51
|
Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C-H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.
Collapse
|
53
|
Gao Y, Hill DE, Hao W, McNicholas BJ, Vantourout JC, Hadt RG, Reisman SE, Blackmond DG, Baran PS. Electrochemical Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi Coupling: Scope, Applications, and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9478-9488. [PMID: 34128671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most oft-employed methods for C-C bond formation involving the coupling of vinyl-halides with aldehydes catalyzed by Ni and Cr (Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi, NHK) has been rendered more practical using an electroreductive manifold. Although early studies pointed to the feasibility of such a process, those precedents were never applied by others due to cumbersome setups and limited scope. Here we show that a carefully optimized electroreductive procedure can enable a more sustainable approach to NHK, even in an asymmetric fashion on highly complex medicinally relevant systems. The e-NHK can even enable non-canonical substrate classes, such as redox-active esters, to participate with low loadings of Cr when conventional chemical techniques fail. A combination of detailed kinetics, cyclic voltammetry, and in situ UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry of these processes illuminates the subtle features of this mechanistically intricate process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David E Hill
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brendon J McNicholas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Donna G Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Chicas-Baños DF, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C-, O-, and N-Centered Radicals. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2538-2573. [PMID: 34047059 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010-2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C-, O-, and N-centered radicals' reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Chicas-Baños
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Breen CP, Nambiar AM, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Ready, Set, Flow! Automated Continuous Synthesis and Optimization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
56
|
Zhang X, Yang C, Gao H, Wang L, Guo L, Xia W. Reductive Arylation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes with Cyanoarenes by Electrolysis for the Synthesis of Alcohols. Org Lett 2021; 23:3472-3476. [PMID: 33861088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electroreductive arylation reaction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes as well as ketones with electro-deficient (hetero)arenes is described. A variety of cyano(hetero)arenes and carbonyl compounds, especially aliphatic aldehydes, have been examined, providing secondary and tertiary alcohols in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and divided-cell experiments, support the generation of aliphatic ketyl radicals and persistent heteroaryl radical anions via cathodic reduction followed by radical-radical cross-coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Kammer LM, Badir SO, Hu RM, Molander GA. Photoactive electron donor-acceptor complex platform for Ni-mediated C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bond formation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5450-5457. [PMID: 34168786 PMCID: PMC8179655 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual photochemical/nickel-mediated decarboxylative strategy for the assembly of C(sp3)-C(sp2) linkages is disclosed. Under light irradiation at 390 nm, commercially available and inexpensive Hantzsch ester (HE) functions as a potent organic photoreductant to deliver catalytically active Ni(0) species through single-electron transfer (SET) manifolds. As part of its dual role, the Hantzsch ester effects a decarboxylative-based radical generation through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex activation. This homogeneous, net-reductive platform bypasses the need for exogenous photocatalysts, stoichiometric metal reductants, and additives. Under this cross-electrophile paradigm, the coupling of diverse C(sp3)-centered radical architectures (including primary, secondary, stabilized benzylic, α-oxy, and α-amino systems) with (hetero)aryl bromides has been accomplished. The protocol proceeds under mild reaction conditions in the presence of sensitive functional groups and pharmaceutically relevant cores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Ren-Ming Hu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Li Z, Sun W, Wang X, Li L, Zhang Y, Li C. Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydroxylative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols with Aryl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3536-3543. [PMID: 33621464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As alcohols are ubiquitous throughout chemical science, this functional group represents a highly attractive starting material for forging new C-C bonds. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of anodic preparation of the alkoxy triphenylphosphonium ion and nickel-catalyzed cathodic reductive cross-coupling provides an efficient method to construct C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds, in which free alcohols and aryl bromides-both readily available chemicals-can be directly used as coupling partners. This nickel-catalyzed paired electrolysis reaction features a broad substrate scope bearing a wide gamut of functionalities, which was illustrated by the late-stage arylation of several structurally complex natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenxuan Sun
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xianxu Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Luyang Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Li
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Ramadoss V, Zheng Y, Shao X, Tian L, Wang Y. Advances in Electrochemical Decarboxylative Transformation Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:3213-3228. [PMID: 32633436 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their non-toxic, stable, inexpensive properties, carboxylic acids are considered as environmentally benign alternatives as coupling partners in various organic transformations. Electrochemical mediated decarboxylation of carboxylic acid has emerged as a new and efficient methodology for the construction of carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. Compared with transition-metal catalysis and photoredox catalysis, electro-organic decarboxylative transformations are considered as a green and sustainable protocol due to the absence of chemical oxidants and strong bases. Further, it exhibits good tolerance with various functional groups. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advances and discoveries on the electrochemical decarboxylative transformations on C-C and C-heteroatoms bond formations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velayudham Ramadoss
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Yang Z, Yu Y, Lai L, Zhou L, Ye K, Chen FE. Carbon dioxide cycle via electrocatalysis: Electrochemical carboxylation of CO2 and decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
61
|
Parida SK, Mandal T, Das S, Hota SK, De Sarkar S, Murarka S. Single Electron Transfer-Induced Redox Processes Involving N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Kumar Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanju Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tian Q, Zhang J, Xu L, Wei Y. Synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones via electrochemical decarboxylative cyclization of α‑keto acids with 2-aminobenzamides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
63
|
Jiao KJ, Ma C, Liu D, Qiu H, Cheng B, Mei TS. Nickel-catalyzed electrochemical reductive relay cross-coupling of alkyl halides with alkyl carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective Ni-catalyzed electrochemical (undivided cell) reductive relay cross-coupling between alkyl carboxylic acids and alkyl bromides has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jin Jiao
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Sbei N, Aslam S, Ahmed N. Organic synthesis via Kolbe and related non-Kolbe electrolysis: an enabling electro-strategy. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the electrolysis process, where the anodic oxidation of carboxylic acids leads to decarboxylation, has been discussed to synthesize organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Sbei
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry
- The Women University Multan
- Multan 60000
- Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Chen N, Ye Z, Zhang F. Recent progress on electrochemical synthesis involving carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5501-5520. [PMID: 34079974 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are not only essential sections of medicinal molecules, natural products and agrochemicals but also basic building blocks for organic synthesis. However, high temperature, expensive catalysts and excess oxidants are normally required for carboxylic acid group transformations. Therefore, more eco-friendly and efficient methods are urgently needed. Organic electrochemistry, as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic method, can potentially avoid the above problems and is favored by more and more organic chemists. This review summarized the recent progress on the electrochemical synthesis of carboxylic acids to construct more complex compounds, emphasizing the development of electrosynthesis methodologies and mechanisms in order to attract more chemists to recognize the importance and applications of electrochemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Zenghui Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
The merger of transition metal catalysis and electroorganic synthesis has recently emerged as a versatile platform for the development of highly enabling radical reactions in a sustainable fashion. Electrochemistry provides access to highly reactive radical species under extremely mild reaction conditions from abundant native functionalities. Transition metal catalysts can be used as redox-active electrocatalysts to shuttle electrons, chiral information to organic substrates, and the reactive intermediates in the electrolytic systems. The combination of these strategies in this mechanistic paradigm thus makes the generation and utilization of radical species in a chemoselective manner and allows further application to more synthetically attractive enantioselective radical transformations. This perspective discusses key advances over the past few years in the field of electrochemical transition metal catalysis and demonstrates how the unique features of this strategy permit challenging or previously elusive transformations via radical pathways to be successfully achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Terry McCallum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Gale-Day ZJ. Recent Advances in Metal-Catalyzed, Electrochemical Coupling Reactions of sp2 Halides/Boronic Acids and sp3 Centers. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraditionally, metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions rely on stable but expensive metals, such as palladium. However, the recent development of synthetic organic electrochemistry allows for in situ redox manipulations, expanding the use of cheaper, abundant and sustainable metals, such as nickel and copper as efficient cross-coupling catalysts. This short review covers the recent advances in metal-catalyzed electrochemical coupling reactions, with a focus on reactions of sp2 electrophiles and nucleophiles with sp3 coupling partners to form both C–C and C–heteroatom bonds.1 Introduction2 Nickel-Catalyzed C–C sp2–sp3 Coupling Reactions3 Coupling of Aryl Groups with Heteroatomic Nuclei4 Conclusion
Collapse
|
68
|
Charboneau DJ, Barth EL, Hazari N, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. A Widely Applicable Dual Catalytic System for Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12642-12656. [PMID: 33628617 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A dual catalytic system for cross-electrophile coupling reactions between aryl halides and alkyl halides that features a Ni catalyst, a Co cocatalyst, and a mild homogeneous reductant is described. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Ni catalyst activates the aryl halide, while the Co cocatalyst activates the alkyl halide. This allows the system to be rationally optimized for a variety of substrate classes by simply modifying the loadings of the Ni and Co catalysts based on the reaction product profile. For example, the coupling of aryl bromides and aryl iodides with alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, and benzyl chlorides is demonstrated using the same Ni and Co catalysts under similar reaction conditions but with different optimal catalyst loadings in each case. Our system is tolerant of numerous functional groups and is capable of coupling heteroaryl halides, di-ortho-substituted aryl halides, pharmaceutically relevant druglike aryl halides, and a diverse range of alkyl halides. Additionally, the dual catalytic platform facilitates a series of selective one-pot three-component cross-electrophile coupling reactions of bromo(iodo)arenes with two distinct alkyl halides. This demonstrates the unique level of control that the platform provides and enables the rapid generation of molecular complexity. The system can be readily utilized for a wide range of applications as all reaction components are commercially available, the reaction is scalable, and toxic amide-based solvents are not required. It is anticipated that this strategy, as well as the underlying mechanistic framework, will be generalizable to other cross-electrophile coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emily L. Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R. Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Merck & Co., Inc., Department of Process Research and Development, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Das PK, Chakraborty P, Gholap SS, Gonçalves TP, Yao C, Li H, Lai Z, Emwas AH, Huang KW. Mechanistic elucidation of the role of metal oxidation states in nickel mediated electrocatalytic coupling of benzyl halides. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
70
|
Chowdhury R, Yu Z, Tong ML, Kohlhepp SV, Yin X, Mendoza A. Decarboxylative Alkyl Coupling Promoted by NADH and Blue Light. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20143-20151. [PMID: 33125842 PMCID: PMC7705967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcited dihydronicotinamides like NADH and analogues have been found to generate alkyl radicals upon reductive decarboxylation of redox-active esters without auxiliary photocatalysts. This principle allowed aliphatic photocoupling between redox-active carboxylate derivatives and electron-poor olefins, displaying surprising water and air-tolerance and unusually high coupling rates in dilute conditions. The orthogonality of the reaction in the presence of other carboxylic acids and its utility in the functionalization of DNA is presented, notably using visible light in combination with NADH, the ubiquitous reductant of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zhunzhun Yu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - My Linh Tong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stefanie V Kohlhepp
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Liu YA, Liao X, Chen H. Recent Progress in Radical Decarboxylative Functionalizations Enabled by Transition-Metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAliphatic carboxylic acids are abundant in natural and synthetic sources and are widely used as connection points in many chemical transformations. Radical decarboxylative functionalization promoted by transition-metal catalysis has achieved great success, enabling carboxylic acids to be easily transformed into a wide variety of products. Herein, we highlight the recent advances made on transition-metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) catalyzed C–X (X = C, N, H, O, B, or Si) bond formation as well as syntheses of ketones, amino acids, alcohols, ethers and difluoromethyl derivatives via radical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids or their derivatives, including, among others, redox-active esters (RAEs), anhydrides, and diacyl peroxides.1 Introduction2 Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations3 Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations4 Fe-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations5 Co- and Cr-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations6 Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahu A Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Kim N, Widenhoefer RA. Formation of Cyclopropanes via Activation of (γ-Methoxy)alkyl Gold(I) Complexes with Lewis Acids. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Kim
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ross A. Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Zhong Y, Feng Q, Wang X, Chen J, Cai W, Tong R. Functionalized Polyesters via Stereoselective Electrochemical Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1114-1118. [PMID: 35653202 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening polymerization is used to prepare polyesters with precisely controlled molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and tacticities. Herein, we report a Co/Zn catalytic system that can be activated by an electrical current to mediate efficient ring-opening polymerization of enantiopure O-carboxyanhydrides, allowing for the synthesis of isotactic functionalized polyesters with high molecular weights (>140 kDa) and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.1). We also demonstrate that these catalysts can be used for stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of racemic O-carboxyanhydrides to synthesize syndiotactic or stereoblock copolymers with different glass transition temperatures compared with their atactic counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Quanyou Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 400 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wenjun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 400 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Wang J, Hoerrner ME, Watson MP, Weix DJ. Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dialkyl Ketones from the Coupling of N-Alkyl Pyridinium Salts with Activated Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13484-13489. [PMID: 32374951 PMCID: PMC7397811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While ketones are among the most versatile functional groups, their synthesis remains reliant upon reactive and low-abundance starting materials. In contrast, amide formation is the most-used bond-construction method in medicinal chemistry because the chemistry is reliable and draws upon large and diverse substrate pools. A new method for the synthesis of ketones is presented here that draws from the same substrates used for amide bond synthesis: amines and carboxylic acids. A nickel terpyridine catalyst couples N-alkyl pyridinium salts with in situ formed carboxylic acid fluorides or 2-pyridyl esters under reducing conditions (Mn metal). The reaction has a broad scope, as demonstrated by the synthesis of 35 different ketones bearing a wide variety of functional groups with an average yield of 60±16 %. This approach is capable of coupling diverse substrates, including pharmaceutical intermediates, to rapidly form complex ketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Megan E. Hoerrner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Kaboudin B, Behrouzi L, Kazemi F, Najafpour MM, Aoyama H. Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfinate Esters: Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of Thiols with Alcohols in an Undivided Cell. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17947-17954. [PMID: 32743167 PMCID: PMC7391255 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nickel-catalyzed electrochemical oxidative esterification of thiols with alcohols for the synthesis of sulfinate esters has been reported. The electrochemical oxidative esterification proceeded through a nickel-catalyzed oxidation of thiols using an undivided cell of graphite/nickel electrodes, where the nickel oxidation was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The method was conveniently and directly used for the one-pot synthesis of sulfinate esters of thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kaboudin
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Leila Behrouzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Foad Kazemi
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad M. Najafpour
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- School
of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy
and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Wang J, Hoerrner ME, Watson MP, Weix DJ. Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dialkyl Ketones from the Coupling of N‐Alkyl Pyridinium Salts with Activated Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Megan E. Hoerrner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mao Y, Zhao W, Lu S, Yu L, Wang Y, Liang Y, Ni S, Pan Y. Copper-catalysed photoinduced decarboxylative alkynylation: a combined experimental and computational study. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4939-4947. [PMID: 34122950 PMCID: PMC8159226 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have demonstrated great advantages for C–C bond formation. A decarboxylative cross-coupling method is described to afford substituted alkynes from various carboxylic acids using copper catalysts CuCl and Cu(acac)2. The photoexcitation of copper acetylides with electron-rich NEt3 as a ligand provides a general strategy to generate a range of alkyl radicals from RAEs of carboxylic acids, which can be readily coupled with a variety of aromatic alkynes. The scope of this cross-coupling reaction can be further expanded to aliphatic alkynes and alkynyl silanes using a catalytic amount of preformed copper-phenylacetylide. In addition, DFT calculations revealed the favorable reaction pathway and that the bidentate acetylacetonate ligand of the copper intermediate plays an important role in inhibiting the homo-coupling of the alkyne. Redox-active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have demonstrated great advantages for Cu-catalysed C–C bond formation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Zhang L, Hu X. Nickel catalysis enables convergent paired electrolysis for direct arylation of benzylic C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10786-10791. [PMID: 34094332 PMCID: PMC8162382 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent paired electrosynthesis is an energy-efficient approach in organic synthesis; however, it is limited by the difficulty to match the innate redox properties of reaction partners. Here we use nickel catalysis to cross-couple the two intermediates generated at the two opposite electrodes of an electrochemical cell, achieving direct arylation of benzylic C–H bonds. This method yields a diverse set of diarylmethanes, which are important structural motifs in medicinal and materials chemistry. Preliminary mechanistic study suggests oxidation of a benzylic C–H bond, Ni-catalyzed C–C coupling, and reduction of a Ni intermediate as key elements of the catalytic cycle. A direct arylation of benzylic C–H bonds is achieved by integrating Ni-catalyzed benzyl–aryl coupling into convergent paired electrolysis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISCI-LSCI BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland http://lsci.epfl.ch
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISCI-LSCI BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland http://lsci.epfl.ch
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Chen X, Luo X, Peng X, Guo J, Zai J, Wang P. Catalyst‐Free Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids and Deoxygenation of Alcohols by Electro‐Induced Radical Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:3226-3230. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of, Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of, Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Zai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kingston C, Palkowitz MD, Takahira Y, Vantourout JC, Peters BK, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. A Survival Guide for the "Electro-curious". Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:72-83. [PMID: 31823612 PMCID: PMC6996934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The appeal and promise of synthetic organic electrochemistry have been appreciated over the past century. In terms of redox chemistry, which is frequently encountered when forging new bonds, it is difficult to conceive of a more economical way to add or remove electrons than electrochemistry. Indeed, many of the largest industrial synthetic chemical processes are achieved in a practical way using electrons as a reagent. Why then, after so many years of the documented benefits of electrochemistry, is it not more widely embraced by mainstream practitioners? Erroneous perceptions that electrochemistry is a "black box" combined with a lack of intuitive and inexpensive standardized equipment likely contributed to this stagnation in interest within the synthetic organic community. This barrier to entry is magnified by the fact that many redox processes can already be accomplished using simple chemical reagents even if they are less atom-economic. Time has proven that sustainability and economics are not strong enough driving forces for the adoption of electrochemical techniques within the broader community. Indeed, like many synthetic organic chemists that have dabbled in this age-old technique, our first foray into this area was not by choice but rather through sheer necessity. The unique reactivity benefits of this old redox-modulating technique must therefore be highlighted and leveraged in order to draw organic chemists into the field. Enabling new bonds to be forged with higher levels of chemo- and regioselectivity will likely accomplish this goal. In doing so, it is envisioned that widespread adoption of electrochemistry will go beyond supplanting unsustainable reagents in mundane redox reactions to the development of exciting reactivity paradigms that enable heretofore unimagined retrosynthetic pathways. Whereas the rigorous physical organic chemical principles of electroorganic synthesis have been reviewed elsewhere, it is often the case that such summaries leave out the pragmatic aspects of designing, optimizing, and scaling up preparative electrochemical reactions. Taken together, the task of setting up an electrochemical reaction, much less inventing a new one, can be vexing for even seasoned organic chemists. This Account therefore features a unique format that focuses on addressing this exact issue within the context of our own studies. The graphically rich presentation style pinpoints basic concepts, typical challenges, and key insights for those "electro-curious" chemists who seek to rapidly explore the power of electrochemistry in their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Yusuke Takahira
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Meng X, Zhang Y, Luo J, Wang F, Cao X, Huang S. Electrochemical Oxidative Oxydihalogenation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of α,α-Dihaloketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:1169-1174. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtai Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoji Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pan GA, Li Y, Li JH. Metal-free decarboxylative annulation of N-arylacrylamides with vinyl acids to synthesize benzo[b]azepin-2-ones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient oxidative decarbonylative (3 + 2)/(5 + 2) annulation of N-arylacrylamides with vinyl acids for the synthesis of diverse seven-membered N-heterocycles under metal-free conditions has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Torabi S, Jamshidi M, Amooshahi P, Mehrdadian M, Khazalpour S. Transition metal-catalyzed electrochemical processes for C–C bond formation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive electro-organometallic review has been carried out on C–C bond formation via variety of metals between 1984 and 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan 65178-38683
- Iran
| | - Mahdi Jamshidi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
- Hamadan
- Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Zhou Z, Xu S, Zhang J, Kong W. Nickel-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni-Catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles has evolved into a powerful means for building diverse carbon-carbon bonds in an enantioselective manner. Here we summarize the recent progress in Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Niu K, Song L, Hao Y, Liu Y, Wang Q. Electrochemical decarboxylative C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with N-hydroxyphthalimide esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11673-11676. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical decarboxylative C3 alkylation of a wide range of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones under metal- and additive-free conditions was reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Lingyun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Yanke Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Watanabe E, Chen Y, May O, Ley SV. A Practical Method for Continuous Production of sp3-Rich Compounds from (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Redox-Active Esters. Chemistry 2019; 26:186-191. [PMID: 31692149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A practically useful coupling reaction between aromatic halides and redox-active esters was realized by nickel catalysis through the use of a packed zinc bed column in continuous flow. Multiple reuse of the column showed a negligible decrease in efficiency, affording high space/time yields. A wide range of substrates, including a number of heteroaryl halides and polyfunctional materials were coupled in generally good yields. Longer-time and larger-scale experiments further demonstrates the robustness of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Watanabe
- New Path Molecular Ltd., Building 580, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Oliver May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
|
89
|
Kong WJ, Finger LH, Messinis AM, Kuniyil R, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Flow Rhodaelectro-Catalyzed Alkyne Annulations by Versatile C-H Activation: Mechanistic Support for Rhodium(III/IV). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17198-17206. [PMID: 31549815 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A flow-metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation was realized in terms of robust rhodaelectro-catalyzed alkyne annulations. To this end, a modular electro-flow cell with a porous graphite felt anode was designed to ensure efficient turnover. Thereby, a variety of C-H/N-H functionalizations proved amenable for alkyne annulations with high levels of regioselectivity and functional group tolerance, viable in both an inter- or intramolecular manner. The electro-flow C-H activation allowed easy scale up, while in-operando kinetic analysis was accomplished by online flow-NMR spectroscopy. Mechanistic studies suggest an oxidatively induced reductive elimination pathway on rhodium(III) in an electrocatalytic regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Huang M, Dai J, Cheng X, Ding M. Electrochemical Approach for Direct C-H Phosphonylation of Unprotected Secondary Amine. Org Lett 2019; 21:7759-7762. [PMID: 31525939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct α-phosphonylation of an unprotected secondary amine in a single step is of practical importance to amino phophophates. However, this protocol is limited due to the high redox barrier of unprotected amine. In this paper, we report C-H phosphonylation of an unprotected secondary amine via an electrochemical approach in the presence of catalytic carboxylate salt. This metal-free and exogenous oxidant-free method furnishes diverse target molecules with satisfactory yield under mild reaction conditions. Successful application of the protocol in a gram-scale experiment demonstrates the potential utility for further functionalization.
Collapse
|
91
|
DeLano TJ, Reisman SE. Enantioselective Electroreductive Coupling of Alkenyl and Benzyl Halides via Nickel Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019; 9:6751-6754. [PMID: 32351776 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically-driven enantioselective nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of alkenyl bromides and benzyl chlorides is reported. The reaction forms products bearing allylic stereogenic centers with good enantioselectivity under mild conditions in an undivided cell. Electrochemical activation and turnover of the catalyst mitigate issues posed by metal powder reductants. This report demonstrates that enantioselective Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile couplings can be driven electrochemically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. DeLano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Perkins RJ, Hughes AJ, Weix DJ, Hansen EC. Metal-Reductant-Free Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Couplings of Aryl and Alkyl Bromides in Acetonitrile. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Perkins
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alexander J. Hughes
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zeng X, Yan W, Zacate SB, Chao TH, Sun X, Cao Z, Bradford KGE, Paeth M, Tyndall SB, Yang K, Kuo TC, Cheng MJ, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Difluoromethylation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11398-11403. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Samson B. Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Kate G. E. Bradford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Matthew Paeth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Sam B. Tyndall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Tung-Chun Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Yue H, Zhu C, Shen L, Geng Q, Hock KJ, Yuan T, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Nickel-catalyzed C-N bond activation: activated primary amines as alkylating reagents in reductive cross-coupling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4430-4435. [PMID: 31057770 PMCID: PMC6482441 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00783k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross coupling of activated primary amines with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions has been achieved for the first time. Due to the avoidance of stoichiometric organometallic reagents and external bases, the scope regarding both coupling partners is broad. Thus, a wide range of substrates, natural products and drugs with diverse functional groups are tolerated. Moreover, experimental mechanistic investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in combination with wavefunction analysis have been performed to understand the catalytic cycle in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yue
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Li Shen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Qiuyang Geng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany .
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ni S, Padial NM, Kingston C, Vantourout JC, Schmitt DC, Edwards JT, Kruszyk MM, Merchant RR, Mykhailiuk PK, Sanchez BB, Yang S, Perry MA, Gallego GM, Mousseau JJ, Collins MR, Cherney RJ, Lebed PS, Chen JS, Qin T, Baran PS. A Radical Approach to Anionic Chemistry: Synthesis of Ketones, Alcohols, and Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6726-6739. [PMID: 30943023 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Historically accessed through two-electron, anionic chemistry, ketones, alcohols, and amines are of foundational importance to the practice of organic synthesis. After placing this work in proper historical context, this Article reports the development, full scope, and a mechanistic picture for a strikingly different way of forging such functional groups. Thus, carboxylic acids, once converted to redox-active esters (RAEs), can be utilized as formally nucleophilic coupling partners with other carboxylic derivatives (to produce ketones), imines (to produce benzylic amines), or aldehydes (to produce alcohols). The reactions are uniformly mild, operationally simple, and, in the case of ketone synthesis, broad in scope (including several applications to the simplification of synthetic problems and to parallel synthesis). Finally, an extensive mechanistic study of the ketone synthesis is performed to trace the elementary steps of the catalytic cycle and provide the end-user with a clear and understandable rationale for the selectivity, role of additives, and underlying driving forces involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Ni
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Jacob T Edwards
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Monika M Kruszyk
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Enamine Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , 02094 Kyiv , Ukraine.,Chemistry Department , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , 01601 Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Brittany B Sanchez
- Automated Synthesis Facility , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry , La Jolla Laboratories , Pfizer 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Matthew A Perry
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Gary M Gallego
- Department of Chemistry , La Jolla Laboratories , Pfizer 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Michael R Collins
- Department of Chemistry , La Jolla Laboratories , Pfizer 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Robert J Cherney
- Research & Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Rt. 206 & Province Line Road , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Pavlo S Lebed
- Enamine Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , 02094 Kyiv , Ukraine.,ChemBioCenter , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , 01601 Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Jason S Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Martin-Montero R, Yatham VR, Yin H, Davies J, Martin R. Ni-catalyzed Reductive Deaminative Arylation at sp 3 Carbon Centers. Org Lett 2019; 21:2947-2951. [PMID: 30924663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Ni-catalyzed reductive deaminative arylation at unactivated sp3 carbon centers is described. This operationally simple and user-friendly protocol exhibits excellent chemoselectivity profile and broad substrate scope, thus complementing existing metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to forge sp3 C-C linkages. These virtues have been assessed in the context of late-stage functionalization, hence providing a strategic advantage to reliably generate structure diversity with amine-containing drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Martin-Montero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Hongfei Yin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Jacob Davies
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain.,ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Koyanagi T, Herath A, Chong A, Ratnikov M, Valiere A, Chang J, Molteni V, Loren J. One-Pot Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Sp 2-Sp 3 Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2019; 21:816-820. [PMID: 30673257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot electrochemical nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative sp2-sp3 cross-coupling reaction has been developed using redox-active esters prepared in situ from alkyl carboxylates and N-hydroxyphthalimide tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (PITU). This undivided cell one-pot method enables C-C bond formation using inexpensive, benchtop-stable reagents with isolated yields up to 95% with good functional group tolerance, which includes nitrile, ketone, ester, alkene and selectivity over other aromatic halogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaoki Koyanagi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Ananda Herath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Ashley Chong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Maxim Ratnikov
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Andrew Valiere
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Jim Chang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Lu X, Wang XX, Gong TJ, Pi JJ, He SJ, Fu Y. Nickel-catalyzed allylic defluorinative alkylation of trifluoromethyl alkenes with reductive decarboxylation of redox-active esters. Chem Sci 2019; 10:809-814. [PMID: 30774875 PMCID: PMC6345349 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed allylic defluorinative alkylation of trifluoromethyl alkenes through reductive decarboxylation of redox-active esters. The present reaction enables the preparation of functionalized gem-difluoroalkenes with the formation of sterically hindered C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds under very mild reaction conditions, while tolerating many sensitive functional groups and requiring minimal substrate protection. Therefore, this method provides an efficient and convenient approach for late-stage modification of biologically interesting molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| | - Xiao-Xu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| | - Tian-Jun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| | - Jing-Jing Pi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| | - Shi-Jiang He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy , iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China . ;
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Kingston C, Wallace MA, Allentoff AJ, deGruyter JN, Chen JS, Gong SX, Bonacorsi S, Baran PS. Direct Carbon Isotope Exchange through Decarboxylative Carboxylation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:774-779. [PMID: 30605319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A two-step degradation-reconstruction approach to the carbon-14 radiolabeling of alkyl carboxylic acids is presented. Simple activation via redox-active ester formation was followed by nickel-mediated decarboxylative carboxylation to afford a range of complex compounds with ample isotopic incorporations for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. The practicality and operational simplicity of the protocol were demonstrated by its use in an industrial carbon-14 radiolabeling setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Michael A Wallace
- Radiochemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Alban J Allentoff
- Radiochemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Justine N deGruyter
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jason S Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Sharon X Gong
- Radiochemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Samuel Bonacorsi
- Radiochemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|