51
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Wollmann J, Kahle FJ, Bauer I, Köhler A, Strohriegl P. Versatile Approach to Well-Defined Oligofluorenes and Polyfluorenes with Low Dispersity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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52
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Wedler S, Zhou C, Bazan GC, Panzer F, Köhler A. Role of Torsional Flexibility in the Film Formation Process in Two π-Conjugated Model Oligomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9379-9386. [PMID: 33095590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of solution-processed organic semiconductor devices is heavily influenced by the morphology of the active layer. Film formation is a complex process, with the final morphology being the result of the interplay between processing parameters and molecular properties, which is only poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of molecular stiffness by using two model oligomers, TT and CT, which differ only in the rotational flexibility of their central building block. We monitor absorption and emission simultaneously in situ during spin coating. We find that film formation takes place in four similar stages for both compounds. However, the time scales are remarkably different during the third stage, where electronically interacting aggregates are created. While this process is fast for the stiff CT, it takes minutes for the flexible TT. By comparing with previously determined aggregation properties in solution, we conclude that even though aggregate formation concurs with a planarization process, a certain amount of backbone flexibility is beneficial for establishing ordered structures during film formation. Here, the elongated time window in the case of the flexible compound can further allow for better processing control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wedler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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53
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Du B, Yi J, Yan H, Wang T. Temperature Induced Aggregation of Organic Semiconductors. Chemistry 2020; 27:2908-2919. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jicheng Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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54
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Sakata T, Kajiya D, Saitow KI. Brush Printing Creates Polarized Green Fluorescence: 3D Orientation Mapping and Stochastic Analysis of Conductive Polymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46598-46608. [PMID: 32985860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brush printing is a unique method used to obtain uniaxially oriented films, whereby a polymer solution is brushed onto a substrate. However, there have been only a few reports on the brush-printing method. Here, we report the preparation of a uniaxially oriented film of a green light-emitting conductive polymer, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The fluorescence polarization ratio of the oriented F8BT films was as high as 11.3, and the average orientation factor reached 0.74 ± 0.06. The orientation factor and the torsion angle of F8BT were visualized by two mappings of fluorescence and Raman spectral measurements by confocal spectromicroscopy, respectively. These two x-y mapping data with many pixels (∼750 pixels) were evaluated by x-y-z mapping of the film thickness at a single position and were used to reveal the three-dimensional (3D) orientation mechanism from a stochastic approach. Polarized green fluorescence originates from polymer chains uniaxially oriented along the brush direction. The high orientation for a film thickness < 100 nm is established by shear stress, faster capillary flow, and flow-induced chain extension for a thin solution film on a substrate. The high orientation factor was also demonstrated by a high brushing speed, whereas an optimized brushing speed existed. We found that this optimization is attributed to the property of a non-Newtonian fluid. By applying this brush-printing method to the fabrication of an optoelectrical device, polarized green electroluminescence was preliminarily demonstrated by the OLED assembled from an oriented F8BT film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Kajiya
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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55
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Saes BWH, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. The Effect of α-Branched Side Chains on the Structural and Opto-Electronic Properties of Poly(Diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-Terthiophene). Chemistry 2020; 26:14221-14228. [PMID: 32452575 PMCID: PMC7702133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introducing solubilizing α‐branched alkyl chains on a poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole‐alt‐terthiophene) results in a dramatic change of the structural, optical, and electronic properties compared to the isomeric polymer carrying β‐branched alkyl side chains. When branched at the α‐position the alkyl substituent creates a steric hindrance that reduces the tendency of the polymer to π–π stack and endows the material with a much higher solubility in common organic solvents. The wider π–π stacking and reduced tendency to crystallize, evidenced from grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, result in a wider optical band gap in the solid state. In solar cells with a fullerene acceptor, the α‐branched isomer affords a higher open‐circuit voltage, but an overall lower power conversion efficiency as a result of a too well‐mixed nanomorphology. Due its reduced π–π stacking, the α‐branched isomer fluoresces and affords near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes emitting at 820 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart W H Saes
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for, Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for, Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for, Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612, AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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56
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Albano G, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Chiroptical Properties in Thin Films of π-Conjugated Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10145-10243. [PMID: 32892619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated molecules provide new materials with outstanding features for current and perspective applications, especially in the field of optoelectronic devices. In thin films, processes such as charge conduction, light absorption, and emission are governed not only by the structure of the individual molecules but also by their supramolecular structures and intermolecular interactions to a large extent. Electronic circular dichroism, ECD, and its emission counterpart, circularly polarized luminescence, CPL, provide tools for studying aggregated states and the key properties to be sought for designing innovative devices. In this review, we shall present a comprehensive coverage of chiroptical properties measured on thin films of organic π-conjugated molecules. In the first part, we shall discuss some general concepts of ECD, CPL, and other chiroptical spectroscopies, with a focus on their applications to thin film samples. In the following, we will overview the existing literature on chiral π-conjugated systems whose thin films have been characterized by ECD and/or CPL, as well other chiroptical spectroscopies. Special emphasis will be put on systems with large dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum) and on the application of ECD and CPL to derive structural information on aggregated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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57
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Gupta S, Chatterjee S, Zolnierczuk P, Nesterov EE, Schneider GJ. Impact of Local Stiffness on Entropy Driven Microscopic Dynamics of Polythiophene. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9966. [PMID: 32561777 PMCID: PMC7305133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We exploited the high temporal and spatial resolution of neutron spin echo spectroscopy to investigate the large-scale dynamics of semiflexible conjugated polymer chains in solutions. We used a generalized approach of the well-established Zimm model of flexible polymers to describe the relaxation mode spectra of locally stiff polythiophene chains. The Zimm mode analysis confirms the existence of beads with a finite length that corresponds to a reduced number of segmental modes in semiflexible chains. Irrespective of the temperature and the molecular weight of the conjugated polymer, we witness a universal behavior of the local chain stiffness and invariability of the bead length. Our experimental findings indicate possibly minor role of the change in π-electron conjugation length (and therefore conjugated backbone planar to non-planar conformational transition) in the observed thermochromic behavior of polythiophene but instead point on the major role of chain dynamics in this phenomenon. We also obtained the first experimental evidence of an existence of a single-chain glass state in conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Piotr Zolnierczuk
- Jülich Centre for Neutron science (JCNS) and outstation at SNS, POB 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, TN, 37831, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Evgueni E Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
| | - Gerald J Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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58
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Yan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Han Y. Increasing N2200 Charge Transport Mobility to Improve Performance of All Polymer Solar Cells by Forming a Percolation Network Structure. Front Chem 2020; 8:394. [PMID: 32509729 PMCID: PMC7251163 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor electron transport ability of the polymer acceptor is one of the factors restricting the performance of all-polymer solar cells. The percolation network of conjugated polymers can promote its charge transfer. Hence, we aim to find out the critical molecular weight (MW) of N2200 on the forming of the percolation network and to improve its charge mobility and thus photovoltaic performance of J51:N2200 blend. Detailed measurements demonstrate that when the MW of N2200 is larger than 96k, a percolation network structure is formed due to the chain tangled and multi-chain aggregations. Analysis of kinetic experiments reveals that it is the memory of the N2200 long chain conformation and the extent of aggregation in solution are carried into cast films for the formation of the percolation network. Thus, the electron mobility increases from 5.58 × 10-6 cm2V-1s-1 (N220017k) to 9.03 × 10-5 cm2V-1s-1 when the MW of N2200 is >96k. It led to a balance between hole and electron mobility. The μh/μe decrease from 16.9 to 1.53, causing a significant enhancement in the PCEs, from 5.87 to 8.28% without additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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59
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Schmode P, Schötz K, Dolynchuk O, Panzer F, Köhler A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Thelakkat M. Influence of ω-Bromo Substitution on Structure and Optoelectronic Properties of Homopolymers and Gradient Copolymers of 3-Hexylthiophene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schmode
- Applied Functional Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Dolynchuk
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle−Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle−Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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60
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Hollingsworth WR, Williams V, Ayzner AL. Semiconducting Eggs and Ladders: Understanding Exciton Landscape Formation in Aqueous π-Conjugated Inter-Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Hollingsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Vanessa Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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61
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Simultaneous enhanced efficiency and thermal stability in organic solar cells from a polymer acceptor additive. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1218. [PMID: 32139697 PMCID: PMC7057953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of organic solar cells is critical for practical applications of this emerging technology. Thus, effective approaches and strategies need to be found to alleviate their inherent thermal instability. Here, we show a polymer acceptor-doping general strategy and report a thermally stable bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system, which exhibits an improved power conversion efficiency of 15.10%. Supported by statistical analyses of device degradation data, and morphological characteristics and physical mechanisms study, this polymer-doping blend shows a longer lifetime, nearly keeping its efficiency (t = 800 h) under accelerated aging tests at 150 oC. Further analysis of the degradation behaviors indicates a bright future of this system in outer space applications. Notably, the use of polymer acceptor as a dual function additive in the other four photovoltaic systems was also confirmed, demonstrating the good generality of this polymer-doping strategy. Thermal instability is a critical bottleneck for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Here Yang et al. use barely 1 wt% of a polymer acceptor as an additive to simultaneously improve the device efficiency and thermal stability of several state-of-the-art organic photovoltaic systems at high temperatures.
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62
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Ahn KS, Jo H, Kim JB, Seo I, Lee HH, Lee DR. Structural Transition and Interdigitation of Alkyl Side Chains in the Conjugated Polymer Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Their Effects on the Device Performance of the Associated Organic Field-Effect Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1142-1150. [PMID: 31840490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct grazing-angle X-ray scattering evidence of the order-disorder transition and interdigitation of side chains in a conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is presented. The free methyl ends of the side chains exhibit closest packing, as in n-alkane crystallization, and cause a structural mismatch due to the difference between their packing density and the areal density of the attached ends. This mismatch is resolved by increases in the tilt angle of the side chains and local interdigitation. In situ X-ray scattering and electrical measurements show that the structural transition and interdigitation of these side chains strongly affect its surface morphology as well as the charge transport properties of the resulting P3HT-based organic field-effect transistor. Since most conjugated polymers have side chains, the results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the effects of side chains on the structural and electrical properties of conjugated backbones. These results also provide a new perspective on the formation of a metastable polymorph consisting of interdigitated P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyerin Jo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Jong Beom Kim
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Ilwan Seo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Lee
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
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63
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High-Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:846-852. [PMID: 31709705 PMCID: PMC6973252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to precisely tailor the morphology of polymer monolayers to control charge transport. Herein, the effect of the dissolution temperature (Tdis ) is investigated as a powerful strategy for morphology control. Low Tdis values cause extended polymer aggregation in solution and induce larger nanofibrils in a monolayer network with more pronounced π-π stacking. The field-effect mobility of the corresponding monolayer transistors is significantly enhanced by a factor of four compared to devices obtained from high Tdis with a value approaching 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Besides that, the solution kinetics reveal a higher growth rate of aggregates at low Tdis , and filtration experiments further confirm that the dependence of the fibril width in monolayers on Tdis is consistent with the aggregate size in solution. The generalizability of the Tdis effect on polymer aggregation is demonstrated using three other conjugated polymer systems. These results open new avenues for the precise control of polymer aggregation for high-mobility monolayer transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO800 Blackburn RoadClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityWellington RoadClaytonVictoria3800Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongHong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
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64
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Ochieng MA, Ponder JF, Reynolds JR. Effects of linear and branched side chains on the redox and optoelectronic properties of 3,4-dialkoxythiophene polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of relevant structure–property relationships on solution-processable conjugated polymers have been shown to improve the performance of various redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melony A. Ochieng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - James F. Ponder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
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65
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Wu Y, Schneider S, Walter C, Chowdhury AH, Bahrami B, Wu HC, Qiao Q, Toney MF, Bao Z. Fine-Tuning Semiconducting Polymer Self-Aggregation and Crystallinity Enables Optimal Morphology and High-Performance Printed All-Polymer Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:392-406. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Ashraful Haider Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Behzad Bahrami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | | | - Qiquan Qiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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66
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Royakkers J, Minotto A, Congrave DG, Zeng W, Patel A, Bond AD, Bučar DK, Cacialli F, Bronstein H. Doubly Encapsulated Perylene Diimides: Effect of Molecular Encapsulation on Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 85:207-214. [PMID: 31682123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions play a fundamental role on the performance of conjugated materials in organic electronic devices, as they heavily influence their optoelectronic properties. Synthetic control over the solid state properties of organic optoelectronic materials is crucial to access real life applications. Perylene diimides (PDIs) are one of the most highly studied classes of organic fluorescent dyes. In the solid state, π-π stacking suppresses their emission, limiting their use in a variety of applications. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel PDI dye that is encapsulated by four alkylene straps. X-ray crystallography indicates that intermolecular π-π stacking is completely suppressed in the crystalline state. This is further validated by the photophysical properties of the dye in both solution and solid state and supported by theoretical calculations. However, we find that the introduction of the encapsulating "arms" results in the creation of charge-transfer states which modify the excited state properties. This article demonstrates that molecular encapsulation can be used as a powerful tool to tune intermolecular interactions and thereby gain an extra level of control over the solid state properties of organic optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Royakkers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Minotto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Congrave
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Adil Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
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67
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High‐Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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68
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Malollari KG, Delparastan P, Sobek C, Vachhani SJ, Fink TD, Zha RH, Messersmith PB. Mechanical Enhancement of Bioinspired Polydopamine Nanocoatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43599-43607. [PMID: 31644269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the catechol and amine-rich adhesive proteins of mussels, polydopamine (pDA) has become one of the most widely employed methods for functionalizing material surfaces, powered in part by the versatility and simplicity of pDA film deposition that takes place spontaneously on objects immersed in an alkaline aqueous solution of dopamine monomer. Despite the widespread adoption of pDA as a multifunctional coating for surface modification, it exhibits poor mechanical performance. Attempts to modify the physical properties of pDA by incorporation of oxidizing agents, cross-linkers, or carbonization of the films at ultrahigh temperatures have been reported; however, improving mechanical properties with mild post-treatments without sacrificing the functionality and versatility of pDA remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate thermal annealing at a moderate temperature (130 °C) as a facile route to enhance mechanical robustness of pDA coatings. Chemical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, molecular force spectroscopy, and bulk mechanical analyses indicate that monomeric and oligomeric species undergo further polymerization during thermal annealing, leading to fundamental changes in molecular and bulk mechanical behavior of pDA. Considerable improvements in scratch resistance were noted in terms of both penetration depth (32% decrease) and residual depth (74% decrease) for the annealed pDA coating, indicating the enhanced ability of the annealed coating to resist mechanical deformations. Thermal annealing resulted in significant enhancement in the intermolecular and cohesive interactions between the chains in the pDA structure, attributed to cross-linking and increased entanglements, preventing desorption and detachment of the chains from the coating. Importantly, improvements in pDA mechanical performance through thermal annealing did not compromise the ability of pDA to support secondary coating reactions as evidenced by electroless deposition of a metal film adlayer on annealed pDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina G Malollari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peyman Delparastan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Caroline Sobek
- College of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Tanner D Fink
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - R Helen Zha
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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69
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Zhang L, Zhao K, Li H, Zhang T, Liu D, Han Y. Liquid Crystal Ordering on Conjugated Polymers Film Morphology for High Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
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70
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Control the interplay of crystallization and phase separation of conjugated polymer blends by the relative rate of nucleation and growth. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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71
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Chung K, Yang DS, Sul WH, Kim BG, Kim J, Jang G, Kwon MS, Barłóg M, Lee TS, Park SY, Al-Hashimi M, Kim J. Molecular Design Approach for Directed Alignment of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongwoon Chung
- 3D Printing Materials Center, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Woo-Hwan Sul
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseok Jang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Maciej Barłóg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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72
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Impact of polymorphism on the optoelectronic properties of a low-bandgap semiconducting polymer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2867. [PMID: 31253772 PMCID: PMC6599012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of organic semiconducting materials exerts critical effects on their physical properties such as optical absorption, emission and electrical conductivity, and provides an excellent platform for investigating structure–property relations. It is, however, challenging to efficiently tune the polymorphism of conjugated polymers in aggregated, semi-crystalline phases due to their conformational freedom and anisotropic nature. Here, two distinctly different semi-crystalline polymorphs (β1 and β2) of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer are formed through controlling the solvent quality, as evidenced by spectroscopic, structural, thermal and charge transport studies. Compared to β1, the β2 polymorph exhibits a lower optical band gap, an enhanced photoluminescence, a reduced π-stacking distance, a higher hole mobility in field-effect transistors and improved photocurrent generation in polymer solar cells. The β1 and β2 polymorphs provide insights into the control of polymer self-organization for plastic electronics and hold potential for developing programmable ink formulations for next-generation electronic devices. Tuning polymorphism of conjugated polymers, though a promising method for studying and controlling the structure-property relations in these materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors identify two aggregated semi-crystalline polymorphs of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer.
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73
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Motomura Y, Hattori Y, Sakurai T, Ghosh S, Seki S. Impact of Unsymmetrical Alkyl–Fluoroalkyl Side Chains over Coil-to-Rod Transition of Soluble Polyacetylenes: Modulation of Electronic Conjugation of Isolated Chains and Their Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Motomura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hattori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Samrat Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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74
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Cao X, Zhao K, Chen L, Liu J, Han Y. Conjugated polymer single crystals and nanowires. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
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75
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O’Hara K, Takacs CJ, Liu S, Cruciani F, Beaujuge P, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML. Effect of Alkyl Side Chains on Intercrystallite Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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76
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Mazaheripour A, Thomas EM, Segalman RA, Chabinyc ML. Nonaggregating Doped Polymers Based on Poly(3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene). Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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77
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Biskup T. Structure-Function Relationship of Organic Semiconductors: Detailed Insights From Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30775359 PMCID: PMC6367236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is a promising technology to account for the increasing demand for energy in form of electricity. Whereas the last decades have seen tremendous progress in the field witnessed by the steady increase in efficiency of OPV devices, we still lack proper understanding of fundamental aspects of light-energy conversion, demanding for systematic investigation on a fundamental level. A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of semiconducting polymers and their building blocks is essential to develop efficient materials for organic electronics. Illuminating conjugated polymers not only leads to excited states, but sheds light on some of the most important aspects of device efficiency in organic electronics as well. The interplay between electronic structure, morphology, flexibility, and local ordering, while at the heart of structure-function relationship of organic electronic materials, is still barely understood. (Time-resolved) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is particularly suited to address these questions, allowing one to directly detect paramagnetic states and to reveal their spin-multiplicity, besides its clearly superior spectral resolution compared to optical methods. This article aims at giving a non-specialist audience an overview of what EPR spectroscopy and particularly its time-resolved variant (TREPR) can contribute to unraveling aspects of structure-function relationship in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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78
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Chen XK, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL. Assessing the nature of the charge-transfer electronic states in organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5295. [PMID: 30546009 PMCID: PMC6294259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The charge-transfer electronic states appearing at the donor-acceptor interfaces in organic solar cells mediate exciton dissociation, charge generation, and charge recombination. To date, the characterization of their nature has been carried out on the basis of models that only involve the charge-transfer state and the ground state. Here, we demonstrate that it is essential to go beyond such a two-state model and to consider explicitly as well the electronic and vibrational couplings with the local absorbing state on the donor and/or acceptor. We have thus developed a three-state vibronic model that allows us: to provide a reliable description of the optical absorption features related to the charge-transfer states; to underline the erroneous interpretations stemming from the application of the semi-classical two-state model; and to rationalize how the hybridization between the local-excitation state and charge-transfer state can lead to lower non-radiative voltage losses and higher power conversion efficiencies. Previous descriptions of the charge-transfer absorptions in organic solar cells only involve the charge transfer state and the ground state. Here Chen et al. underline that a third state, i.e., the local absorbing state on the donor and/or acceptor, needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
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79
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Buchhorn M, Wedler S, Panzer F. Setup to Study the in Situ Evolution of Both Photoluminescence and Absorption during the Processing of Organic or Hybrid Semiconductors. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9115-9122. [PMID: 30358396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurement techniques, applied during the solution processing of novel semiconductors such as organic semiconductors or hybrid perovskites, have become more and more important to understand their film formation. In that context, it is crucial to determine how the optical properties, namely photoluminescence (PL) and absorption, evolve during processing. However, until now PL and absorption have mostly been investigated independently, significantly reducing the potential insights into film formation dynamics. To tackle this issue we present the development of a detection system that allows simultaneous measurement of full absorption and PL spectra during solution processing of the investigated film. We also present a spin-coater system attachable to the detection system, where the temperature of the substrate on which the film is processed can be changed. We performed test measurements by spin coating the well-known conjugated polymer P3HT demonstrating the potential of this technique. By considering absorption and corresponding PL, we extract the PL quantum yield (PLQY) during processing, which decreases with substrate temperature. Furthermore, we identify a significant red shift of the PL just prior to the onset of the aggregation process, indicating the importance of chain planarization prior to solid film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buchhorn
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
| | - Stefan Wedler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
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80
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Kim JY. Order–Disorder Phase Equilibria of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) Solution. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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81
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Wurst KM, Bender M, Lauth J, Maiti S, Chassé T, Meixner A, Siebbeles LDA, Bunz UHF, Braun K, Scheele M. Correlated, Dual-Beam Optical Gating in Coupled Organic-Inorganic Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. Wurst
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jannika Lauth
- Institute of Chemistry; Physical Chemistry; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Sonam Maiti
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Alfred Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kai Braun
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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82
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Wurst KM, Bender M, Lauth J, Maiti S, Chassé T, Meixner A, Siebbeles LDA, Bunz UHF, Braun K, Scheele M. Correlated, Dual‐Beam Optical Gating in Coupled Organic–Inorganic Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11559-11563. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. Wurst
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jannika Lauth
- Institute of ChemistryPhysical ChemistryCarl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Sonam Maiti
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Alfred Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kai Braun
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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83
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Milward JD, Marcus M, Köhler A, Barford W. Extracting structural information from MEH-PPV optical spectra. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044903. [PMID: 30068188 DOI: 10.1063/1.5041938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Frenkel-Holstein model in the Born-Oppenheimer regime is used to interpret temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra of solutions made with the poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative MEH-PPV. Using our recently developed structural optimization method and assuming only intrachain electronic coupling, we predict the structure of emissive MEH-PPV chromophores in terms of a mean torsional angle ϕ0 and its static fluctuations σϕ, assuming no cis-trans defects. This allows us to fully account for the observed changes in spectra, and the chromophore structures obtained are consistent with the known phase transition at 180 K between a "red" and "blue" phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Milward
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Max Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William Barford
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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84
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Lebert J, Kratzer EM, Bourdick A, Coric M, Gekle S, Herzig EM. Directing the Aggregation of Native Polythiophene during in Situ Polymerization. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6388-6394. [PMID: 31458821 PMCID: PMC6644340 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The performance of semiconducting polymers strongly depends on their intra- and intermolecular electronic interactions. Therefore, the morphology and particularly crystallinity and crystal structure play a crucial role in enabling a sufficient overlap between the orbitals of neighboring polymers. A new solution-based in situ polymerization for the fabrication of native polythiophene thin films is presented, which exploits the film formation process to influence the polymer crystal structure in the resulting thin films. The synthesis of the insoluble polythiophene is based on an oxidative reaction in which the oxidizing agent, iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate (FeTos), initially oxidizes the monomers to enable the polymer chain growth and secondly the final polymers, thereby chemically doping the polythiophene. To exploit the fact that the doped polythiophene has a different crystal packing structure compared to the undoped polythiophene, we investigate the structural effect of this inherent doping process by varying the amounts of FeTos in the reaction mixture, creating polythiophene thin films with different degrees of doping. The structural investigation performed by means of grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) suggests that the strongly doped polymer chains aggregate in a π-stacked manner in the film formation process. Moreover, this π-stacking can be maintained after the removal of the dopant molecules. GIWAXS measurements, molecular dynamics simulations, and spectroscopic analysis suggest the presence of polythiophene in a novel and stable crystal structure with an enhanced intermolecular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lebert
- Herzig
Group, Munich School of Engineering, Technische
Universität München, Lichtenbergtstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Eva M. Kratzer
- Herzig
Group, Munich School of Engineering, Technische
Universität München, Lichtenbergtstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Axel Bourdick
- Biofluid
Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mihael Coric
- Herzig
Group, Munich School of Engineering, Technische
Universität München, Lichtenbergtstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid
Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eva M. Herzig
- Herzig
Group, Munich School of Engineering, Technische
Universität München, Lichtenbergtstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Dynamics
and Structure Formation - Herzig Group, Experimentalphysik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- E-mail:
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85
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McDearmon B, Lim E, Lee IH, Kozycz LM, O’Hara K, Robledo PI, Venkatesan NR, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ. Effects of Side-Chain Topology on Aggregation of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In-Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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86
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Raithel D, Simine L, Pickel S, Schötz K, Panzer F, Baderschneider S, Schiefer D, Lohwasser R, Köhler J, Thelakkat M, Sommer M, Köhler A, Rossky PJ, Hildner R. Direct observation of backbone planarization via side-chain alignment in single bulky-substituted polythiophenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2699-2704. [PMID: 29483262 PMCID: PMC5856543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719303115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The backbone conformation of conjugated polymers affects, to a large extent, their optical and electronic properties. The usually flexible substituents provide solubility and influence the packing behavior of conjugated polymers in films or in bad solvents. However, the role of the side chains in determining and potentially controlling the backbone conformation, and thus the optical and electronic properties on the single polymer level, is currently under debate. Here, we investigate directly the impact of the side chains by studying the bulky-substituted poly(3-(2,5-dioctylphenyl)thiophene) (PDOPT) and the common poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), both with a defined molecular weight and high regioregularity, using low-temperature single-chain photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and quantum-classical simulations. Surprisingly, the optical transition energy of PDOPT is significantly (∼2,000 cm-1 or 0.25 eV) red-shifted relative to P3HT despite a higher static and dynamic disorder in the former. We ascribe this red shift to a side-chain induced backbone planarization in PDOPT, supported by temperature-dependent ensemble PL spectroscopy. Our atomistic simulations reveal that the bulkier 2,5-dioctylphenyl side chains of PDOPT adopt a clear secondary helical structural motif and thus protect conjugation, i.e., enforce backbone planarity, whereas, for P3HT, this is not the case. These different degrees of planarity in both thiophenes do not result in different conjugation lengths, which we found to be similar. It is rather the stronger electronic coupling between the repeating units in the more planar PDOPT which gives rise to the observed spectral red shift as well as to a reduced calculated electron-hole polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Raithel
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lena Simine
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Sebastian Pickel
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Lohwasser
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Richard Hildner
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
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87
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Patel BB, Diao Y. Multiscale assembly of solution-processed organic electronics: the critical roles of confinement, fluid flow, and interfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:044004. [PMID: 29176055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9d7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting small molecules and polymers provide a rich phase space for investigating the fundamentals of molecular and hierarchical assembly. Stemming from weak intermolecular interactions, their assembly sensitively depends on processing conditions, which in turn drastically modulate their electronic properties. Much work has gone into molecular design strategies that maximize intermolecular interactions and encourage close packing. Less understood, however, is the non-equilibrium assembly that occurs during the fabrication process (especially solution coating and printing) which is critical to determining thin film morphology across length scales. This encompasses polymorphism and molecular packing at molecular scale, assembly of π-bonding aggregates at the tens of nanometers scale, and the formation of domains at the micron-millimeter device scale. Here, we discuss three phenomena ubiquitous in solution processing of organic electronic thin films: the confinement effect, fluid flows, and interfacial assembly and the role they play in directing assembly. This review focuses on the mechanistic understanding of how assembly outcomes couple closely to the solution processing environment, supported by salient examples from the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal B Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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88
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Leventis A, Royakkers J, Rapidis AG, Goodeal N, Corpinot MK, Frost JM, Bučar DK, Blunt MO, Cacialli F, Bronstein H. Highly Luminescent Encapsulated Narrow Bandgap Polymers Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1622-1626. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Leventis
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Royakkers
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros G. Rapidis
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LCN, University College London, Gower
Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Goodeal
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Merina K. Corpinot
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Oliver Blunt
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LCN, University College London, Gower
Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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89
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Meyer DL, Matsidik R, Huettner S, Sommer M, Biskup T. Solvent-mediated aggregate formation of PNDIT2: decreasing the available conformational subspace by introducing locally highly ordered domains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2716-2723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy proves aggregation of PNDIT2 to introduce highly ordered domains and to change the exciton delocalisation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Meyer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Sven Huettner
- Universität Bayreuth
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universitätsstraße 30
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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90
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Resta C, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Impact and amplification of chirality in the aggregation of leucine-appended poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE). Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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91
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Reichenberger M, Kroh D, Matrone GMM, Schötz K, Pröller S, Filonik O, Thordardottir ME, Herzig EM, Bässler H, Stingelin N, Köhler A. Controlling aggregate formation in conjugated polymers by spin-coating below the critical temperature of the disorder-order transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Giovanni M. M. Matrone
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Stephan Pröller
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Oliver Filonik
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Margret E. Thordardottir
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Eva M. Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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92
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Eder T, Stangl T, Gmelch M, Remmerssen K, Laux D, Höger S, Lupton JM, Vogelsang J. Switching between H- and J-type electronic coupling in single conjugated polymer aggregates. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1641. [PMID: 29158508 PMCID: PMC5696370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of conjugated polymers and electronic coupling of chromophores play a central role in the fundamental understanding of light and charge generation processes. Here we report that the predominant coupling in isolated aggregates of conjugated polymers can be switched reversibly between H-type and J-type coupling by partially swelling and drying the aggregates. Aggregation is identified by shifts in photoluminescence energy, changes in vibronic peak ratio, and photoluminescence lifetime. This experiment unravels the internal electronic structure of the aggregate and highlights the importance of the drying process in the final spectroscopic properties. The electronic coupling after drying is tuned between H-type and J-type by changing the side chains of the conjugated polymer, but can also be entirely suppressed. The types of electronic coupling correlate with chain morphology, which is quantified by excitation polarization spectroscopy and the efficiency of interchromophoric energy transfer that is revealed by the degree of single-photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Eder
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stangl
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Gmelch
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Remmerssen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Laux
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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93
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Chistyakov AA, Zvaigzne MA, Nikitenko VR, Tameev AR, Martynov IL, Prezhdo OV. Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solids for Photovoltaic Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4129-4139. [PMID: 28799772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) solids represent a new type of condensed matter drawing high fundamental and applied interest. Quantum confinement in individual QDs, combined with macroscopic scale whole materials, leads to novel exciton and charge transfer features that are particularly relevant to optoelectronic applications. This Perspective discusses the structure of semiconductor QD solids, optical and spectral properties, charge carrier transport, and photovoltaic applications. The distance between adjacent nanoparticles and surface ligands influences greatly electrostatic interactions between QDs and, hence, charge and energy transfer. It is almost inevitable that QD solids exhibit energetic disorder that bears many similarities to disordered organic semiconductors, with charge and exciton transport described by the multiple trapping model. QD solids are synthesized at low cost from colloidal solutions by casting, spraying, and printing. A judicious selection of a layer sequence involving QDs with different size, composition, and ligands can be used to harvest sunlight over a wide spectral range, leading to inexpensive and efficient photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chistyakov
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - M A Zvaigzne
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - V R Nikitenko
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A R Tameev
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 31-building 4 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - I L Martynov
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - O V Prezhdo
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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94
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Barford W, Marcus M. Perspective: Optical spectroscopy in π-conjugated polymers and how it can be used to determine multiscale polymer structures. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:130902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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