51
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Wang W, Yang X, Rong Z, Tu Z, Zhang X, Gu B, Wang C, Wang S. Introduction of graphene oxide-supported multilayer-quantum dots nanofilm into multiplex lateral flow immunoassay: A rapid and ultrasensitive point-of-care testing technique for multiple respiratory viruses. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:3063-3073. [PMID: 36312892 PMCID: PMC9589541 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-5043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) biosensor that allows the sensitive and accurate identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other common respiratory viruses remains highly desired in the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Here, we propose a multiplex LFA method for the on-site, rapid, and highly sensitive screening of multiple respiratory viruses, using a multilayered film-like fluorescent tag as the performance enhancement and signal amplification tool. This film-like three-dimensional (3D) tag was prepared through the layer-by-layer assembly of highly photostable CdSe@ZnS-COOH quantum dots (QDs) onto the surfaces of monolayer graphene oxide nanosheets, which can provide larger reaction interfaces and specific active surface areas, higher QD loads, and better luminescence and dispersibility than traditional spherical fluorescent microspheres for LFA applications. The constructed fluorescent LFA biosensor can simultaneously and sensitively quantify SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and human adenovirus with low detection limits (8 pg/mL, 488 copies/mL, and 471 copies/mL), short assay time (15 min), good reproducibility, and high accuracy. Moreover, our proposed assay has great potential for the early diagnosis of respiratory virus infections given its robustness when validated in real saliva samples. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (Section S1 Experimental section, Section S2 Calculation of the maximum number of QDs on the GO@TQD nanofilm, Section S3 Optimization of the LFA method, and Figs. S1-S17 mentioned in the main text) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-5043-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhen Rong
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhijie Tu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Xiaochang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100850 China
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52
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Xu M, Li Y, Lin C, Peng Y, Zhao S, Yang X, Yang Y. Recent Advances of Representative Optical Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100862. [PMID: 36291001 PMCID: PMC9599922 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has again emphasized the significance of developing rapid and highly sensitive testing tools for quickly identifying infected patients. Although the current reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic techniques can satisfy the required sensitivity and specificity, the inherent disadvantages with time-consuming, sophisticated equipment and professional operators limit its application scopes. Compared with traditional detection techniques, optical biosensors based on nanomaterials/nanostructures have received much interest in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to the high sensitivity, high accuracy, and fast response. In this review, the research progress on optical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, including fluorescence biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, Surface Enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensors, and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors, was comprehensively summarized. Further, promising strategies to improve optical biosensors are also explained. Optical biosensors can not only realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 but also be applied to judge the infectiousness of the virus and guide the choice of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, showing enormous potential to become point-of-care detection tools for the timely control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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53
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Guan T, Shen Y, Jiang Z, Wang J, Zhang S, Koidis A, Yao X, Yan Y, Lei H. Facile Fabrication of Highly Quantum Dot/AuNP-Loaded Tags for a Dual-Modal Colorimetric/Reversed Ratiometric Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13463-13472. [PMID: 36131359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing an easily-prepared, sensitive, and accurate point-of-need immunochromatographic assay (ICA) is significant in food safety screening, clinical diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. However, the current single-modal ICAs are limited in certain instinct drawbacks that restrict analytical performances. Herein, we introduce an ultrasensitive dual-modal colorimetric/reversed ratiometric fluorescence ICA based on facilely prepared immunoprobes with a high loading capacity of red quantum dots and AuNPs. By smartly integrating these red-colored/fluorescent signal probes with an immobilized green quantum dot antigen on the test lines, discrete "turn-on" visual inspection and reversed ratiometric quantification via a portable smartphone-based analyzer were accomplished. As an application, this method was employed to detect 11 phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in health foods with ultralow detection limits (0.0028-0.045 ng/mL), high repeatability (coefficient of variations of 0.3-1.91%), and reasonable accuracy (recoveries of 86.6-107%). The proposed method was further validated by the authorized liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method in actual sample detection. This new assay format can be extended to ultrasensitive flexible detection of other food contaminants, environmental pollutants, or tumor biomarkers within minutes, and it just requires simply prepared signal reporters, easy-to-operate procedures, and a low-cost miniaturized analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Guan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yudong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- National Nutrition Food Testing Center, Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Anastasios Koidis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DJ, U.K
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yiyong Yan
- Bioeasy Technology, Inc., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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54
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Ahmad Najib M, Selvam K, Khalid MF, Ozsoz M, Aziah I. Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay as Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review of Its Principle and Performance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092158. [PMID: 36140559 PMCID: PMC9497919 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the world’s greatest killers, accounting for millions of deaths worldwide annually, especially in low-income countries. As the risk of emerging infectious diseases is increasing, it is critical to rapidly diagnose infections in the early stages and prevent further transmission. However, current detection strategies are time-consuming and have exhibited low sensitivity. Numerous studies revealed the advantages of point-of-care testing, such as those which are rapid, user-friendly and have high sensitivity and specificity, and can be performed at a patient’s bedside. The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is the most popular diagnostic assay that fulfills the POCT standards. However, conventional AuNPs-LFIAs are moderately sensitive, meaning that rapid detection remains a challenge. Here, we review quantum dot (QDs)-based LFIA for highly sensitive rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. We briefly describe the principles of LFIA, strategies for applying QDs to enhance sensitivity, and the published performance of the QD-LFIA tested against several infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, via Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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55
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Castrejón-Jiménez NS, García-Pérez BE, Reyes-Rodríguez NE, Vega-Sánchez V, Martínez-Juárez VM, Hernández-González JC. Challenges in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Evolution of the Lateral Flow Immunoassay as a Valuable Tool for Viral Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090728. [PMID: 36140114 PMCID: PMC9496238 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that caused the coronavirus disease in late 2019 and triggered a pandemic that has severely affected human health and caused millions of deaths. Early and massive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and controlling the outbreak. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the simplest biosensors. These devices are clinical diagnostic tools that can detect various analytes, including viruses and antibodies, with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and evolution of LFIA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the challenges of improving these diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, México City 11340, Mexico
| | - Nydia Edith Reyes-Rodríguez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Martínez-Juárez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández-González
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-775-756-0308
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Wu T, Li J, Zheng S, Yu Q, Qi K, Shao Y, Wang C, Tu J, Xiao R. Magnetic Nanotag-Based Colorimetric/SERS Dual-Readout Immunochromatography for Ultrasensitive Detection of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride and Ractopamine in Food Samples. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090709. [PMID: 36140094 PMCID: PMC9496078 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct and sensitive detection of multiple illegal additives in complex food samples is still a challenge in on-site detection. In this study, an ultrasensitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) using magnetic Fe3O4@Au nanotags as a capture/detection difunctional tool was developed for the direct detection of β2-adrenoceptor agonists in real samples. The Fe3O4@Au tag is composed of a large magnetic core (~160 nm), a rough Au nanoshell, dense surface-modified Raman molecules, and antibodies, which cannot only effectively enrich targets from complex solutions to reduce the matrix effects of food samples and improve detection sensitivity, but also provide strong colorimetric/surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) dual signals for ICA testing. The dual readout signals of the proposed ICA can meet the detection requirements in different environments. Specifically, the colorimetric signal allows for rapid visual detection of the analyte, and the SERS signal is used for the sensitive and quantitative detection modes. The proposed dual-signal ICA can achieve the simultaneous determination of two illegal additives, namely, clenbuterol hydrochloride and ractopamine. The detection limits for the two targets via colorimetric and SERS signals were down to ng mL−1 and pg mL−1 levels, respectively. Moreover, the proposed assay has demonstrated high accuracy and stability in real food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (J.T.); (R.X.)
| | - Jian Tu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (J.T.); (R.X.)
| | - Rui Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (J.T.); (R.X.)
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Progress and Challenges of Point-of-Need Photonic Biosensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 Infections and Immunity. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090678. [PMID: 36140063 PMCID: PMC9496547 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to affect the world and after more than two years of the pandemic, approximately half a billion people are reported to have been infected. Due to its high contagiousness, our life has changed dramatically, with consequences that remain to be seen. To prevent the transmission of the virus, it is crucial to diagnose COVID-19 accurately, such that the infected cases can be rapidly identified and managed. Currently, the gold standard of testing is polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which provides the highest accuracy. However, the reliance on centralized rapid testing modalities throughout the COVID-19 pandemic has made access to timely diagnosis inconsistent and inefficient. Recent advancements in photonic biosensors with respect to cost-effectiveness, analytical performance, and portability have shown the potential for such platforms to enable the delivery of preventative and diagnostic care beyond clinics and into point-of-need (PON) settings. Herein, we review photonic technologies that have become commercially relevant throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as emerging research in the field of photonic biosensors, shedding light on prospective technologies for responding to future health outbreaks. Therefore, in this article, we provide a review of recent progress and challenges of photonic biosensors that are developed for the testing of COVID-19, consisting of their working fundamentals and implementation for COVID-19 testing in practice with emphasis on the challenges that are faced in different development stages towards commercialization. In addition, we also present the characteristics of a biosensor both from technical and clinical perspectives. We present an estimate of the impact of testing on disease burden (in terms of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), and Quality-Adjusted Life Days (QALDs)) and how improvements in cost can lower the economic impact and lead to reduced or averted DALYs. While COVID19 is the main focus of these technologies, similar concepts and approaches can be used and developed for future outbreaks of other infectious diseases.
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58
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Goharshadi EK, Goharshadi K, Moghayedi M. The use of nanotechnology in the fight against viruses: A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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59
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Wang C, Wang C, Li J, Tu Z, Gu B, Wang S. Ultrasensitive and multiplex detection of four pathogenic bacteria on a bi-channel lateral flow immunoassay strip with three-dimensional membrane-like SERS nanostickers. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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60
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Xu B, Tang H, Weng Y, Jones VS, Luo S, Cho CY, Lin Y, Fang J, Song X, Huang RP. Development and evaluation of time-resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24513. [PMID: 35692032 PMCID: PMC9279991 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of COVID-19 worldwide caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has necessitated efficient, sensitive diagnostic methods to identify infected people. We report on the development of a rapid 15-minute time-resolved fluorescent (TRF) lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the quantitative detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S1-RBD). OBJECTIVES Our objective was to develop an efficient method of detecting SARS-CoV-2 within 15 min of sample collection. METHODS We constructed and evaluated a portable, disposable lateral flow device, which detected the S1-RBD protein directly in nasopharyngeal swab samples. The device emits a fluorescent signal in the presence of S1-RBD, which can be captured by an automated TRF instrument. RESULTS The TRF lateral flow assay signal was linear from 0 to 20 ng/ml and demonstrated high accuracy and reproducibility. When evaluated with clinical nasopharyngeal swabs, the assay was performed at >80% sensitivity, >84% specificity, and > 82% accuracy for detection of the S1-RBD antigen. CONCLUSION The new S1-RBD antigen test is a rapid (15 min), sensitive, and specific assay that requires minimal sample preparation. Critically, the assay correlated closely with PCR-based methodology in nasopharyngeal swab samples, showing that the detected S1-RBD antigen levels correlate with SARS-CoV-2 virus load. Therefore, the new TRF lateral flow test for S1-RBD has potential application in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzhou Xu
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Tang
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Shuhong Luo
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA
| | - Chih Yun Cho
- RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA
| | - Yongping Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ruo-Pan Huang
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Biochip Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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61
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Xiong J, Zhang H, Qin L, Zhang S, Cao J, Jiang H. Magnetic Fluorescent Quantum Dots Nanocomposites in Food Contaminants Analysis: Current Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084088. [PMID: 35456904 PMCID: PMC9028821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of food contaminants can cause foodborne illnesses, posing a severe threat to human health. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and convenient method for monitoring food contaminants is eagerly needed. The complex matrix interferences of food samples and poor performance of existing sensing probes bring significant challenges to improving detection performances. Nanocomposites with multifunctional features provide a solution to these problems. The combination of the superior characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and quantum dots (QDs) to fabricate magnetic fluorescent quantum dots (MNPs@QDs) nanocomposites are regarded as an ideal multifunctional probe for food contaminants analysis. The high-efficiency pretreatment and rapid fluorescence detection are concurrently integrated into one sensing platform using MNPs@QDs nanocomposites. In this review, the contemporary synthetic strategies to fabricate MNPs@QDs, including hetero-crystalline growth, template embedding, layer-by-layer assembly, microemulsion technique, and one-pot method, are described in detail, and their advantages and limitations are discussed. The recent advances of MNPs@QDs nanocomposites in detecting metal ions, foodborne pathogens, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and illegal additives are comprehensively introduced from the perspectives of modes and detection performances. The review ends with current challenges and opportunities in practical applications and prospects in food contaminants analysis, aiming to promote the enthusiasm for multifunctional sensing platform research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Huixia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Linqian Qin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-4478; Fax: +86-010-6273-1032
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Chen H, Park SK, Joung Y, Kang T, Lee MK, Choo J. SERS-based dual-mode DNA aptasensors for rapid classification of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/H1N1 infection. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 355:131324. [PMID: 34987275 PMCID: PMC8716169 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.131324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a dual-mode surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based aptasensor that can accurately diagnose and distinguish severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A/H1N1 at the same time. Herein, DNA aptamers that selectively bind to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/H1N1 were immobilized together on Au nanopopcorn substrate. Raman reporters (Cy3 and RRX), attached to the terminal of DNA aptamers, could generate strong SERS signals in the nanogap of the Au nanopopcorn substrate. Additionally, the internal standard Raman reporter (4-MBA) was immobilized on the Au nanopopcorn substrate along with aptamer DNAs to reduce errors caused by changes in the measurement environment. When SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus approaches the Au nanopopcorn substrate, the corresponding DNA aptamer selectively detaches from the substrate due to the significant binding affinity between the corresponding DNA aptamer and the virus. As a result, the related SERS intensity decreases with increasing target virus concentration. Thus, it is possible to determine whether a suspected patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A using this SERS-based DNA aptasensor. Furthermore, this sensor enables a quantitative evaluation of the target virus concentration with high sensitivity without being affected by cross-reactivity. Therefore, this SERS-based diagnostic platform is considered a conceptually new diagnostic tool that rapidly discriminates against these two respiratory diseases to prevent their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kyu Park
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
| | - Younju Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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63
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Haghayegh F, Salahandish R, Hassani M, Sanati-Nezhad A. Highly Stable Buffer-Based Zinc Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosurface Chemistry for Rapid Immunosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10844-10855. [PMID: 35172574 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The widespread and long-lasting effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has called attention to the significance of technological advances in the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study reports the use of a highly stable buffer-based zinc oxide/reduced graphene oxide (bbZnO/rGO) nanocomposite coated on carbon screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical immuno-biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 nuelocapsid (N-) protein antigens in spiked and clinical samples. The incorporation of a salt-based (ionic) matrix for uniform dispersion of the nanomixture eliminates multistep nanomaterial synthesis on the surface of the electrode and enables a stable single-step sensor nanocoating. The immuno-biosensor provides a limit of detection of 21 fg/mL over a linear range of 1-10 000 pg/mL and exhibits a sensitivity of 32.07 ohms·mL/pg·mm2 for detection of N-protein in spiked samples. The N-protein biosensor is successful in discriminating positive and negative clinical samples within 15 min, demonstrating its proof of concept used as a COVID-19 rapid antigen test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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64
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Tu Z, Cheng S, Dong H, Wang W, Yang X, Gu B, Wang S, Wang C. Universal and ultrasensitive detection of foodborne bacteria on a lateral flow assay strip by using wheat germ agglutinin-modified magnetic SERS nanotags. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27344-27354. [PMID: 36276007 PMCID: PMC9513757 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04735g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, direct and sensitive detection of foodborne bacteria in complex samples is still challenging. Here, we reported a universal surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based lateral flow assay (LFA) for highly sensitive detection of foodborne bacteria in food and environmental samples using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-modified Fe3O4@Au (Au@MNP-WGA) nanotags. The Au@MNP-WGA tag with numerous intraparticle hotspots was integrated into the LFA system for the first time, which can not only greatly improve the detection sensitivity through the dual amplification effect of magnetic enrichment and SERS enhancement but also achieve the broad-spectrum capture of multiple bacteria. In addition, monoclonal antibodies were separately immobilized onto the test line of different LFA strips to ensure the specific detection of different target pathogens. With this strategy, the proposed assay can achieve the universal and highly sensitive determination of three common foodborne bacteria, namely, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Staphylococcus aureus, with low detection limit (10 cells mL−1), short testing time (<35 min), and high reproducibility (RSD < 8.14%). Given its good stability and accuracy in complex samples, the Au@MNP-WGA-based SERS-LFA has great potential to be a powerful tool for the universal and on-site detection of different foodborne pathogens. A universal SERS-based lateral flow assay was proposed for highly sensitive detection of foodborne bacteria in food and environmental samples using wheat germ agglutinin-modified Fe3O4@Au nanotags.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Tu
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Siyun Cheng
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Hao Dong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Bing Gu
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, PR China
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
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65
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Gao J, Wang C, Chu Y, Han Y, Gao Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Liu H, Han L, Zhang Y. Graphene oxide-graphene Van der Waals heterostructure transistor biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 protein detection. Talanta 2021; 240:123197. [PMID: 34996016 PMCID: PMC8719368 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreaking of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic threatens global health and has caused serious concern. Currently there is no specific drug against SARS-CoV-2, therefore, a fast and accurate diagnosis method is an urgent need for the diagnosis, timely treatment and infection control of COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we developed a field effect transistor (FET) biosensor based on graphene oxide-graphene (GO/Gr) van der Waals heterostructure for selective and ultrasensitive SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection. The GO/Gr van der Waals heterostructure was in-situ formed in the microfluidic channel through π-π stacking. The developed biosensor is capable of SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection within 20 min in the large dynamic range from 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL with the limit of detection of as low as ∼8 fg/mL, which shows ∼3 × sensitivity enhancement compared with Gr-FET biosensor. The performance enhancement mechanism was studied based on the transistor-based biosensing theory and experimental results, which is mainly attributed to the enhanced SARS-CoV-2 capture antibody immobilization density due to the introduction of the GO layer on the graphene surface. The spiked SARS-CoV-2 protein samples in throat swab buffer solution were tested to confirm the practical application of the biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection. The results indicated that the developed GO/Gr van der Waals heterostructure FET biosensor has strong selectivity and high sensitivity, providing a potential method for SARS-CoV-2 fast and accurate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yujin Chu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yingkuan Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yakun Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yanhao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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66
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Peng T, Jiao X, Liang Z, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Xie J, Jiang Y, Yu X, Fang X, Dai X. Lateral Flow Immunoassay Coupled with Copper Enhancement for Rapid and Sensitive SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Detection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:bios12010013. [PMID: 35049641 PMCID: PMC8773578 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still raging all over the world. Hence, the rapid and sensitive screening of the suspected population is in high demand. The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 has been selected as an ideal marker for viral antigen detection. This study describes a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on colloidal gold nanoparticles for rapid NP antigen detection, in which sensitivity was improved through copper deposition-induced signal amplification. The detection sensitivity of the developed LFIA for NP antigen detection (using certified reference materials) under the optimized parameters was 0.01 μg/mL and was promoted by three orders of magnitude to 10 pg/mL after copper deposition signal amplification. The LFIA coupled with the copper enhancement technique has many merits such as low cost, high efficiency, and high sensitivity. It provides an effective approach to the rapid screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of the suspected population in the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xueshima Jiao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Zhanwei Liang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Jie Xie
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
| | - You Jiang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (X.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6452-4962; Fax: +86-010-6452-4962
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