51
|
Fassl P, Lami V, Bausch A, Wang Z, Klug MT, Snaith HJ, Vaynzof Y. Fractional deviations in precursor stoichiometry dictate the properties, performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaic devices. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2018; 11:3380-3391. [PMID: 30713584 PMCID: PMC6333261 DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The last five years have witnessed remarkable progress in the field of lead halide perovskite materials and devices. Examining the existing body of literature reveals staggering inconsistencies in the reported results among different research groups with a particularly wide spread in the photovoltaic performance and stability of devices. In this work we demonstrate that fractional, quite possibly unintentional, deviations in the precursor solution stoichiometry can cause significant changes in the properties of the perovskite layer as well as in the performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaic devices. We show that while the absorbance and morphology of the layers remain largely unaffected, the surface composition and energetics, crystallinity, emission efficiency, energetic disorder and storage stability are all very sensitive to the precise stoichiometry of the precursor solution. Our results elucidate the origin of the irreproducibility and inconsistencies of reported results among different groups as well as the wide spread in device performance even within individual studies. Finally, we propose a simple experimental method to identify the exact stoichiometry of the perovskite layer that researchers can employ to confirm their experiments are performed consistently without unintentional variations in precursor stoichiometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fassl
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik and Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Vincent Lami
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik and Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Alexandra Bausch
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik and Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK
| | - Matthew T Klug
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik and Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lu D, Zhang Y, Lai M, Lee A, Xie C, Lin J, Lei T, Lin Z, Kley CS, Huang J, Rabani E, Yang P. Giant Light-Emission Enhancement in Lead Halide Perovskites by Surface Oxygen Passivation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6967-6973. [PMID: 30265549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surface condition plays an important role in the optical performance of semiconductor materials. As new types of semiconductors, the emerging metal-halide perovskites are promising for next-generation optoelectronic devices. We discover significantly improved light-emission efficiencies in lead halide perovskites due to surface oxygen passivation. The enhancement manifests close to 3 orders of magnitude as the perovskite dimensions decrease to the nanoscale, improving external quantum efficiencies from <0.02% to over 12%. Along with about a 4-fold increase in spontaneous carrier recombination lifetimes, we show that oxygen exposure enhances light emission by reducing the nonradiative recombination channel. Supported by X-ray surface characterization and theoretical modeling, we propose that excess lead atoms on the perovskite surface create deep-level trap states that can be passivated by oxygen adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Minliang Lai
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alex Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chenlu Xie
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Teng Lei
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhenni Lin
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Christopher S Kley
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jianmei Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Yu Y, Wan S, Hong D, Tian Y. Photo-induced dual passivation via Usanovich acid-base on surface defects of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28068-28074. [PMID: 30383047 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-fabrication defect passivation of organometal halide perovskites has become an efficient way to improve their photophysical properties, but the underlying mechanisms are still in debate. In this work, we used p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) to generate surface defects on methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite (MAPbI3), and found that a Usanovich acid-base (O2, acetone or acetonitrile) treatment can effectively passivate those defects and lead to photoluminescence (PL) enhancement. The passivation effect arose from partial neutralization of defect charges via electron transfer between passivation reagents and relevant defects. O2 accepted photo-generated electrons, formed negatively charged oxygen species and attached to the I vacancy site to reduce its PL quenching efficiency by neutralising the defects positive charge. Likewise, acetone accepted photo-generated holes, formed positively charged species and partially neutralised the defects negative charge. The reduced trapping ability of defects caused PL enhancement. In addition, the observed photo-catalysed oxidation of acetone by O2 on the crystal surface supported the single electron transfer mechanism, and showed the potential of MAPbI3 as a photo-catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lee SM, Jung H, Park WI, Lee Y, Koo E, Bang J. Preparation of Water-Soluble CsPbBr3
Perovskite Quantum Dot Nanocomposites via Encapsulation into Amphiphilic Copolymers. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- See Mak Lee
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division; Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET; Gyeongsang National University, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsung Jung
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division; Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ik Park
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division; Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Younki Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET; Gyeongsang National University, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhae Koo
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division; Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Bang
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division; Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju; 52828 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Liu Z, Qiu L, Juarez-Perez EJ, Hawash Z, Kim T, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Raga SR, Ono LK, Liu SF, Qi Y. Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3880. [PMID: 30250031 PMCID: PMC6155243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides high efficiency, the stability and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are also key for their commercialization. Herein, we report a simple perovskite formation method to fabricate perovskite films with thickness over 1 μm in ambient condition on the basis of the fast gas-solid reaction of chlorine-incorporated hydrogen lead triiodide and methylamine gas. The resultant thick and smooth chlorine-incorporated perovskite films exhibit full coverage, improved crystallinity, low surface roughness and low thickness variation. The resultant PSCs achieve an average power conversion efficiency of 19.1 ± 0.4% with good reproducibility. Meanwhile, this method enables an active area efficiency of 15.3% for 5 cm × 5 cm solar modules. The un-encapsulated PSCs exhibit an excellent T80 lifetime exceeding 1600 h under continuous operation conditions in dry nitrogen environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Liu
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Longbin Qiu
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Emilio J Juarez-Perez
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Zafer Hawash
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yan Jiang
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Sonia R Raga
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China.,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Anaya M, Galisteo-López JF, Calvo ME, Espinós JP, Míguez H. Origin of Light-Induced Photophysical Effects in Organic Metal Halide Perovskites in the Presence of Oxygen. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3891-3896. [PMID: 29926730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a combined study of the evolution of both the photoluminescence (PL) and the surface chemical structure of organic metal halide perovskites as the environmental oxygen pressure rises from ultrahigh vacuum up to a few thousandths of an atmosphere. Analyzing the changes occurring at the semiconductor surface upon photoexcitation under a controlled oxygen atmosphere in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) chamber, we can rationalize the rich variety of photophysical phenomena observed and provide a plausible explanation for light-induced ion migration, one of the most conspicuous and debated concomitant effects detected during photoexcitation. We find direct evidence of the formation of a superficial layer of negatively charged oxygen species capable of repelling the halide anions away from the surface and toward the bulk. The reported PL transient dynamics, the partial recovery of the initial state when photoexcitation stops, and the eventual degradation after intense exposure times can thus be rationalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Anaya
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Juan F Galisteo-López
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Mauricio E Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Juan P Espinós
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Xu Y, Xu S, Shao H, Jiang H, Cui Y, Wang C. Dendrimer ligands-capped CH 3NH 3PbBr 3 perovskite nanocrystals with delayed halide exchange and record stability against both moisture and water. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:235603. [PMID: 29570094 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aab93b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) suffer from poor stability because of their high sensitivity to environmental moisture and water. To solve this problem, previous works mainly focus on embedding perovskite NCs into water-resistant matrix to form large composites (size of microns or larger). As an alternative solution without serious changing of NC size, enhancing the stability of perovskite NCs themselves by ligand engineering is rarely reported. In this work, we used hyperbranched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with two different generations (G0 and G4) to synthesize CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite NCs with high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QY) above 70% and a new record stability. A novel dendrimers generation-dependent stability of perovskite NCs was observed. The water-resistance time is 18 h (27 h) for perovskite NCs capped by G0 (G4) generation of PAMAM, which is 7 times (11 times) longer than that of traditional oleic acid-capped NCs. Similar PAMAM generation-related stability is also observed in moisture-resistance tests. The stability time against moisture is 500 h (800 h) for G0 (G4) generation of PAMAM-capped perovskite NCs, which is a new record stability time against moisture for CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite NCs. In addition, our results also indicate that PAMAM ligands outside perovskite NCs can dramatically slow down the speed of halide exchange. Even for the mixture of perovskite NCs with two different halide composition, the original luminescence properties of PAMAM-capped perovskite NCs can retain after mixing. In view of slow halide exchange speed, excellent water and moisture stability, PAMAM dendrimers-capped perovskite NCs and their mixture are available as color conversion single layer in fabrication of light-emitting diodes (LED).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Quitsch WA, deQuilettes DW, Pfingsten O, Schmitz A, Ognjanovic S, Jariwala S, Koch S, Winterer M, Ginger DS, Bacher G. The Role of Excitation Energy in Photobrightening and Photodegradation of Halide Perovskite Thin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2062-2069. [PMID: 29624057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the impact of excitation energy on the photostability of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPI) perovskite thin films. Light soaking leads to a transient increase of the photoluminescence efficiency at excitation wavelengths longer than 520 nm, whereas light-induced degradation occurs when exciting the films with wavelengths shorter than 520 nm. X-ray diffraction and extinction measurements reveal the light-induced decomposition of CH3NH3PbI3 to lead iodide (PbI2) for the high-energy excitation regime. We propose a model explaining the energy dependence of the photostability that involves the photoexcitation of residual PbI2 species in the perovskite triggering the decomposition of CH3NH3PbI3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Alexander Quitsch
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstraße 81 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Oliver Pfingsten
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstraße 81 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstraße 81 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Stevan Ognjanovic
- Nanoparticle Process Technology and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstraße 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Susanne Koch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Markus Winterer
- Nanoparticle Process Technology and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstraße 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Gerd Bacher
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstraße 81 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Brenes R, Eames C, Bulović V, Islam MS, Stranks SD. The Impact of Atmosphere on the Local Luminescence Properties of Metal Halide Perovskite Grains. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706208. [PMID: 29512205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites are exceptional candidates for inexpensive yet high-performing optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, polycrystalline perovskite films are still limited by nonradiative losses due to charge carrier trap states that can be affected by illumination. Here, in situ microphotoluminescence measurements are used to elucidate the impact of light-soaking individual methylammonium lead iodide grains in high-quality polycrystalline films while immersing them with different atmospheric environments. It is shown that emission from each grain depends sensitively on both the environment and the nature of the specific grain, i.e., whether it shows good (bright grain) or poor (dark grain) luminescence properties. It is found that the dark grains show substantial rises in emission, while the bright grain emission is steady when illuminated in the presence of oxygen and/or water molecules. The results are explained using density functional theory calculations, which reveal strong adsorption energies of the molecules to the perovskite surfaces. It is also found that oxygen molecules bind particularly strongly to surface iodide vacancies which, in the presence of photoexcited electrons, lead to efficient passivation of the carrier trap states that arise from these vacancies. The work reveals a unique insight into the nature of nonradiative decay and the impact of atmospheric passivation on the microscale properties of perovskite films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Brenes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Tang X, van den Berg M, Gu E, Horneber A, Matt GJ, Osvet A, Meixner AJ, Zhang D, Brabec CJ. Local Observation of Phase Segregation in Mixed-Halide Perovskite. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2172-2178. [PMID: 29498866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronics due to their tunable band gap in the entire visible region. A challenge remains, however, in the photoinduced phase segregation, narrowing the band gap of mixed-halide perovskites under illumination thus restricting applications. Here, we use a combination of spatially resolved and bulk measurements to give an in-depth insight into this important yet unclear phenomenon. We demonstrate that photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites selectively occurs at the grain boundaries rather than within the grain centers by using shear-force scanning probe microscopy in combination with confocal optical spectroscopy. Such difference is further evidenced by light-biased bulk Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy, which shows the iodine-rich domain as a minority phase coexisting with the homogeneously mixed phase during illumination. By mapping the surface potential of mixed-halide perovskites, we evidence the higher concentration of positive space charge near the grain boundary possibly provides the initial driving force for phase segregation, while entropic mixing dominates the reverse process. Our work offers detailed insight into the microscopic processes occurring at the boundary of crystalline perovskite grains and will support the development of better passivation strategies, ultimately allowing the processing of more environmentally stable perovskite films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstrasse 7 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) , Paul-Gordan-Strasse 6 , Erlangen 91052 , Germany
| | - Marius van den Berg
- Institute of the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 15 , Tübingen 72074 , Germany
| | - Ening Gu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstrasse 7 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) , Paul-Gordan-Strasse 6 , Erlangen 91052 , Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 15 , Tübingen 72074 , Germany
| | - Gebhard J Matt
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstrasse 7 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
| | - Andres Osvet
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstrasse 7 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 15 , Tübingen 72074 , Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 15 , Tübingen 72074 , Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstrasse 7 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) , Haberstrasse 2a , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) , Paul-Gordan-Strasse 6 , Erlangen 91052 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lang F, Shargaieva O, Brus VV, Neitzert HC, Rappich J, Nickel NH. Influence of Radiation on the Properties and the Stability of Hybrid Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29152795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskites are well suited for optoelectronic applications. In particular, perovskite single and perovskite tandem solar cells with silicon are close to their market entry. Despite their swift rise in efficiency to more than 21%, solar cell lifetimes are way below the needed 25 years. In fact, comparison of the time when the device performance has degraded to 80% of its initial value (T80 lifetime) of numerous solar cells throughout the literature reveals a strongly reduced stability under illumination. Herein, the various detrimental effects are discussed. Most notably, moisture- and heat-related degradation can be mitigated easily by now. Recently, however, several photoinduced degradation mechanisms have been observed. Under illumination, mixed perovskites tend to phase segregate, while, further, oxygen catalyzes deprotonation of the organic cations. Additionally, during illumination photogenerated charge can be trapped in the NH antibonding orbitals causing dissociation of the organic cation. On the other hand, organic-inorganic perovskites exhibit a high radiation hardness that is superior to crystalline silicon. Here, the proposed degradation mechanisms reported in the literature are thoroughly reviewed and the microscopic mechanisms and their implications for solar cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Shargaieva
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz C Neitzert
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIn), Salerno University, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert H Nickel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li C, Guerrero A, Zhong Y, Gräser A, Luna CAM, Köhler J, Bisquert J, Hildner R, Huettner S. Real-Time Observation of Iodide Ion Migration in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28945946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites (e.g., CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Clx ) emerge as a promising optoelectronic material. However, the Shockley-Queisser limit for the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices is still not reached. Nonradiative recombination pathways may play a significant role and appear as photoluminescence (PL) inactive (or dark) areas on perovskite films. Although these observations are related to the presence of ions/defects, the underlying fundamental physics and detailed microscopic processes, concerning trap/defect status, ion migration, etc., still remain poorly understood. Here correlated wide-field PL microscopy and impedance spectroscopy are utilized on perovskite films to in situ investigate both the spatial and the temporal evolution of these PL inactive areas under external electric fields. The formation of PL inactive domains is attributed to the migration and accumulation of iodide ions under external fields. Hence, we are able to characterize the kinetic processes and determine the drift velocities of these ions. In addition, it is shown that I2 vapor directly affects the PL quenching of a perovskite film, which provides evidence that the migration/segregation of iodide ions plays an important role in the PL quenching and consequently limits the PCE of organometal halide-based perovskite photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Organic and Hybrid Electronics, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castellö, Spain
| | - Yu Zhong
- Organic and Hybrid Electronics, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Gräser
- Organic and Hybrid Electronics, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carlos Andres Melo Luna
- Experimental Physics IV and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics - CIBioFi, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio 320 No. 1069, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad del Valle, 760032, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Experimental Physics IV and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castellö, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Hildner
- Experimental Physics IV and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sven Huettner
- Organic and Hybrid Electronics, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Li Y, Galisteo-López JF, Calvo ME, Míguez H. Facile Synthesis of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Microcubes of Optical Quality Using Polar Antisolvents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35505-35510. [PMID: 28956431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a synthetic approach producing highly crystalline methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3) microcubes at room temperature by injecting a perovskite precursor solution into an environmentally friendly antisolvent (isopropyl alcohol). Confirmed by X-ray and electron diffraction, as well as electron microscopy, these MAPbBr3 microcubes are single crystals and have perfect cubic structure, with sizes varying between 1 and 15 μm depending on the synthesis conditions. The stoichiometry of the MAPbBr3 crystal is proven by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Finally, optical analysis carried out by means of laser scanning confocal microscopy evidences how the crystalline quality of the microcubes translates into a homogeneous photoluminescence throughout the cube volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Li
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University , No. 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Juan F Galisteo-López
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mauricio E Calvo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Stoeckel MA, Gobbi M, Bonacchi S, Liscio F, Ferlauto L, Orgiu E, Samorì P. Reversible, Fast, and Wide-Range Oxygen Sensor Based on Nanostructured Organometal Halide Perovskite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702469. [PMID: 28741739 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials characterized by high surface-volume ratio hold the promise to constitute the active materials for next-generation sensors. Solution-processed hybrid organohalide perovskites, which have been extensively used in the last few years for optoelectronic applications, are characterized by a self-assembled nanostructured morphology, which makes them an ideal candidate for gas sensing. Hitherto, detailed studies of the dependence of their electrical characteristics on the environmental atmosphere have not been performed, and even the effect of a ubiquitous gas such as O2 has been widely overlooked. Here, the electrical response of organohalide perovskites to oxygen is studied. Surprisingly, a colossal increase (3000-fold) in the resistance of perovskite-based lateral devices is found when measured in a full oxygen atmosphere, which is ascribed to a trap healing mechanism originating from an O2 -mediated iodine vacancies filling. A variation as small as 70 ppm in the oxygen concentration can be detected. The effect is fast (<400 ms) and fully reversible, making organohalide perovskites ideal active materials for oxygen sensing. The effect of oxygen on the electrical characteristics of organohalide perovskites must be taken into deep consideration for the design and optimization of any other perovskite-based (opto-) electronic device working in ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Gobbi
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sara Bonacchi
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Ferlauto
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lorenzon M, Sortino L, Akkerman Q, Accornero S, Pedrini J, Prato M, Pinchetti V, Meinardi F, Manna L, Brovelli S. Role of Nonradiative Defects and Environmental Oxygen on Exciton Recombination Processes in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3844-3853. [PMID: 28480698 PMCID: PMC6557541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging as optically active materials for solution-processed optoelectronic devices. Despite the technological relevance of tracing rational guidelines for optimizing their performances and stability beyond their intrinsic resilience to structural imperfections, no in-depth study of the role of selective carrier trapping and environmental conditions on their exciton dynamics has been reported to date. Here we conduct spectro-electrochemical (SEC) experiments, side-by-side to oxygen sensing measurements on CsPbBr3 NCs for the first time. We show that the application of EC potentials controls the emission intensity by altering the occupancy of defect states without degrading the NCs. Reductive potentials lead to strong (60%) emission quenching by trapping of photogenerated holes, whereas the concomitant suppression of electron trapping is nearly inconsequential to the emission efficiency. Consistently, oxidizing conditions result in minor (5%) brightening due to suppressed hole trapping, confirming that electron traps play a minor role in nonradiative decay. This behavior is rationalized through a model that links the occupancy of trap sites with the position of the NC Fermi level controlled by the EC potential. Photoluminescence measurements in controlled atmosphere reveal strong quenching by collisional interactions with O2, which is in contrast to the photobrightening effect observed in films and single crystals. This indicates that O2 acts as a scavenger of photoexcited electrons without mediation by structural defects and, together with the asymmetrical SEC response, suggests that electron-rich defects are likely less abundant in nanostructured perovskites than in the bulk, leading to an emission response dominated by direct interaction with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lorenzon
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Sortino
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Quinten Akkerman
- Nanochemistry Department and Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, IT-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Accornero
- Nanochemistry Department and Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, IT-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jacopo Pedrini
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Nanochemistry Department and Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, IT-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valerio Pinchetti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Meinardi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry Department and Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, IT-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Brovelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mastria R, Colella S, Qualtieri A, Listorti A, Gigli G, Rizzo A. Elucidating the effect of the lead iodide complexation degree behind the morphology and performance of perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3889-3897. [PMID: 28256677 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of iodide additives in hybrid perovskite precursor solutions has been successfully exploited to improve the solar cell efficiency but their impact on perovskite formation, morphology and photovoltaic performance is still not clear. Here an extensive analysis of the effect of iodide additives in the solution-phase and during the perovskite film formation, as well as their effect on device performance is provided. The results demonstrate that in the solution-phase the additives promote the formation of lead poly-iodide species resulting in the disaggregation of the inorganic lead iodide framework and in the formation of smaller nuclei inducing the growth of uniform and smooth perovskite films. Most importantly, the complexation capability of different iodide additives does not only directly affect film morphology but also influences the density of defect states by varying the stoichiometry of precursors. These findings demonstrate that the fine control of the interactions of the chemical species in the solution-phase is essential for the precise control of the morphology at the nanoscale and the growth of the perovskite films with a reduced density of defect states. Therefore, the in-depth understanding of all the processes involved in the solution-phase is the first step for the development of a facile and reproducible approach for the fabrication of hybrid perovskite solar cells with enhanced photovoltaic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mastria
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - S Colella
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A Qualtieri
- Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia IIT, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Listorti
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yu JC, Kim DW, Kim DB, Jung ED, Lee KS, Lee S, Nuzzo DD, Kim JS, Song MH. Effect of the solvent used for fabrication of perovskite films by solvent dropping on performance of perovskite light-emitting diodes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2088-2094. [PMID: 28116382 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as a next-generation candidate for light-emitting device applications due to their excellent optical and electrical properties with narrow band emission compared to organic emitters. The morphological control of perovskite films with full surface coverage and few defect sites is essential for achieving highly efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Here, we obtain a highly uniform perovskite film with a remarkably reduced number of defect sites in a perovskite crystal using chlorobenzene dropping. This effort leads to the enhanced performance of PeLEDs with a CH3NH3PbBr3 film using chlorobenzene dropping with a maximum luminance of 14 460 cd m-2 (at 3.8 V) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.71% (at 2.8 V). This research confirms that the role of the solvent in the solvent dropping method is to fabricate a dense and uniform perovskite film and to passivate the defect sites of the perovskite crystal films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Choul Yu
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da Bin Kim
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sukbin Lee
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daniele Di Nuzzo
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- School of Materials Science Engineering/KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Galisteo-López JF, Li Y, Míguez H. Three-Dimensional Optical Tomography and Correlated Elemental Analysis of Hybrid Perovskite Microstructures: An Insight into Defect-Related Lattice Distortion and Photoinduced Ion Migration. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:5227-5234. [PMID: 27973900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic lead halide perovskites have recently been proposed for applications in light-emitting devices of different sorts. More specifically, regular crystalline microstructures constitute an efficient light source and fulfill the geometrical requirements to act as resonators, giving rise to waveguiding and optical amplification. Herein we show three-dimensional laser scanning confocal tomography studies of different types of methylammonium lead bromide microstructures which have allowed us to dissect their photoemission properties with a precision of 0.036 μm3. This analysis shows that their spectral emission presents strong spatial variations which can be attributed to defect-related lattice distortions. It is also largely enhanced under light exposure, which triggers the migration of halide ions away from illuminated regions, eventually leading to a strongly anisotropic degradation. Our work points to the need for performing an optical quality test of individual crystallites prior to their use in optoelectronics devices and provides a means to do so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Galisteo-López
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yuelong Li
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Gonzalez-Carrero S, Francés-Soriano L, González-Béjar M, Agouram S, Galian RE, Pérez-Prieto J. The Luminescence of CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoparticles Crests the Summit and Their Photostability under Wet Conditions is Enhanced. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5245-5250. [PMID: 27555293 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
CH3 NH3 PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles (PAD ) are prepared with a photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈100% in air atmosphere by using the quasi-spherical shaped 2-adamantylammonium bromide (ADBr) as the only capping ligand. The photostability under wet conditions of this kind of nanoparticles is enhanced by using cucurbit[7]uril-adamantylammonium (AD@CB) host-guest complexes as the capping ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Francés-Soriano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María González-Béjar
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Saïd Agouram
- Departamento de Física Aplicada y Electromagnetismo, Universitat de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Raquel E Galian
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julia Pérez-Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
Twenty years after layer-type metal halide perovskites were successfully developed, 3D metal halide perovskites (shortly, perovskites) were recently rediscovered and are attracting multidisciplinary interest from physicists, chemists, and material engineers. Perovskites have a crystal structure composed of five atoms per unit cell (ABX3) with cation A positioned at a corner, metal cation B at the center, and halide anion X at the center of six planes and unique optoelectronic properties determined by the crystal structure. Because of very narrow spectra (full width at half-maximum ≤20 nm), which are insensitive to the crystallite/grain/particle dimension and wide wavelength range (400 nm ≤ λ ≤ 780 nm), perovskites are expected to be promising high-color purity light emitters that overcome inherent problems of conventional organic and inorganic quantum dot emitters. Within the last 2 y, perovskites have already demonstrated their great potential in light-emitting diodes by showing high electroluminescence efficiency comparable to those of organic and quantum dot light-emitting diodes. This article reviews the progress of perovskite emitters in two directions of bulk perovskite polycrystalline films and perovskite nanoparticles, describes current challenges, and suggests future research directions for researchers to encourage them to collaborate and to make a synergetic effect in this rapidly emerging multidisciplinary field.
Collapse
|
71
|
Emission Enhancement and Intermittency in Polycrystalline Organolead Halide Perovskite Films. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081081. [PMID: 27548128 PMCID: PMC6274434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic-organic halide organometal perovskites have demonstrated very promising performance for opto-electronic applications, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, single-photon sources, etc. However, the little knowledge on the underlying photophysics, especially on a microscopic scale, hampers the further improvement of devices based on this material. In this communication, correlated conventional photoluminescence (PL) characterization and wide-field PL imaging as a function of time are employed to investigate the spatially- and temporally-resolved PL in CH₃NH₃PbI3-xClx perovskite films. Along with a continuous increase of the PL intensity during light soaking, we also observe PL blinking or PL intermittency behavior in individual grains of these films. Combined with significant suppression of PL blinking in perovskite films coated with a phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer, it suggests that this PL intermittency is attributed to Auger recombination induced by photoionized defects/traps or mobile ions within grains. These defects/traps are detrimental for light conversion and can be effectively passivated by the PCBM layer. This finding paves the way to provide a guideline on the further improvement of perovskite opto-electronic devices.
Collapse
|
72
|
Li J, Niu G, Li W, Cao K, Wang M, Wang L. Insight into the CH3NH3PbI3/C interface in hole-conductor-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14163-14170. [PMID: 27385565 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03359h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with hole-conductor-free mesoscopic architecture have shown superb stability and great potential in practical application. The printable carbon counter electrodes take full responsibility of extracting holes from the active CH3NH3PbI3 absorbers. However, an in depth study of the CH3NH3PbI3/C interface properties, such as the structural formation process and the effect of interfacial conditions on hole extraction, is still lacking. Herein, we present, for the first time, an insight into the spatial confinement induced CH3NH3PbI3/C interface formation by in situ photoluminescence observations during the crystallization process of CH3NH3PbI3. The derived reaction kinetics allows a quantitative description of the perovskite formation process. In addition, we found that the interfacial contact between carbon and perovskite was dominant for hole extraction efficiency and associated with the photovoltaic parameter of short circuit current density (JSC). Consequently, we conducted a solvent vapor assisted process of PbI2 diffusion to carefully control the CH3NH3PbI3/C interface with less unreacted PbI2 barrier. The improvement of interface conditions thereby contributes to a high hole extraction proved by the charge extraction resistance and PL lifetime change, resulting in the increased JSC valve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Fang HH, Adjokatse S, Wei H, Yang J, Blake GR, Huang J, Even J, Loi MA. Ultrahigh sensitivity of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite single crystals to environmental gases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600534. [PMID: 29713684 PMCID: PMC5919775 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the limiting factors to high device performance in photovoltaics is the presence of surface traps. Hence, the understanding and control of carrier recombination at the surface of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is critical for the design and optimization of devices with this material as the active layer. We demonstrate that the surface recombination rate (or surface trap state density) in methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals can be fully and reversibly controlled by the physisorption of oxygen and water molecules, leading to a modulation of the photoluminescence intensity by over two orders of magnitude. We report an unusually low surface recombination velocity of 4 cm/s (corresponding to a surface trap state density of 108 cm-2) in this material, which is the lowest value ever reported for hybrid perovskites. In addition, a consistent modulation of the transport properties in single crystal devices is evidenced. Our findings highlight the importance of environmental conditions on the investigation and fabrication of high-quality, perovskite-based devices and offer a new potential application of these materials to detect oxygen and water vapor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hua Fang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sampson Adjokatse
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Haotong Wei
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Graeme R. Blake
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jacky Even
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, INSA, FOTON, UMR 6082, 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Milosavljević AR, Huang W, Sadhu S, Ptasinska S. Low‐Energy Electron‐Induced Transformations in Organolead Halide Perovskite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10083-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar R. Milosavljević
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers St. Aubin, BP48 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
- Institute of Physics Belgrade University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11080 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Weixin Huang
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Subha Sadhu
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Sylwia Ptasinska
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Physics University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Milosavljević AR, Huang W, Sadhu S, Ptasinska S. Low‐Energy Electron‐Induced Transformations in Organolead Halide Perovskite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar R. Milosavljević
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers St. Aubin, BP48 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
- Institute of Physics Belgrade University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11080 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Weixin Huang
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Subha Sadhu
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Sylwia Ptasinska
- Radiation Laboratory University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Physics University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
deQuilettes DW, Zhang W, Burlakov VM, Graham DJ, Leijtens T, Osherov A, Bulović V, Snaith HJ, Ginger DS, Stranks SD. Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic-inorganic perovskite films. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11683. [PMID: 27216703 PMCID: PMC4890321 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic perovskites such as CH3NH3PbI3 are promising materials for a variety of optoelectronic applications, with certified power conversion efficiencies in solar cells already exceeding 21%. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art films still contain performance-limiting non-radiative recombination sites and exhibit a range of complex dynamic phenomena under illumination that remain poorly understood. Here we use a unique combination of confocal photoluminescence (PL) microscopy and chemical imaging to correlate the local changes in photophysics with composition in CH3NH3PbI3 films under illumination. We demonstrate that the photo-induced ‘brightening' of the perovskite PL can be attributed to an order-of-magnitude reduction in trap state density. By imaging the same regions with time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectrometry, we correlate this photobrightening with a net migration of iodine. Our work provides visual evidence for photo-induced halide migration in triiodide perovskites and reveals the complex interplay between charge carrier populations, electronic traps and mobile halides that collectively impact optoelectronic performance. Visual evidence for photo-induced ionic migration in perovskite films without contacts is lacking. Here, the authors use a unique combination of confocal photoluminescence microscopy and chemical imaging to correlate the local changes in photophysics with composition in CH3NH3PbI3 films under illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Victor M Burlakov
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.,Mathematical Institute, OCCAM, Woodstock Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, USA
| | - Tomas Leijtens
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anna Osherov
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Panzer F, Hanft D, Gujar TP, Kahle FJ, Thelakkat M, Köhler A, Moos R. Compact Layers of Hybrid Halide Perovskites Fabricated via the Aerosol Deposition Process-Uncoupling Material Synthesis and Layer Formation. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040277. [PMID: 28773403 PMCID: PMC5502970 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present the successful fabrication of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite layers by the aerosol deposition method (ADM). The layers show high structural purity and compactness, thus making them suitable for application in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. By using the aerosol deposition method we are able to decouple material synthesis from layer processing. Our results therefore allow for enhanced and easy control over the fabrication of perovskite-based devices, further paving the way for their commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panzer
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Dominik Hanft
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Tanaji P Gujar
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Frank-Julian Kahle
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chen Y, He M, Peng J, Sun Y, Liang Z. Structure and Growth Control of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronics: From Polycrystalline Films to Single Crystals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500392. [PMID: 27812463 PMCID: PMC5069589 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic-inorganic halide perovskites have sparked tremendous research interest because of their ground-breaking photovoltaic performance. The crystallization process and crystal shape of perovskites have striking impacts on their optoelectronic properties. Polycrystalline films and single crystals are two main forms of perovskites. Currently, perovskite thin films have been under intensive investigation while studies of perovskite single crystals are just in their infancy. This review article is concentrated upon the control of perovskite structures and growth, which are intimately correlated for improvements of not only solar cells but also light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. We begin with the survey of the film formation process of perovskites including deposition methods and morphological optimization avenues. Strategies such as the use of additives, thermal annealing, solvent annealing, atmospheric control, and solvent engineering have been successfully employed to yield high-quality perovskite films. Next, we turn to summarize the shape evolution of perovskites single crystals from three-dimensional large sized single crystals, two-dimensional nanoplates, one-dimensional nanowires, to zero-dimensional quantum dots. Siginificant functions of perovskites single crystals are highlighted, which benefit fundamental studies of intrinsic photophysics. Then, the growth mechanisms of the previously mentioned perovskite crystals are unveiled. Lastly, perspectives for structure and growth control of perovskites are outlined towards high-performance (opto)electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yani Chen
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Minhong He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Peng
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chen S, Wen X, Sheng R, Huang S, Deng X, Green MA, Ho-Baillie A. Mobile Ion Induced Slow Carrier Dynamics in Organic-Inorganic Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbBr₃. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5351-7. [PMID: 26863286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) in CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite under continuous illumination, using optical and electro-optical techniques. Under continuous excitation at constant intensity, PL intensity and PL decay (carrier recombination) exhibit excitation intensity dependent reductions in the time scale of seconds to minutes. The enhanced nonradiative recombination is ascribed to light activated negative ions and their accumulation which exhibit a slow dynamics in a time scale of seconds to minutes. The observed result suggests that the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is a mixed electronic-ionic semiconductor. The key findings in this work suggest that ions are photoactivated or electro-activated and their accumulation at localized sites can result in a change of carrier dynamics. The findings are therefore useful for the understanding of instability of perovskite solar cells and shed light on the necessary strategies for performance improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rui Sheng
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shujuan Huang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaofan Deng
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin A Green
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anita Ho-Baillie
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ponseca CS, Tian Y, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG. Excited state and charge-carrier dynamics in perovskite solar cell materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:082001. [PMID: 26820442 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/8/082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organo-metal halide perovskites (OMHPs) have attracted enormous interest in recent years as materials for application in optoelectronics and solar energy conversion. These hybrid semiconductors seem to have the potential to challenge traditional silicon technology. In this review we will give an account of the recent development in the understanding of the fundamental light-induced processes in OMHPs from charge-photo generation, migration of charge carries through the materials and finally their recombination. Our and other literature reports on time-resolved conductivity, transient absorption and photoluminescence properties are used to paint a picture of how we currently see the fundamental excited state and charge-carrier dynamics. We will also show that there is still no fully coherent picture of the processes in OMHPs and we will indicate the problems to be solved by future research.
Collapse
|
81
|
Anaya M, Galisteo-López JF, Calvo M, López C, Míguez H. Photophysical Analysis of the Formation of Organic-Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Films: Identification and Characterization of Crystal Nucleation and Growth. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:3071-3076. [PMID: 26949439 PMCID: PMC4774969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate that the different processes occurring during hybrid organic-inorganic lead iodide perovskite film formation can be identified and analyzed by a combined in situ analysis of their photophysical and structural properties. Our observations indicate that this approach permits unambiguously identifying the crystal nucleation and growth regimes that lead to the final material having a cubic crystallographic phase, which stabilizes to the well-known tetragonal phase upon cooling to room temperature. Strong correlation between the dynamic and static photoemission results and the temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction data allows us to provide a description and to establish an approximate time scale for each one of the stages and their evolution. The combined characterization approach herein explored yields key information about the kinetics of the process, such as the link between the evolution of the defect density during film formation, revealed by a fluctuating photoluminescence quantum yield, and the gradual changes observed in the PbI2-related precursor structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Anaya
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
de Sevilla, C/Américo
Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan F. Galisteo-López
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
de Sevilla, C/Américo
Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- J.G.: E-mail:
| | - Mauricio
E. Calvo
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
de Sevilla, C/Américo
Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cefe López
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
de Sevilla, C/Américo
Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- H.M.: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Sheng R, Wen X, Huang S, Hao X, Chen S, Jiang Y, Deng X, Green MA, Ho-Baillie AWY. Photoluminescence characterisations of a dynamic aging process of organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1926-1931. [PMID: 26753563 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07993d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
After unprecedented development of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells over the past few years, one of the biggest barriers towards their commercialization is the stability of the perovskite material. It is thus important to understand the interaction between the perovskite material and oxygen and/or humidity and the associated degradation process in order to improve device and encapsulation design for better durability. Here we characterize the dynamic aging process in vapour-assisted deposited (VASP) CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite thin films using advanced optical techniques, such as time-resolved photoluminescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Our investigation reveals that the perovskite grains grow spontaneously and the larger grains are formed at room temperature in the presence of moisture and oxygen. This crystallization process leads to a higher density of defects and a shorter carrier lifetime, specifically in the larger grains. Excitation-intensity-dependent steady-state photoluminescence shows both N2 stored and aged perovskite exhibit a super-linear increase of photoluminescence intensity with increasing excitation intensity; and the larger slope in aged sample suggests a larger density of defects is generated, consistent with time-resolved PL measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sheng
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - X Wen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - S Huang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - X Hao
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - S Chen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Y Jiang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - X Deng
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - M A Green
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - A W Y Ho-Baillie
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Palazon F, Akkerman Q, Prato M, Manna L. X-ray Lithography on Perovskite Nanocrystals Films: From Patterning with Anion-Exchange Reactions to Enhanced Stability in Air and Water. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1224-30. [PMID: 26617344 PMCID: PMC4734608 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Films of colloidal CsPbX3 (X = I, Br or Cl) nanocrystals, prepared by solution drop-casting or spin-coating on a silicon substrate, were exposed to a low flux of X-rays from an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer source, causing intermolecular C═C bonding of the organic ligands that coat the surface of the nanocrystals. This transformation of the ligand shell resulted in a greater stability of the film, which translated into the following features: (i) Insolubility of the exposed regions in organic solvents which caused instead complete dissolution of the unexposed regions. This enabled the fabrication of stable and strongly fluorescent patterns over millimeter scale areas. (ii) Inhibition of the irradiated regions toward halide anion exchange reactions, when the films were exposed either to halide anions in solution or to hydrohalic vapors. This feature was exploited to create patterned regions of different CsPbIxBryClz compositions, starting from a film with homogeneous CsPbX3 composition. (iii) Resistance of the films to degradation caused by exposure to air and moisture, which represents one of the major drawbacks for the integration of these materials in devices. (iv) Stability of the film in water and biological buffer, which can open interesting perspectives for applications of halide perovskite nanocrystals in aqueous environments.
Collapse
|
84
|
Fu X, Jacobs DA, Beck FJ, Duong T, Shen H, Catchpole KR, White TP. Photoluminescence study of time- and spatial-dependent light induced trap de-activation in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22557-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03779h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Confocal photoluminescence microscopy is applied to investigate the time and spatial characteristics of light-induced trap de-activation in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - Daniel A. Jacobs
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - Fiona J. Beck
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - The Duong
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - Heping Shen
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - Kylie R. Catchpole
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| | - Thomas P. White
- Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems
- Research School of Engineering
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Yantara N, Bhaumik S, Yan F, Sabba D, Dewi HA, Mathews N, Boix PP, Demir HV, Mhaisalkar S. Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4360-4. [PMID: 26722972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have transcended photovoltaics. Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) emerge as a new field to leverage on these fascinating semiconductors. Here, we report the first use of completely inorganic CsPbBr3 thin films for enhanced light emission through controlled modulation of the trap density by varying the CsBr-PbBr2 precursor concentration. Although pure CsPbBr3 films can be deposited from equimolar CsBr-PbBr2 and CsBr-rich solutions, strikingly narrow emission line (17 nm), accompanied by elongated radiative lifetimes (3.9 ns) and increased photoluminescence quantum yield (16%), was achieved with the latter. This is translated into the enhanced performance of the resulting PeLED devices, with lower turn-on voltage (3 V), narrow electroluminescence spectra (18 nm) and higher electroluminescence intensity (407 Cd/m(2)) achieved from the CsBr-rich solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yantara
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Saikat Bhaumik
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Fei Yan
- LUMINOUS! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Dharani Sabba
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Herlina A Dewi
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- LUMINOUS! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Research TechnoPlaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Tian Y, Merdasa A, Unger E, Abdellah M, Zheng K, McKibbin S, Mikkelsen A, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG. Enhanced Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Photoluminescence from Nanosized Defect-Free Crystallites and Emitting Sites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4171-7. [PMID: 26722793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) of organo-metal halide perovskite semiconductors can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by exposure to visible light. We applied PL microscopy and super-resolution optical imaging to investigate this phenomenon with spatial resolution better than 10 nm using films of CH3NH3PbI3 prepared by the equimolar solution-deposition method, resulting in crystals of different sizes. We found that PL of ∼100 nm crystals enhances much faster than that of larger, micrometer-sized ones. This crystal-size dependence of the photochemical light passivation of charge traps responsible for PL quenching allowed us to conclude that traps are present in the entire crystal volume rather than at the surface only. Because of this effect, "dark" micrometer-sized perovskite crystals can be converted into highly luminescent smaller ones just by mechanical grinding. Super-resolution optical imaging shows spatial inhomogeneity of the PL intensity within perovskite crystals and the existence of <100 nm-sized localized emitting sites. The possible origin of these sites is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Unger
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarah McKibbin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Tian Y, Scheblykin IG. Artifacts in Absorption Measurements of Organometal Halide Perovskite Materials: What Are the Real Spectra? J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3466-3470. [PMID: 27120683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide (OMH) perovskites have attracted lots of attention over the last several years due to their very promising performance as the materials for solar cells and light-emitting devices. Photophysical processes in these hybrid organic-inorganic semiconductors are still heavily debated. To know precise absorption spectra is absolutely necessary for quantitative understanding of the fundamental properties of OMH perovskites. We show that to measure the absorption of perovskite materials correctly is a difficult task which could be easily overlooked by the community. Many of the published absorption spectra exhibit a characteristic step-like featureless shape due to light scattering, high optical density of individual perovskite crystals and poor coverage of the substrate. We show how to recognize these artifacts, to avoid them, and to use absorption spectra of films for estimation of the surface coverage ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , PO. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivan G Scheblykin
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , PO. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Bischak CG, Sanehira EM, Precht JT, Luther JM, Ginsberg NS. Heterogeneous Charge Carrier Dynamics in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials: Nanoscale Lateral and Depth-Dependent Variation of Recombination Rates in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4799-4807. [PMID: 26098220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We reveal substantial luminescence yield heterogeneity among individual subdiffraction grains of high-performing methylammonium lead halide perovskite films by using high-resolution cathodoluminescence microscopy. Using considerably lower accelerating voltages than is conventional in scanning electron microscopy, we image the electron beam-induced luminescence of the films and statistically characterize the depth-dependent role of defects that promote nonradiative recombination losses. The highest variability in the luminescence intensity is observed at the exposed grain surfaces, which we attribute to surface defects. By probing deeper into the film, it appears that bulk defects are more homogeneously distributed. By identifying the origin and variability of a surface-specific loss mechanism that deleteriously impacts device efficiency, we suggest that producing films homogeneously composed of the highest-luminescence grains found in this study could result in a dramatic improvement of overall device efficiency. We also show that although cathodoluminescence microscopy is generally used only to image inorganic materials it can be a powerful tool to investigate radiative and nonradiative charge carrier recombination on the nanoscale in organic-inorganic hybrid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Sanehira
- ⊥National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- #Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Joseph M Luther
- ⊥National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- ∇Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Tian Y, Peter M, Unger E, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG. Mechanistic insights into perovskite photoluminescence enhancement: light curing with oxygen can boost yield thousandfold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24978-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Propagation of the light-induced trap passivation reaction through a thick perovskite crystal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Chemical Physics
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | | | - Eva Unger
- Chemical Physics
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|