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Dyrnesli H, Klös G, Sutherland DS. Under-Etched Plasmonic Disks on Indium Tin Oxide for Enhanced Refractive Index Sensing on a Combined Electrochemical and Optical Platform. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13040853. [PMID: 32069943 PMCID: PMC7078751 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple approach to enhance the refractive index sensitivity of gold nanodisks immobilized on electrically conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates has been demonstrated. A two-fold increase in sensitivity to bulk refractive index change was achieved by substrate under-etching of gold nanodisks on ITO in 50 mM sulfuric acid. The influence of an intermediate titanium adhesion layer was investigated and was found to markedly influence the etching pattern and time. Etching with an adhesion layer resulted in enhanced refractive index sensitivity on disk-on-pin like structures after long etching times, whereas etching of disks deposited directly on ITO resulted in a disk-on-pincushion like configuration and similarly enhanced sensitivity already at shorter times. The gold disks remained electrically connected to the ITO substrate throughout etching and allowed site-specific electrodeposition of poly(3-aminophenol) at the nanodisks, showing enhanced thin-film refractive index sensitivity. This work demonstrates a simple method for enhancing refractive index sensitivity of nanostructures on ITO substrates for combined electrochemical and optical platforms, and subsequently a method to modify the surface of the electrically connected nanostructures, which has potential application in biosensing.
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52
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Jiang Q, Rogez B, Claude JB, Moreau A, Lumeau J, Baffou G, Wenger J. Adhesion layer influence on controlling the local temperature in plasmonic gold nanoholes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2524-2531. [PMID: 31930256 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold films do not adhere well on glass substrates, so plasmonics experiments typically use a thin adhesion layer of titanium or chromium to ensure a proper adhesion between the gold film and the glass substrate. While the absorption of light into gold structures is largely used to generate heat and control the temperature at the nanoscale, the influence of the adhesion layer on this process is largely overlooked. Here, we quantify the role of the adhesion layer in determining the local temperature increase around a single nanohole illuminated by a focused infrared laser. Despite their nanometer thickness, adhesion layers can absorb a greater fraction of the incoming infrared light than the 100 nm thick gold layer leading to a significant increase of the local temperature. Different experimental designs are explored, offering new ways to promote or avoid the temperature increase inside nanoapertures. This knowledge further expands the plasmonic toolbox for temperature-controlled experiments including single molecule sensing, nanopore translocation, polymerization, or nano-optical trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Jiang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Benoît Rogez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Benoît Claude
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Antonin Moreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Lumeau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Guillaume Baffou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Jérôme Wenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Plasmonic-active nanomaterials are of high interest to scientists because of their expanding applications in the field for medicine and energy. Chemical and biological sensors based on plasmonic nanomaterials are well-established and commercially available, but the role of plasmonic nanomaterials on photothermal therapeutics, solar cells, super-resolution imaging, organic synthesis, etc. is still emerging. The effectiveness of the plasmonic materials on these technologies depends on their stability and sensitivity. Preparing plasmonics-active nanostructured thin films (PANTFs) on a solid substrate improves their physical stability. More importantly, the surface plasmons of thin film and that of nanostructures can couple in PANTFs enhancing the sensitivity. A PANTF can be used as a transducer for any of the three plasmonic-based sensing techniques, namely, the propagating surface plasmon, localized surface plasmon resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensing techniques. Additionally, continuous nanostructured metal films have an advantage for implementing electrical controls such as simultaneous sensing using both plasmonic and electrochemical techniques. Although research and development on PANTFs have been rapidly advancing, very few reviews on synthetic methods have been published. In this review, we provide some fundamental and practical aspects of plasmonics along with the recent advances in PANTFs synthesis, focusing on the advantages and shortcomings of the fabrication techniques. We also provide an overview of different types of PANTFs and their sensitivity for biosensing.
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54
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Lim HE, Irisawa T, Okada N, Okada M, Endo T, Nakanishi Y, Maniwa Y, Miyata Y. Monolayer MoS 2 growth at the Au-SiO 2 interface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19700-19704. [PMID: 31460548 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are attracting great interest for future electronic applications. Even though much effort has been devoted to preparing large-area, high-quality TMDs over the past few years, the samples are usually grown on substrate surfaces. Here, we demonstrate the direct growth of a MoS2 monolayer at the interface between a Au film and a SiO2 substrate. MoS2 grains were nucleated below Au films deposited on SiO2via interface diffusion and then grown into a continuous MoS2 film. By programming the Au pattern deposited, controlled growth of MoS2 with the desired size and geometry was achieved over preferred locations, facilitating its integration into functional field-effect transistors. Our findings elucidate the fabrication of a two-dimensional semiconductor at the interface of bulk three-dimensional solids, providing a novel means for establishing a clean interface junction. It also offers a promising alternative to the site-selective synthesis of TMDs, which is expected to aid the fabrication of TMD-based nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong En Lim
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Irisawa
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute (NeRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Naoya Okada
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute (NeRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Okada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takahiko Endo
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Maniwa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yasumitsu Miyata
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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55
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Haffner C, Joerg A, Doderer M, Mayor F, Chelladurai D, Fedoryshyn Y, Roman CI, Mazur M, Burla M, Lezec HJ, Aksyuk VA, Leuthold J. Nano–opto-electro-mechanical switches operated at CMOS-level voltages. Science 2019; 366:860-864. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Combining reprogrammable optical networks with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics is expected to provide a platform for technological developments in on-chip integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate how opto-electro-mechanical effects in micrometer-scale hybrid photonic-plasmonic structures enable light switching under CMOS voltages and low optical losses (0.1 decibel). Rapid (for example, tens of nanoseconds) switching is achieved by an electrostatic, nanometer-scale perturbation of a thin, and thus low-mass, gold membrane that forms an air-gap hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguide. Confinement of the plasmonic portion of the light to the variable-height air gap yields a strong opto-electro-mechanical effect, while photonic confinement of the rest of the light minimizes optical losses. The demonstrated hybrid architecture provides a route to develop applications for CMOS-integrated, reprogrammable optical systems such as optical neural networks for deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Haffner
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Maryland NanoCenter, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andreas Joerg
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Doderer
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mayor
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chelladurai
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuriy Fedoryshyn
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mikael Mazur
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Burla
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henri J. Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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56
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A Feasibility Study of Fabrication of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters on Commercially Available Aluminum Foil. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12142797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present zinc oxide (ZnO)-based flexible harvesting devices employing commercially available, cost-effective thin aluminum (Al) foils as substrates and conductive bottom electrodes. From the device fabrication point of view, Al-foils have a relatively high melting point, allowing for device processing and annealing treatments at elevated temperatures, which flexible plastic substrate materials cannot sustain because of their relatively low melting temperatures. Moreover, Al-foil is a highly cost-effective, commercially available material. In this work, we fabricated and characterized various kinds of multilayered thin-film energy harvesting devices, employing Al-foils in order to verify their device performance. The fabricated devices exhibited peak-to-peak output voltages ranging from 0.025 V to 0.140 V. These results suggest that it is feasible to employ Al-foils to fabricate energy-efficient energy harvesting devices at relatively high temperatures. It is anticipated that with further process optimization and device integration, device performance can be further improved.
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57
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Sukham J, Takayama O, Mahmoodi M, Sychev S, Bogdanov A, Tavassoli SH, Lavrinenko AV, Malureanu R. Investigation of effective media applicability for ultrathin multilayer structures. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12582-12588. [PMID: 31231735 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) are highly anisotropic media consisting of alternating metal and dielectric layers with their electromagnetic properties defined by the effective medium approximation (EMA). EMA is generally applied for a large number of subwavelength unit cells or periods of a multilayer HMM. However, in practice, the number of periods is limited. To the best of our knowledge, a comparison between rigorous theory, EMA and experiments to investigate the minimum number of layers that allow for the low error of EMA results has not yet been investigated. In this article, we compared the reflectance response of the effective anisotropic HMMs predicted by the scattering matrix method (SMM) and EMA with optical characterization data, having the unit cell twenty times smaller than the vacuum wavelength in the visible range. The fabricated HMM structures consist of up to ten periods of alternating 10 nm thick Au and Al2O3 layers deposited by sputtering and atomic layer deposition, respectively. The two deposition techniques enable us to achieve a high quality HMM with low roughness: the root mean square (RMS) is less than 1 nm. We showed that the multilayer structure behaves like an effective medium from the fourth period onwards as the EMA calculation and experimental results agree well having below 4% mean square standard deviation of reflectance (MSDR) for the wavelength range from 500 to 1750 nm with a wide incident angle range. These results could have an impact on the design and development of active metamaterials and their applications ranging from imaging to nonlinear optics and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johneph Sukham
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Osamu Takayama
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stanislav Sychev
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Bogdanov
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrei V Lavrinenko
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Radu Malureanu
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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58
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Deformation of Single Crystals, Polycrystalline Materials, and Thin Films: A Review. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12122003. [PMID: 31234520 PMCID: PMC6631286 DOI: 10.3390/ma12122003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nano-preparation processes, nanocrystalline materials have been widely developed in the fields of mechanics, electricity, optics, and thermal physics. Compared to the case of coarse-grained or amorphous materials, plastic deformation in nanomaterials is limited by the reduction in feature size, so that they generally have high strength, but the toughness is relatively high. The "reciprocal relationship" between the strength and toughness of nanomaterials limits the large-scale application and development of nanomaterials. Therefore, the maintenance of high toughness while improving the strength of nanomaterials is an urgent problem to be solved. So far, although the relevant mechanism affecting the deformation of nanocrystalline materials has made a big breakthrough, it is still not very clear. Therefore, this paper introduces the basic deformation type, mechanism, and model of single crystals, polycrystalline materials, and thin films, and aims to provide literature support for future research.
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59
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Morita-Imura C, Mita S, Shindo H. Effect of the Air/Water Interfacial Properties of Amine Derivatives on the in Situ Fabrication of Microsized Gold Sheets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4029-4036. [PMID: 30798609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of new methods for producing large-area nanocrystals with specific shapes is crucial for advancements in various fields. In this study, submillimeter-sized sheet-structured gold crystals with nanoscale thicknesses were fabricated by chemical reduction of HAuCl4 in the presence of long-chain amidoamine-derived surfactants (C nAOH; n = 12, 14, 16, or 18) in aqueous solutions. Using the C18AOH system at 30 °C, large-area sheet-structured crystals with widths of ∼100 μm and thicknesses of 30 nm were effectively obtained at the air/water interface. The crystal size depended on the temperature and the alkyl-chain length of the surfactant. An investigation of the relationship between the crystal growth and the interfacial properties of C nAOH revealed that large-area crystals were obtained when densely packed molecular layers of long-chain C nAOH were formed at the air/water interface. The interfacial molecular layer of C18AOH showed most effective soft-templating effect and contributed in promoting the growth of sheet-structured gold crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Morita-Imura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Otsuka , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan
| | - Saeko Mita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shindo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
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60
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Park J, Seo H, Hwang HW, Choi J, Kim K, Jeong G, Kim ES, Han HS, Jung YW, Seo Y, Jeon H, Seok HK, Kim YC, Ok MR. Interface Engineering of Fully Metallic Stents Enabling Controllable H 2O 2 Generation for Antirestenosis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3634-3642. [PMID: 30773016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the design of metallic materials for bare metal stents (BMSs), restenosis induced by the accumulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) has been a major constraint on improving the clinical efficacy of stent implantation. Here, a new strategy for avoiding this issue by utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by the galvanic coupling of nitinol (NiTi) stents and biodegradable magnesium-zinc (Mg-Zn) alloys is reported. The amount of H2O2 released is carefully optimized via the biodegradability engineering of the alloys and by controlling the immersion time to selectively inhibit the proliferation and function of SMCs without harming vascular endothelial cells. Based on demonstrations of its unique capabilities, a fully metallic stent with antirestenotic functionality was successfully fabricated by depositing Mg layers onto commercialized NiTi stents. The introduction of surface engineering to yield a patterned Mg coating ensured the maintenance of a stable interface between Mg and NiTi during the process of NiTi stent expansion, showing high feasibility for clinical application. This new concept of an inert metal/degradable metal hybrid system based on galvanic metal coupling, biodegradability engineering, and surface patterning can serve as a novel way to construct functional and stable BMSs for preventing restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Park
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Hwang
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoo Kim
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Goeen Jeong
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Shil Kim
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seop Han
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford OX37LD , U.K
| | - Yeon-Wook Jung
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Seo
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kwang Seok
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ryul Ok
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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61
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Abbott WM, Murray CP, Zhong C, Smith C, McGuinness C, Rezvani E, Downing C, Daly D, Petford-Long AK, Bello F, McCloskey D, Donegan JF. Less is More: Improved Thermal Stability and Plasmonic Response in Au Films via the Use of SubNanometer Ti Adhesion Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7607-7614. [PMID: 30682242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of a metallic adhesion layer is known to increase the thermo-mechanical stability of Au thin films against solid-state dewetting, but in turn results in damping of the plasmonic response, reducing their utility in applications such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). In this work, 50 nm Au films with Ti adhesion layers ranging in thickness from 0 to 5 nm were fabricated, and their thermal stability, electrical resistivity, and plasmonic response were measured. Subnanometer adhesion layers are demonstrated to significantly increase the stability of the thin films against dewetting at elevated temperatures (>200 °C), compared to more commonly used adhesion layer thicknesses that are in the range of 2-5 nm. For adhesion layers thicker than 1 nm, the diffusion of excess Ti through Au grain boundaries and subsequent oxidation was determined to result in degradation of the film. This mechanism was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on annealed 0.5 and 5 nm adhesion layer samples. The superiority of subnanometer adhesion layers was further demonstrated through measurements of the surface-plasmon polariton resonance; those with thinner adhesion layers possessed both a stronger and spectrally sharper resonance. These results have relevance beyond HAMR to all Ti/Au systems operating at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Abbott
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | | | - Chuan Zhong
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Christopher Smith
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Cormac McGuinness
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Ehsan Rezvani
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Clive Downing
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Dermot Daly
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Frank Bello
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - David McCloskey
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - John F Donegan
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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62
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Sakurai K, Jiang J, Mizusawa M, Ito T, Akutsu K, Miyata N. Neutron visualization of inhomogeneous buried interfaces in thin films. Sci Rep 2019; 9:571. [PMID: 30679617 PMCID: PMC6345982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When designing some functions in thin film systems, one of the key concepts is the structure of the constituent layers and interfaces. In an actual system, the layers and interfaces are often inhomogeneous in different scales, from hundreds of microns to several nanometers, causing differences in properties, despite very similar average structures. In this case, the choice of the observation point is critical to clarify the problem. Another critical aspect is the identification of these points by surveying the entire inhomogeneous thin film system. This article presents a description of a novel promising solution that is suitable for nondestructive visualization of inhomogeneous buried layers and interfaces in thin films. Such observations have been impossible until now. In this investigation, a unique extension of neutron reflectometry is proposed. While conventional neutron reflectivity just gives average depth-profiling of the scattering length density of layered thin films, the present method provides full picture of the inhomogeneity. In general, achieving a high spatial-resolving power for neutron scattering is not straightforward because the neutron counts become fairly limited at the sample or the detector position when the beam size is reduced. As a result, XY scanning of a sample with a small neutron beam is fairly difficult because of the required long measurement time. To address these issues, new concepts have been introduced for neutron reflectivity. The proposed method uses a wide beam instead of reducing the beam size. In addition, it measures the projection reflection profile instead of the total integrated intensity. These profiles are collected at a set of different in-plane angles. Similar to computed tomography, it is possible to obtain the specimen's two-dimensional (2D) neutron reflectivity distribution as one image. Because the spatial resolution is limited by the detection method, a Hadamard coded mask is employed to measure the reflection projection with only 50% loss of the primary neutron intensity. When the time-of-flight (ToF) mode is used for the neutron experiment, one can obtain many images as a function of ToF, i.e., the wavevector transfer. Such series of images can be displayed as a video. This indicates that the neutron reflectivity profiles of local points can be retrieved from the above video images. This paper presents the first report on the development of neutron reflectivity with imaging capability, and the analysis of local points in inhomogeneous layered thin-films without utilizing a small neutron beam. In the present work, the feasibility of the proposed method with approximately 1 mm spatial resolution was examined. In addition, further improvements of the approach are discussed. It is anticipated that this technique will facilitate new opportunities in the study of buried function interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sakurai
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan.
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan
| | - Mari Mizusawa
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ito
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Akutsu
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Noboru Miyata
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
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Purwidyantri A, Hsu CH, Yang CM, Prabowo BA, Tian YC, Lai CS. Plasmonic nanomaterial structuring for SERS enhancement. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4982-4992. [PMID: 35514657 PMCID: PMC9060671 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Au island over nanospheres (AuIoN) structures featuring a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure on a two-dimensional (2D) array of nanospheres with different adhesion layers were fabricated as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Purwidyantri
- Research Unit for Clean Technology
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences
- Bandung
- Indonesia
- Biosensor Group
| | - Chih-Hsien Hsu
- Biosensor Group
- Chang-Gung University
- Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering
- Chang Gung University
| | - Chia-Ming Yang
- Biosensor Group
- Chang-Gung University
- Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering
- Chang Gung University
| | - Briliant Adhi Prabowo
- Department of Electronics Engineering
- Chang Gung University
- Taiwan
- Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunications
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center Department of Nephrology
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Taiwan
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Biosensor Group
- Chang-Gung University
- Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering
- Chang Gung University
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Velický M, Donnelly GE, Hendren WR, McFarland S, Scullion D, DeBenedetti WJI, Correa GC, Han Y, Wain AJ, Hines MA, Muller DA, Novoselov KS, Abruña HD, Bowman RM, Santos EJG, Huang F. Mechanism of Gold-Assisted Exfoliation of Centimeter-Sized Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10463-10472. [PMID: 30265515 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exfoliation of large-area monolayers is important for fundamental research and technological implementation of transition-metal dichalcogenides. Various techniques have been explored to increase the exfoliation yield, but little is known about the underlying mechanism at the atomic level. Here, we demonstrate gold-assisted mechanical exfoliation of monolayer molybdenum disulfide, up to a centimeter scale. Detailed spectroscopic, microscopic, and first-principles density functional theory analyses reveal that strong van der Waals (vdW) interaction between Au and the topmost MoS2 layer facilitates the exfoliation of monolayers. However, the large-area exfoliation promoted by such strong vdW interaction is only achievable on freshly prepared clean and smooth Au surfaces, while rough surfaces and surfaces exposed to air for more than 15 min result in negligible exfoliation yields. This technique is successfully extended to MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, MoTe2, WTe2, and GaSe. In addition, electrochemical characterization reveals intriguing interactions between monolayer MoS2 and Au. A subnanometer-thick MoS2 monolayer strongly passivates the chemical properties of the underlying Au, and the Au significantly modulates the electronic band structure of the MoS2, turning it from semiconducting to metallic. This could find applications in many areas, including electrochemistry, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Velický
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Gavin E Donnelly
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - William R Hendren
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen McFarland
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Declan Scullion
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - William J I DeBenedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Gabriela Calinao Correa
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Yimo Han
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Andrew J Wain
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A Hines
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Robert M Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Fumin Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
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