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Ye L, Qian Y, Yu W, Guo G, Wang H, Xue X. Functional Profile of Human Cytomegalovirus Genes and Their Associated Diseases: A Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2104. [PMID: 33013768 PMCID: PMC7498621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), whose genome is 235 ± 1.9 kbp long, is a common herpesvirus. However, the functions of many of its genes are still unknown. HCMV is closely associated with various human diseases and infects 60-90% of the global population. It can infect various human cells, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes. Although HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic and causes subtle clinical symptoms, it can generate a robust immune response and establish a latent infection in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS, transplant recipients, and developing fetuses. Currently available antivirals approved for the treatment of HCMV-associated diseases are limited by dose-limiting toxicity and the emergence of resistance; however, vaccines and immunoglobulins are unavailable. In this review, we have summarized the recent literature on 43 newly identified HCMV genes. We have described their novel functions on the viral replication cycle, latency, and host immune evasion. Further, we have discussed HCMV-associated diseases and current therapeutic targets. Our review may provide a foundational basis for studies aiming to prevent and develop targeted therapies for HCMV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijie Yu
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
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Lo PC, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Pandey RK, Ng DKP, Torres T, Dumoulin F. The unique features and promises of phthalocyanines as advanced photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 49:1041-1056. [PMID: 31845688 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines exhibit superior photoproperties that make them a surely attractive class of photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Several derivatives are at various phases of clinical trials, and efforts have been put continuously to improve their photodynamic efficacy. To this end, various strategies have been applied to develop advanced phthalocyanines with optimised photoproperties, dual therapeutic actions, tumour-targeting properties and/or specific activation at tumour sites. The advantageous properties and potential of phthalocyanines as advanced photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer are highlighted in this tutorial review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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