryan Leighton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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73
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Lim JM, Park C, Park JS, Kim C, Chon B, Cho M. Cytoplasmic Protein Imaging with Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy: Cellular Dynamics of Live Neurons and Oligodendrocytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2857-2861. [PMID: 31025568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared photothermal microscopy has been suggested as an alternative to conventional infrared microscopy because in addition to the inherent chemical contrast available upon vibrational excitation, it can feasibly achieve spatial resolution at the submicrometer level. Furthermore, it has substantial potential for real-time bioimaging for the observation of cellular dynamics without photodamage or photobleaching of fluorescent labels. We performed real-time imaging of oligodendrocytes to investigate cellular dynamics throughout the life cycle of a cell, revealing details of cell division and apoptosis, as well as cellular migration. In the case of live neurons, we observed a photothermal contrast associated with traveling protein complexes on an axon, which correspond to the transport of vesicles from the cell body to the dendritic branches of the neuron through the cytoskeleton. We anticipate that mid-infrared photothermal imaging will be of great use for gaining insights into the field of biophysical science, especially with regard to cellular dynamics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chanjong Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghwan Chon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics , Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
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74
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Seto K, Yamada H, Kobayashi T, Tokunaga E. Demonstration of wavelength-scan-free action spectroscopy in pump/probe measurement with supercontinuum pump light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6976-6995. [PMID: 30876272 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We devise and introduce the principle of wavelength-scan-free spectroscopy for the pump light in pump/probe measurement (action spectroscopy) using supercontinuum light; we demonstrate its implementation by measuring transmission spectra. We use the supercontinuum light noise as a code in order to discriminate wavelength. We extract the stimulation at the desired wavelength by correlating the noise at that wavelength observed separately and the observed total stimulation carried by the probe light. The wavelength-scan-free spectroscopy is enabled with a simultaneous procedure for multiple wavelengths.
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75
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Samolis PD, Sander MY. Phase-sensitive lock-in detection for high-contrast mid-infrared photothermal imaging with sub-diffraction limited resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2643-2655. [PMID: 30732299 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of the phase output of a lock-in amplifier in mid-infrared photothermal vibrational microscopy is demonstrated for the first time in combination with nonlinear demodulation. In general, thermal blurring and heat transport phenomena contribute to the resolution and sensitivity of mid-infrared photothermal imaging. For heterogeneous samples with multiple absorbing features, if imaged in a spectral regime of comparable absorption with their embedding medium, it is demonstrated that differentiation with high contrast is achieved in complementary imaging of the phase signal obtained from a lock-in amplifier compared to standard imaging of the photothermal amplitude signal. Specifically, by investigating the relative contribution of the out-of-phase lock-in signal, information based on changes in the rate of heat transport can be extracted, and inhomogeneities in the thermal diffusion properties across the sample plane can be mapped with high sensitivity and sub-diffraction limited resolution. Under these imaging conditions, wavenumber regimes can be identified in which the thermal diffusion contributions are minimized and an enhancement of the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limited spot size of the probe beam in the corresponding phase images is achieved. By combining relative diffusive phase imaging with nonlinear demodulation at the second harmonic, it is demonstrated that 1-μm-size melamine beads embedded in a thin layer of 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) liquid crystal can be detected with a 1.3-μm spatial full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) resolution. Thus, imaging with a resolving power that exceeds the probe diffraction limited spot size by a factor of 2.5 is presented, which paves the route towards super-resolution, label-free imaging in the mid-infrared.
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76
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Zhang D, Lan L, Bai Y, Majeed H, Kandel ME, Popescu G, Cheng JX. Bond-selective transient phase imaging via sensing of the infrared photothermal effect. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:116. [PMID: 31839936 PMCID: PMC6904725 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase-contrast microscopy converts the phase shift of light passing through a transparent specimen, e.g., a biological cell, into brightness variations in an image. This ability to observe structures without destructive fixation or staining has been widely utilized for applications in materials and life sciences. Despite these advantages, phase-contrast microscopy lacks the ability to reveal molecular information. To address this gap, we developed a bond-selective transient phase (BSTP) imaging technique that excites molecular vibrations by infrared light, resulting in a transient change in phase shift that can be detected by a diffraction phase microscope. By developing a time-gated pump-probe camera system, we demonstrate BSTP imaging of live cells at a 50 Hz frame rate with high spectral fidelity, sub-microsecond temporal resolution, and sub-micron spatial resolution. Our approach paves a new way for spectroscopic imaging investigation in biology and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028 China
| | - Lu Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Yeran Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai, 201800 China
- Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800 China
| | - Hassaan Majeed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801 USA
| | - Mikhail E. Kandel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801 USA
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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77
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Blümel R, Lukacs R, Zimmermann B, Bağcıoğlu M, Kohler A. Observation of Mie ripples in the synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectra of spheroidal pollen grains. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1769-1779. [PMID: 30462098 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conceptually, biological cells are dielectric, photonic resonators that are expected to show a rich variety of shape resonances when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. For spheroidal cells, these shape resonances may be predicted and analyzed using the Mie theory of dielectric spheres, which predicts that a special class of resonances, i.e., whispering gallery modes (WGMs), causes ripples in the absorbance spectra of spheroidal cells. Indeed, the first tentative indication of the presence of Mie ripples in the synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (SFTIR) absorbance spectra of Juniperus chinensis pollen has already been reported [Analyst140, 3273 (2015)ANLYAG0365-488510.1039/C5AN00401B]. To show that this observation is no isolated incidence, but a generic spectral feature that can be expected to occur in all spheroidal biological cells, we measured and analyzed the SFTIR absorbance spectra of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus communis, and Juniperus excelsa. All four pollen species show Mie ripples. Since the WGMs causing the ripples are surface modes, we propose ripple spectroscopy as a powerful tool for studying the surface properties of spheroidal biological cells. In addition, our paper draws attention to the fact that shape resonances need to be taken into account when analyzing (S)FTIR spectra of isolated biological cells since shape resonances may distort the shape or mimic the presence of chemical absorption bands.
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78
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Choi B, Jeong G, Kim ZH. Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging at Nanometer Scale. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boogeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Gyouil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Zee Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
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79
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Bai Y, Zhang D, Li C, Liu C, Cheng JX. Bond-Selective Imaging of Cells by Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy in High Wavenumber Region. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10249-10255. [PMID: 29035533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a visible beam to probe the thermal effect induced by infrared absorption, mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy allows bond-selective chemical imaging at submicron spatial resolution. Current MIP microscopes cannot reach the high wavenumber region due to the limited tunability of the existing quantum cascade laser source. We extend the spectral range of MIP microscopy by difference frequency generation (DFG) from two chirped femtosecond pulses. Flexible wavelength tuning in both C-D and C-H regions was achieved with mid-infrared power up to 22.1 mW and spectral width of 29.3 cm-1. Distribution of fatty acid in live human lung cancer cells was revealed by MIP imaging of the C-D bond at 2192 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeran Bai
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics , Shanghai 201800, China.,Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Delong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics , Shanghai 201800, China.,Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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