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Dingler C, Dirnberger K, Ludwigs S. Semiconducting Polymer Spherulites-From Fundamentals to Polymer Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800601. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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52
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Tsutsui Y, Okamoto H, Sakamaki D, Sugiyasu K, Takeuchi M, Seki S. Landscape of Charge Carrier Transport in Doped Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Noncontact Approach Using Ternary Combined Dielectric, Paramagnetic, and Optical Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3639-3645. [PMID: 29911867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on a comprehensive measurement system for mobility and energy states of charge carriers in matter under dynamic chemical doping. The temporal evolution of the iodine doping process of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was monitored directly through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectroscopy, as well as differential electrical conductivity by the microwave conductivity measurement. The increase in conductivity was observed after the EPR intensity reached a maximum and declined thereafter, and the conductivity finally reached ∼80 S cm-1. The carrier species changed from a paramagnetic polaron with an estimated mobility of μP+ ≈ 2 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 to an antiferromagnetic polaron pair with μPP+ ≈ 0.6 cm2 V-1 s-1. The technique presented here can be a ubiquitous method for rapid and direct observation of charge carrier mobility and energy states in p-type semiconducting materials as a completely noncontact, experimental, and quantitative technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Haruka Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Molecular Design & Function Group , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-2-1 Sengen , Tsukuba 305-0047 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Molecular Design & Function Group , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-2-1 Sengen , Tsukuba 305-0047 , Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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53
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Bruchlos K, Trefz D, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Heinze J, Ruff A, Ludwigs S. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) revisited – Influence of film deposition on the electrochemical behaviour and energy levels. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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54
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Zuo G, Liu X, Fahlman M, Kemerink M. Morphology Determines Conductivity and Seebeck Coefficient in Conjugated Polymer Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9638-9644. [PMID: 29488380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of nanoscale morphology on conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in p-type doped all-polymer blend systems is investigated. For a strongly phase separated system (P3HT:PTB7), we achieve a Seebeck coefficient that peaks at S ∼ 1100 μV/K with conductivity σ ∼ 3 × 10-3 S/cm for 90% PTB7. In marked contrast, for well-mixed systems (P3HT:PTB7 with 5% diiodooctane (DIO), P3HT:PCPDTBT), we find an almost constant S ∼ 140 μV/K and σ ∼ 1 S/cm despite the energy levels being (virtually) identical in both cases. The results are interpreted in terms of a variable range hopping (VRH) model where a peak in S and a minimum in σ arise when the percolation pathway contains both host and guest sites, in which the latter acts as energetic trap. For well-mixed blends of the investigated compositions, VRH enables percolation pathways that only involve isolated guest sites, whereas the large distance between guest clusters in phase-separated blends enforces (energetically unfavorable) hops via the host. The experimentally observed trends are in good agreement with the results of atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo simulations accounting for the differences in nanoscale morphology.
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55
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Tang K, McFarland FM, Travis S, Lim J, Azoulay JD, Guo S. Aggregation of P3HT as a preferred pathway for its chemical doping with F4-TCNQ. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11925-11928. [PMID: 30283920 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05472j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the chemical doping reaction of P3HT with F4-TCNQ, the aggregation of P3HT occurs before the charge transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Frederick M. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Skye Travis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Jasmine Lim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
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56
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Hynynen J, Kiefer D, Müller C. Influence of crystallinity on the thermoelectric power factor of P3HT vapour-doped with F4TCNQ. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1593-1599. [PMID: 35540921 PMCID: PMC9077114 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with the p-dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is a widely used model system for organic thermoelectrics. We here study how the crystalline order influences the Seebeck coefficient of P3HT films doped with F4TCNQ from the vapour phase, which leads to a similar number of F4TCNQ anions and hence (bound + mobile) charge carriers of about 2 × 10−4 mol cm−3. We find that the Seebeck coefficient first slightly increases with the degree of order, but then again decreases for the most crystalline P3HT films. We assign this behaviour to the introduction of new states in the bandgap due to planarisation of polymer chains, and an increase in the number of mobile charge carriers, respectively. Overall, the Seebeck coefficient varies between about 40 to 60 μV K−1. In contrast, the electrical conductivity steadily increases with the degree of order, reaching a value of more than 10 S cm−1, which we explain with the pronounced influence of the semi-crystalline nanostructure on the charge-carrier mobility. Overall, the thermoelectric power factor of F4TCNQ vapour-doped P3HT increases by one order of magnitude, and adopts a value of about 3 μW m−1 K−2 in the case of the highest degree of crystalline order. The crystallinity of P3HT strongly benefits the electrical conductivity but not Seebeck coefficient, leading to an increase in power factor by one order of magnitude.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Göteborg
- Sweden
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57
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58
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Jacobs IE, Moulé AJ. Controlling Molecular Doping in Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703063. [PMID: 28921668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics thrives on the hope of enabling low-cost, solution-processed electronic devices with mechanical, optoelectronic, and chemical properties not available from inorganic semiconductors. A key to the success of these aspirations is the ability to controllably dope organic semiconductors with high spatial resolution. Here, recent progress in molecular doping of organic semiconductors is summarized, with an emphasis on solution-processed p-type doped polymeric semiconductors. Highlighted topics include how solution-processing techniques can control the distribution, diffusion, and density of dopants within the organic semiconductor, and, in turn, affect the electronic properties of the material. Research in these areas has recently intensified, thanks to advances in chemical synthesis, improved understanding of charged states in organic materials, and a focus on relating fabrication techniques to morphology. Significant disorder in these systems, along with complex interactions between doping and film morphology, is often responsible for charge trapping and low doping efficiency. However, the strong coupling between doping, solubility, and morphology can be harnessed to control crystallinity, create doping gradients, and pattern polymers. These breakthroughs suggest a role for molecular doping not only in device function but also in fabrication-applications beyond those directly analogous to inorganic doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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59
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Hynynen J, Kiefer D, Yu L, Kroon R, Munir R, Amassian A, Kemerink M, Müller C. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Molecularly p-Doped Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Understanding the Correlation with Solid-State Order. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8140-8148. [PMID: 29093606 PMCID: PMC5656978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular p-doping of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is a widely studied model system. Underlying structure-property relationships are poorly understood because processing and doping are often carried out simultaneously. Here, we exploit doping from the vapor phase, which allows us to disentangle the influence of processing and doping. Through this approach, we are able to establish how the electrical conductivity varies with regard to a series of predefined structural parameters. We demonstrate that improving the degree of solid-state order, which we control through the choice of processing solvent and regioregularity, strongly increases the electrical conductivity. As a result, we achieve a value of up to 12.7 S cm-1 for P3HT:F4TCNQ. We determine the F4TCNQ anion concentration and find that the number of (bound + mobile) charge carriers of about 10-4 mol cm-3 is not influenced by the degree of solid-state order. Thus, the observed increase in electrical conductivity by almost 2 orders of magnitude can be attributed to an increase in charge-carrier mobility to more than 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1. Surprisingly, in contrast to charge transport in undoped P3HT, we find that the molecular weight of the polymer does not strongly influence the electrical conductivity, which highlights the need for studies that elucidate structure-property relationships of strongly doped conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rahim Munir
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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60
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Chew AR, Ghosh R, Shang Z, Spano FC, Salleo A. Sequential Doping Reveals the Importance of Amorphous Chain Rigidity in Charge Transport of Semi-Crystalline Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4974-4980. [PMID: 28949140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sequential doping is a promising new doping technique for semicrystalline polymers that has been shown to produce doped films with higher conductivity and more uniform morphology than conventional doping processes, and where the dopant placement in the film can be controlled. As a relatively new technique, however, much work is needed to understand the resulting polymer-dopant interactions upon sequential doping. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and theoretical simulations shows that the dopants selectively placed in the amorphous regions in the film via sequential doping result in highly localized polarons. We find that the presence of dopants within the amorphous regions of the film leads to an increase in conjugation length of the amorphous chains upon doping, increasing film connectivity and hence improving the overall conductivity of the film compared with the conventional doping processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel R Chew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Zhengrong Shang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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61
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McFarland FM, Bonnette L, Acres EA, Guo S. The Impact of Aggregation on the p-Doping Kinetics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2017; 5:5764-5771. [PMID: 29057077 PMCID: PMC5646835 DOI: 10.1039/c7tc00189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphological effects of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on its p-doping kinetics with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) in solution are studied using optical absorption spectroscopy and stopped-flow technique. Two morphological forms, solubilized (s-P3HT) and nanowhiskers (nw-P3HT), are investigated. Both P3HT solubilized and aggregated solutions show similar characteristic near-IR absorption bands for integer charge transfer products with F4-TCNQ. Kinetic analysis on p-doping of s-P3HT with F4-TCNQ indicates that the doping reaction proceeds with a single reaction mechanism that is first order in s-P3HT. The doping kinetics of P3HT aggregate solution shows two distinctive reaction mechanisms. The slow mechanism has a reaction rate constant similar to that of solubilized P3HT solution, so it likely results from s-P3HT components that are present in the aggregate solution. The fast one is assigned to the nw-P3HT component, probably due to more efficient charge delocalization in the aggregated P3HT nanostructures. Additionally, the kinetic trends of the p-doping reactions are better fitted with the consideration of a Gaussian-like distribution of reactivities from P3HT, matching the complexity of polymeric systems originating from molecular weight and morphology variations. This study highlights the importance of considering different morphological forms of conjugated polymers on their charge-transfer reaction kinetics. The knowledge gained here should be fundamentally and practically important for future chemical doping applications in organic electronic device fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Lindsey Bonnette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | | | - Song Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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62
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Kroon R, Kiefer D, Stegerer D, Yu L, Sommer M, Müller C. Polar Side Chains Enhance Processability, Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Stability of a Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700930. [PMID: 28437018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of organic semiconductors is critical for optimizing a range of optoelectronic devices such as field-effect transistors, solar cells, and thermoelectric generators. However, many dopant:polymer pairs suffer from poor solubility in common organic solvents, which leads to a suboptimal solid-state nanostructure and hence low electrical conductivity. A further drawback is the poor thermal stability through sublimation of the dopant. The use of oligo ethylene glycol side chains is demonstrated to significantly improve the processability of the conjugated polymer p(g4 2T-T)-a polythiophene-in polar aprotic solvents, which facilitates coprocessing of dopant:polymer pairs from the same solution at room temperature. The use of common molecular dopants such as 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is explored. Doping of p(g4 2T-T) with F4TCNQ results in an electrical conductivity of up to 100 S cm-1 . Moreover, the increased compatibility of the polar dopant F4TCNQ with the oligo ethylene glycol functionalized polythiophene results in a high degree of thermal stability at up to 150 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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63
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Patel SN, Glaudell AM, Peterson KA, Thomas EM, O’Hara KA, Lim E, Chabinyc ML. Morphology controls the thermoelectric power factor of a doped semiconducting polymer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700434. [PMID: 28630931 PMCID: PMC5473677 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrical performance of doped semiconducting polymers is strongly governed by processing methods and underlying thin-film microstructure. We report on the influence of different doping methods (solution versus vapor) on the thermoelectric power factor (PF) of PBTTT molecularly p-doped with F n TCNQ (n = 2 or 4). The vapor-doped films have more than two orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity (σ) relative to solution-doped films. On the basis of resonant soft x-ray scattering, vapor-doped samples are shown to have a large orientational correlation length (OCL) (that is, length scale of aligned backbones) that correlates to a high apparent charge carrier mobility (μ). The Seebeck coefficient (α) is largely independent of OCL. This reveals that, unlike σ, leveraging strategies to improve μ have a smaller impact on α. Our best-performing sample with the largest OCL, vapor-doped PBTTT:F4TCNQ thin film, has a σ of 670 S/cm and an α of 42 μV/K, which translates to a large PF of 120 μW m-1 K-2. In addition, despite the unfavorable offset for charge transfer, doping by F2TCNQ also leads to a large PF of 70 μW m-1 K-2, which reveals the potential utility of weak molecular dopants. Overall, our work introduces important general processing guidelines for the continued development of doped semiconducting polymers for thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrayesh N. Patel
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Anne M. Glaudell
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kelly A. Peterson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Elayne M. Thomas
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kathryn A. O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eunhee Lim
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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64
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Ahn DY, Lee DY, Shin CY, Bui HT, Shrestha NK, Giebeler L, Noh YY, Han SH. Novel Solid-State Solar Cell Based on Hole-Conducting MOF-Sensitizer Demonstrating Power Conversion Efficiency of 2.1. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:12930-12935. [PMID: 28374990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on designing of first successful MOF-sensitizer based solid-state photovoltaic device, perticularly with a meaningful output power conversion efficiency. In this study, an intrinsically conductive cobalt-based MOFs (Co-DAPV) formed by the coordination between Co (II) ions and a redox active di(3-diaminopropyl)-viologen (i.e., DAPV) ligand is investigated as sensitizer. Hall-effect measurement shows p-type conductivity of the Co-DAPV film with hole mobility of 0.017 cm2 V-1 s-1, suggesting its potential application as hole transporting sensitizer. Further, the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of Co-DAPV are well-matched to be suitably employed for sensitizing TiO2. Thus, by layer-by-layer deposition of hole conducting MOF-sensitizer onto mesoporous TiO2 film, a power conversion efficiency of as high as 2.1% is achieved, which exceeds the highest efficiency values of MOF-sensitized liquid-junction solar cells reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Ahn
- Institute of Materials Design, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yeon Lee
- Institute of Materials Design, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yong Shin
- Institute of Materials Design, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoa Thi Bui
- Institute of Materials Design, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Nabeen K Shrestha
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Lars Giebeler
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Han
- Institute of Materials Design, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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65
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Kiefer D, Yu L, Fransson E, Gómez A, Primetzhofer D, Amassian A, Campoy‐Quiles M, Müller C. A Solution-Doped Polymer Semiconductor:Insulator Blend for Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600203. [PMID: 28105396 PMCID: PMC5238747 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide) is demonstrated to be a suitable matrix polymer for the solution-doped conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene). The polarity of the insulator combined with carefully chosen processing conditions permits the fabrication of tens of micrometer-thick films that feature a fine distribution of the F4TCNQ dopant:semiconductor complex. Changes in electrical conductivity from 0.1 to 0.3 S cm-1 and Seebeck coefficient from 100 to 60 μV K-1 upon addition of the insulator correlate with an increase in doping efficiency from 20% to 40% for heavily doped ternary blends. An invariant bulk thermal conductivity of about 0.3 W m-1 K-1 gives rise to a thermoelectric Figure of merit ZT ∼ 10-4 that remains unaltered for an insulator content of more than 60 wt%. Free-standing, mechanically robust tapes illustrate the versatility of the developed dopant:semiconductor:insulator ternary blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, and KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Erik Fransson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
| | - Andrés Gómez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Esfera de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | | | - Aram Amassian
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, and KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy‐Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Esfera de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
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Jacobs IE, Aasen EW, Nowak D, Li J, Morrison W, Roehling JD, Augustine MP, Moulé AJ. Direct-Write Optical Patterning of P3HT Films Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 27740691 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Doping-induced solubility control is a patterning technique for semiconducting polymers, which utilizes the reduction in polymer solubility upon p-type doping to provide direct, optical control of film topography and doping level. In situ direct-write patterning and imaging are demonstrated, revealing sub-diffraction-limited topographic features. Photoinduced force microscopy shows that doping level can be optically modulated with similar resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erik W Aasen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Derek Nowak
- Molecular Vista, Inc, 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William Morrison
- Molecular Vista, Inc, 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - John D Roehling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matthew P Augustine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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67
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Mahmud MA, Elumalai NK, Upama MB, Wang D, Gonçales VR, Wright M, Xu C, Haque F, Uddin A. A high performance and low-cost hole transporting layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21033-21045. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A F4TCNQ doped FDT HTL based PSC demonstrates 75% higher device stability than a conventional Li-TFSI doped FDT based PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arafat Mahmud
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Naveen Kumar Elumalai
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Mushfika Baishakhi Upama
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Dian Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | | | - Matthew Wright
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Faiazul Haque
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Ashraf Uddin
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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68
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Reinold P, Bruchlos K, Ludwigs S. Simultaneous doping and crosslinking of polythiophene films. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a click chemistry approach for the synthesis of conjugated redox polymers based on highly regioregular polythiophenes with tunable amounts of pendant redox-active triphenylamine (TPA) groups. Solution-deposited films can be simultaneously doped and crosslinked by electrochemical or chemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Reinold
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - K. Bruchlos
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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69
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Patel SN, Chabinyc ML. Anisotropies and the thermoelectric properties of semiconducting polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrayesh N. Patel
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106-5050
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106-5050
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70
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Xuan H, Chen X, Wu Y, Song K, Li Y, Liu R. Charges on nano-islands and fibrils of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) – light-modulation, injection and transportation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27711f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the nanostructures of conjugated polymers on their electronic properties is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xuan
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Yinghui Wu
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Kena Song
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Yuenan Li
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- Department of Physics
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
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