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Impact of albumin based approaches in nanomedicine: Imaging, targeting and drug delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 246:13-39. [PMID: 28716187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the field of nanomedicine is to transform laboratory innovations into commercially successful clinical products. In this campaign, a variety of nanoenabled approaches have been designed and investigated for their role in biomedical applications. The advantages associated with the unique structure of albumin imparts it with the ability to interact with variety of molecules, while the functional groups present on their surface provide base for large number of modifications making it as an ideal nanocarrier system. So far, a variety of albumin based nanoenabled approaches have been intensively exploited for effective diagnosis and personalized medicine, among them some have successfully completed their journey from lab bench to marketed products. This review focuses on the recent most promising advancement in the field of albumin based nanoenabled approaches for various biomedical applications and their potential use in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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52
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Zhang D, Kong YY, Sun JH, Huo SJ, Zhou M, Gui YL, Mu X, Chen H, Yu SQ, Xu Q. Co-delivery nanoparticles with characteristics of intracellular precision release drugs for overcoming multidrug resistance. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2081-2108. [PMID: 28356731 PMCID: PMC5360411 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s128790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy in clinical practice has been generally accepted as a feasible strategy for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR). Here, we designed and successfully prepared a co-delivery system named S-D1@L-D2 NPs, where denoted some smaller nanoparticles (NPs) carrying a drug doxorubicin (DOX) were loaded into a larger NP containing another drug (vincristine [VCR]) via water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion solvent diffusion-evaporation method. Chitosan-alginate nanoparticles carrying DOX (CS-ALG-DOX NPs) with a smaller diameter of about 20 nm formed S-D1 NPs; vitamin E D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles carrying VCR (TPGS-PLGA-VCR NPs) with a larger diameter of about 200 nm constituted L-D2 NPs. Some CS-ALG-DOX NPs loaded into TPGS-PLGA-VCR NPs formed CS-ALG-DOX@TPGS-PLGA-VCR NPs. Under the acidic environment of cytosol and endosome or lysosome in MDR cell, CS-ALG-DOX@TPGS-PLGA-VCR NPs released VCR and CS-ALG-DOX NPs. VCR could arrest cell cycles at metaphase by inhibiting microtubule polymerization in the cytoplasm. After CS-ALG-DOX NPs escaped from endosome, they entered the nucleus through the nuclear pore and released DOX in the intra-nuclear alkaline environment, which interacted with DNA to stop the replication of MDR cells. These results indicated that S-D1@L-D2 NPs was a co-delivery system of intracellular precision release loaded drugs with pH-sensitive characteristics. S-D1@L-D2 NPs could obviously enhance the in vitro cytotoxicity and the in vivo anticancer efficiency of co-delivery drugs, while reducing their adverse effects. Overall, S-D1@L-D2 NPs can be considered an innovative platform for the co-delivery drugs of clinical combination chemotherapy for the treatment of MDR tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Yan Yan Kong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Jia Hui Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Shao Jie Huo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai’an
| | - Yi Ling Gui
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Xu Mu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Huan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Shu Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
| | - Qian Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Thirupathi Kumara Raja S, Prakash T, Gnanamani A. Redox responsive albumin autogenic nanoparticles for the delivery of cancer drugs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:393-405. [PMID: 28157647 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores preparation and characterization of redox sensitive albumin autogenic nanoparticles (ANPs) for drug delivery applications. Human serum albumin nanoparticles are prepared by desolvation method. The particles are stabilized through self-crosslinking and no external stabilizers are involved in the preparation. ANPs are then subjected to Camptothecin (CPT) drug loading. Experiments on in vitro and in vivo release profile, cytotoxic and cytocompatability, hemocompatability, blood clearance, tracking and bio imaging are studied in detail. The redox sensitive and drug release properties of ANPs studied in the presence of glutathione. Results on the physical, chemical and instrumental characterization warrant the property of the nanoparticles. ANPs obtained in the present study is biocompatible, biodegradable, effectively entangle the chosen drug, release the drug in the controlled manner, sensitive to reducing environment, nil toxicity and appreciable uptake by cells. In the current scenario on the requirement of a drug carrier with redox sensitive property to encounter cancer cells, the results of the present study on albumin nanoparticles with redox sensitivity is smart and pave the way in the cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thirupathi Kumara Raja
- Biological Material Laboratory, Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Prakash
- Biological Material Laboratory, Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Gnanamani
- Biological Material Laboratory, Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
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54
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Chen D, Xie F, Sun D, Yin C, Gao J, Zhong Y. Nanomedicine-Mediated Combination Drug Therapy in Tumor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874844901704010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:Combined chemotherapy has gradually become one of the conventional methods of cancer treatment due to the limitation of monotherapy. However, combined chemotherapy has several drawbacks that may lead to treatment failure because drug synergy cannot be guaranteed, achievement of the optimal synergistic drug ratio is difficult, and drug uptake into the tumor is inconsistent. Nanomedicine can be a safe and effective form of drug delivery, which may address the problems associated with combination chemotherapy.Objective:This review summarizes the recent research in this area, including the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles, and provides new approach for combined chemotherapy.Methods:By collecting and referring to the related literature in recent years.Results:Compared with conventional drugs, nanomedicine has the following advantages: it increases bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, prolongs drug circulation timein vivo, and permits multiple drug loading, all of which could improve drug efficacy and reduce toxicity. Furthermore, nanomedicine can maintain the synergistic ratio of the drugs; deliver the drugs to the tumor at the same time, such that two or more drugs of tumor treatment achieve synchronization in time and space; and alter the pharmacokinetics and distribution profilein vivosuch that these are dependent on nanocarrier properties (rather than being dependent on the drugs themselves).Conclusion:Therefore, nanomedicine-mediated combination drug therapy is promising in the treatment of tumors.
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55
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Rahimi M, Safa KD, Salehi R. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and methotrexate by dendritic chitosan-g-mPEG as a magnetic nanocarrier for multi-drug delivery in combination chemotherapy. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents, and combination therapy is a promising strategy for clinical cancer treatment with synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rahimi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz 5166614766
- Iran
| | - Kazem D. Safa
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz 5166614766
- Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Centre and School of Advanced Medical Science
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
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56
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Deng C, Jia M, Wei G, Tan T, Fu Y, Gao H, Sun X, Zhang Q, Gong T, Zhang Z. Inducing Optimal Antitumor Immune Response through Coadministering iRGD with Pirarubicin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Breast Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:296-309. [PMID: 27936775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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57
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Banerjee S, Hwang DJ, Li W, Miller DD. Current Advances of Tubulin Inhibitors in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery and Vascular Disruption/Angiogenesis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111468. [PMID: 27827858 PMCID: PMC6272853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research over the last decade has resulted in a number of highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors acting either as microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs) or microtubule destabilizing agents (MDAs). These inhibitors have potent cytotoxicity against a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines. In addition to cytotoxicity, a number of these tubulin inhibitors have exhibited abilities to inhibit formation of new blood vessels as well as disrupt existing blood vessels. Tubulin inhibitors as a vascular disrupting agents (VDAs), mainly from the MDA family, induce rapid tumor vessel occlusion and massive tumor necrosis. Thus, tubulin inhibitors have become increasingly popular in the field of tumor vasculature. However, their pharmaceutical application is halted by a number of limitations including poor solubility and toxicity. Thus, recently, there has been considerable interests in the nanoparticle drug delivery of tubulin inhibitors to circumvent those limitations. This article reviews recent advances in nanoparticle based drug delivery for tubulin inhibitors as well as their tumor vasculature disruption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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58
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Li Y, Li R, Liu Q, Li W, Zhang T, Zou M, Li H, Wu T, Cheng S, Su Z, Zhang Z, He J. One-Step Self-Assembling Nanomicelles for Pirarubicin Delivery To Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3934-3944. [PMID: 27744704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells can acquire multidrug resistance (MDR) as a result of drug efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Here we report a targeted delivery system to carry pirarubicin (THP) to MDR breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. PEG-derivatized vitamin E (PAMV6) amphiphiles loaded with THP were self-assembled in a single step. The PAMV6 micelles showed unimodal size distribution and high drug loading efficiency. Cytotoxicity of PAMV6/THP was higher than that of free THP on MCF-7/ADR cells but comparable to that of THP on MCF-7 cells. PAMV6/THP was able to reverse MDR more than free THP in MCF-7/ADR cells, likely reflecting the remarkably higher intracellular THP concentration in micelle-treated cells and PAMV6-mediated inhibition of P-gp activity. PAMV6/THP micelles were internalized into MCF-7/ADR cells via macropinocytosis and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, further avoiding P-gp-mediated efflux. Mechanistic studies revealed that blank PAMV6 micelles inhibited P-gp activity but did not affect P-gp expression, by significantly reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and slightly decreasing intracellular ATP levels. In a nude mouse xenograft model, PAMV6/THP led to much greater THP accumulation in tumors and much slower tumor growth than free THP. At the same time, PAMV6/THP was associated with significantly less severe bone marrow suppression and organ toxicity than free THP. Our results indicate that this PAMV6-based micelle system holds promise for combating MDR in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
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59
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Li Y, Liu Q, Li W, Zhang T, Li H, Li R, Chen L, Pu S, Kuang J, Su Z, Zhang Z, He J. Design and Validation of PEG-Derivatized Vitamin E Copolymer for Drug Delivery into Breast Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1889-99. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hanmei Li
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 610041
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60
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Lomis N, Westfall S, Farahdel L, Malhotra M, Shum-Tim D, Prakash S. Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Use in Cancer Drug Delivery: Process Optimization and In Vitro Characterization. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6060116. [PMID: 28335244 PMCID: PMC5302621 DOI: 10.3390/nano6060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA-NPs) are widely-used drug delivery systems with applications in various diseases, like cancer. For intravenous administration of HSA-NPs, the particle size, surface charge, drug loading and in vitro release kinetics are important parameters for consideration. This study focuses on the development of stable HSA-NPs containing the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) via the emulsion-solvent evaporation method using a high-pressure homogenizer. The key parameters for the preparation of PTX-HSA-NPs are: the starting concentrations of HSA, PTX and the organic solvent, including the homogenization pressure and its number cycles, were optimized. Results indicate a size of 143.4 ± 0.7 nm and 170.2 ± 1.4 nm with a surface charge of -5.6 ± 0.8 mV and -17.4 ± 0.5 mV for HSA-NPs and PTX-HSA-NPs (0.5 mg/mL of PTX), respectively. The yield of the PTX-HSA-NPs was ~93% with an encapsulation efficiency of ~82%. To investigate the safety and effectiveness of the PTX-HSA-NPs, an in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity assay was performed on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The PTX-HSA-NPs showed dose-dependent toxicity on cells of 52%, 39.3% and 22.6% with increasing concentrations of PTX at 8, 20.2 and 31.4 μg/mL, respectively. In summary, all parameters involved in HSA-NPs' preparation, its anticancer efficacy and scale-up are outlined in this research article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lomis
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, 1110 Pins Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
| | - Susan Westfall
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Leila Farahdel
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, CHU St. Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Surgical Research, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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61
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Li N, Guo C, Duan Z, Yu L, Luo K, Lu J, Gu Z. A stimuli-responsive Janus peptide dendron–drug conjugate as a safe and nanoscale drug delivery vehicle for breast cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3760-3769. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00688d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A Janus mPEGylated dendron–PVGLIG–DOX conjugate self-assembled into nanoparticles was employed as a matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 enzyme-sensitive and safe nanoscale drug delivery system for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Chunhua Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Lingzhu Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Kui Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC)
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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62
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Tang B, Fang G, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Zou M, Cheng G. Co-encapsulation of borneol and paclitaxel by liprosomes improved anti-tumor effect in a xenografted glioma model. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a borneol (BOR) and paclitaxel (PTX) co-encapsulated lipid–protein nanocomplex (BP–liprosome) was developed for the treatment of brain glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- PR China
| | - Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
| | - Jinwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
| | - Meijuan Zou
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
| | - Gang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- PR China
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