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Wan Q, Zou C, Hu D, Zhou J, Chen M, Tie C, Qiao Y, Yan F, Cheng C, Sheng Z, Zhang B, Liu X, Liang D, Zheng H. Imaging-guided focused ultrasound-induced thermal and sonodynamic effects of nanosonosensitizers for synergistic enhancement of glioblastoma therapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3007-3015. [PMID: 31112151 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality in patients. Given the low efficacy and serious side effects of current GBM therapy compared to those of conventional surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the development of a novel method for GBM management is very urgent. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has gained considerable attention in GBM therapy due to the advantages of deep tissue penetration and high biosafety. However, the low reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficacy of SDT has generally limited further applications and clinical translation. In this work, we report the simultaneous application of focused ultrasound-induced moderate thermal treatment (42 °C) and SDT for synergistic enhancement against GBM. Manganese ion (Mn2+)-chelated human serum albumin (HSA)-chlorin e6 (Ce6) nanoassemblies (HCM NAs) as targeting nanosonosensitizers were prepared using an assembly strategy. Our studies indicated that the HCM NAs had excellent T1-weighted contrast performance (12.2 mM-1 s-1) compared to that of clinically used Magnevist (4.3 mM-1 s-1) and achieved highly selective in vitro cell recognition and in vivo tumor-targeting magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescence (FL) imaging with a signal-to-background ratio of 13.5 at 24 h post injection. Upon imaging-guided focused ultrasound irradiation, the temperature and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of the tumor region increased simultaneously over time, achieving synergistic effects. The brain tumors were completely suppressed in subcutaneous mouse models of glioma, and the antitumor effect was greatly improved in orthotopic mouse models of glioma. It suggest that the synergistic treatment with moderate temperature and SDT induced by imaging-guided focused ultrasound is a promising platform against GMB, holds great potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advance Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
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52
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Controlled photoisomerization in acrylic copolymer nanoparticles based on spironaphthoxazine for reduced thermal reversion. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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53
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Keyvan Rad J, Alinejad Z, Khoei S, Mahdavian AR. Controlled Release and Photothermal Behavior of Multipurpose Nanocomposite Particles Containing Encapsulated Gold-Decorated Magnetite and 5-FU in Poly(lactide-co-glycolide). ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4425-4434. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Keyvan Rad
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, 15 km Tehran-Karaj Highway, Pajuhesh Science and Technology Park, Pajuhesh Boulevard, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Postal Code: 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Alinejad
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, 15 km Tehran-Karaj Highway, Pajuhesh Science and Technology Park, Pajuhesh Boulevard, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Postal Code: 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O.
Box: 1449614525, Postal Code: 1449614535 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, 15 km Tehran-Karaj Highway, Pajuhesh Science and Technology Park, Pajuhesh Boulevard, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Postal Code: 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran
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54
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Hu L, Hou A, Xie K, Gao A. Light-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by a Novel Water-Soluble Benzophenone Derivative Containing Quaternary Ammonium Groups and Its Assembly on the Protein Fiber Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26500-26506. [PMID: 31241311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing an efficient antimicrobial surface has important significance in the field of advanced biomaterials. A novel water-soluble benzophenone tetracarboxylamine derivative containing two quaternary ammonium groups, 3,3'-[4,4'-carbonyl-diphthalimide-]-bis(N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-propyl-1-aminium)dichloride (BPTCA-N), as a photoactive antibacterial agent was designed and synthesized. The ability of BPTCA-N to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in solution was investigated by light-induced activity. Its antibacterial activity in a dark environment or UV exposure was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The influences of different solvents and the pH values on the ability of BPTCA-N to generate ROS were also discussed. BPTCA-N possessed high photoactivity and efficient ROS generation ability. The generation of hydroxyl radicals could be greatly affected by addition of other solvents and H+ or OH-. For the BPTCA-N solution at a concentration of 0.2 mmol/L, the reduction of S. aureus and E. coli could all reach 99.99%. The BPTCA-N compound was assembled onto wool protein fibers. The modified protein fabrics also showed excellent photoactivity and antibacterial property against S. aureus and E. coli. For the wool fabric modified with 30 g/L of BPTCA-N, the reduction of S. aureus could reach 99.91% and that of E. coli was 91.23%. BPTCA-N had the synergistic antibacterial effect of quaternary ammonium salt and benzophenones. It has potential application in the biomedical field as highly effective antimicrobial agent or antimicrobial biomaterial.
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55
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Shah M, Shah LA, Khan MS, Nasar MQ, Rasheed S. Synthesis, fabrication and characterization of polymer microgel/photochromic dye-based sandwiched sensors. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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56
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Jiao Y, Sun H, Jia Y, Liu Y, Gao Y, Xian M, Shuang S, Dong C. Functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for sensitively targeted of folate-receptor-positive cancer cells. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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57
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Stimuli-responsive cellulose paper materials. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:350-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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58
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Jahangirian H, Kalantari K, Izadiyan Z, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Shameli K, Webster TJ. A review of small molecules and drug delivery applications using gold and iron nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1633-1657. [PMID: 30880970 PMCID: PMC6417854 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s184723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer treatment techniques show several limitations including low or no specificity and consequently a low efficacy in discriminating between cancer cells and healthy cells. Recent nanotechnology developments have introduced smart and novel therapeutic nanomaterials that take advantage of various targeting approaches. The use of nanotechnology in medicine and, more specifically, drug delivery is set to spread even more rapidly than it has over the past two decades. Currently, many nanoparticles (NPs) are under investigation for drug delivery including those for cancer therapy. Targeted nanomaterials bind selectively to cancer cells and greatly affect them with only a minor effect on healthy cells. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), specifically, have been identified as significant candidates for new cancer therapeutic modalities because of their biocompatibility, easy functionalization and fabrication, optical tunable characteristics, and chemophysical stability. In the last decade, there has been significant research on Au-NPs and their biomedical applications. Functionalized Au-NPs represent highly attractive and promising candidates for drug delivery, owing to their unique dimensions, tunable surface functionalities, and controllable drug release. Further, iron oxide NPs due to their "superparamagnetic" properties have been studied and have demonstrated successful employment in numerous applications. In targeted drug delivery systems, drug-loaded iron oxide NPs can accumulate at the tumor site with the aid of an external magnetic field. This can lead to incremental effectiveness in drug release to the tumor site and vanquish cancer cells without harming healthy cells. In order for the application of iron oxide NPs in the human body to be realized, they should be biodegradable and biocompatible to minimize toxicity. This review illustrates recent advances in the field drug and small molecule delivery such as fluorouracil, folic acid, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and daunorubicin, specifically when using gold and iron oxide NPs as carriers of anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Katayoon Kalantari
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Izadiyan
- Department of Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roshanak Rafiee-Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Department of Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
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Costa DF, Mendes LP, Torchilin VP. The effect of low- and high-penetration light on localized cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:105-116. [PMID: 30217518 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of a delivery system allowing targeted and controlled drug release has been considered one of the main strategies used to provide individualized cancer therapy, to improve survival statistics, and to enhance quality-of-life. External stimuli including low- and high-penetration light have been shown to have the ability to turn drug delivery on and off in a non-invasive remotely-controlled fashion. The success of this approach has been closely related to the development of a variety of drug delivery systems - from photosensitive liposomes to gold nanocages - and relies on multiple mechanisms of drug release activation. In this review, we make reference to the two extremes of the light spectrum and their potential as triggers for the delivery of antitumor drugs, along with the most recent achievements in preclinical trials and the challenges to an efficient translation of this technology to the clinical setting.
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60
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Self-assembly and drug release control of dual-responsive copolymers based on oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate and spiropyran. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-018-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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61
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Tian B, Li J, Pang R, Dai S, Li T, Weng Y, Jin Y, Hua Y. Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesized and Functionalized Using a Hydroxylated Tetraterpenoid Trigger Gene Expression Changes and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37353-37363. [PMID: 30295457 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the synthetic mechanisms and cell-nanoparticle interactions of biosynthesized and functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using natural products is of great importance for developing their applications in nanomedicine. In this study, we detailed the biotransformation mechanism of Au(III) into AuNPs using a hydroxylated tetraterpenoid deinoxanthin (DX) from the extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans. During the process, Au(III) was rapidly reduced to Au(I) and subsequently reduced to Au(0) by deprotonation of the hydroxyl head groups of the tetraterpenoid. The oxidized form, deprotonated 2-ketodeinoxanthin (DX3), served as a surface-capping agent to stabilize the AuNPs. The functionalized DX-AuNPs demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity against cancer cells compared with sodium citrate-AuNPs and were nontoxic to normal cells. DX-AuNPs accumulated in the cytoplasm, organelles, and nuclei, and induced reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, and apoptosis within MCF-7 cancer cells. In the cells treated with DX-AuNPs, 374 genes, including RRAGC gene, were upregulated; 135 genes, including the genes encoding FOXM1 and NR4A1, were downregulated. These genes are mostly involved in metabolism, cell growth, DNA damage, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. The anticancer activity of the DX-AuNPs was attributed to the alteration of gene expression and induction of apoptosis. Our results provide significant insight into the synthesis mechanism of AuNPs functionalized with natural tetraterpenoids, which possess enhanced anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Jiulong Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Renjiang Pang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Yulan Weng
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Ye Jin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , No. 268, Kaixuan Road , Hangzhou 310029 , China
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62
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Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Utilisation of Targeted Nanoparticle Photosensitiser Drug Delivery Systems for the Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2628. [PMID: 30322132 PMCID: PMC6222717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer incidence world-wide has caused an increase in the demand for effective forms of treatment. One unconventional form of treatment for cancer is photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT has 3 fundamental factors, namely a photosensitiser (PS) drug, light and oxygen. When a PS drug is administered to a patient, it can either passively or actively accumulate within a tumour site and once exposed to a specific wavelength of light, it is excited to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in tumour destruction. However, the efficacy of ROS generation for tumour damage is highly dependent on the uptake of the PS in tumour cells. Thus, PS selective/targeted uptake and delivery in tumour cells is a crucial factor in PDT cancer drug absorption studies. Generally, within non-targeted drug delivery mechanisms, only minor amounts of PS are able to passively accumulate in tumour sites (due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) and the remainder distributes into healthy tissues, causing unwanted side effects and poor treatment prognosis. Thus, to improve the efficacy of PDT cancer treatment, research is currently focused on the development of specific receptor-based PS-nanocarrier platform drugs, which promote the active uptake and absorption of PS drugs in tumour sites only, avoiding unwanted side effects, as well as treatment enhancement. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to focus on current actively targeted or passively delivered PS nanoparticle drug delivery systems, that have been previously investigated for the PDT treatment of cancer and so to deduce their overall efficacy and recent advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Ann Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2001, South Africa.
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2001, South Africa.
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63
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Dhall A, Self W. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A Brief Review of Their Synthesis Methods and Biomedical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E97. [PMID: 30042320 PMCID: PMC6116044 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) exhibit antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo. This is due to the self-regeneration of their surface, which is based on redox-cycling between 3+ and 4+ states for cerium, in response to their immediate environment. Additionally, oxygen vacancies in the lattice structure allow for alternating between CeO₂ and CeO2-x during redox reactions. Research to identify and characterize the biomedical applications of CeNPs has been heavily focused on investigating their use in treating diseases that are characterized by higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the bio-mimetic activities of CeNPs have been extensively studied in vitro, in vivo interactions and associated protein corona formation are not well understood. This review describes: (1) the methods of synthesis for CeNPs, including the recent green synthesis methods that offer enhanced biocompatibility and a need for establishing a reference CeNP material for consistency across studies; (2) their enzyme-mimetic activities, with a focus on their antioxidant activities; and, (3) recent experimental evidence that demonstrates their ROS scavenging abilities and their potential use in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Dhall
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
| | - William Self
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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64
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Wei Z, Wu M, Lan S, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang D, Liu X, Liu J. Semiconducting polymer-based nanoparticles for photothermal therapy at the second near-infrared window. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13599-13602. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We designed novel diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer based nanoparticles (DPP-IID-FA), which exhibited strong light absorption and excellent photothermal conversion in the NIR optical window, and displayed high biocompatibility and photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuwu Wei
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Ming Wu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Shanyou Lan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Jiong Li
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Da Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025
- P. R. China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
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