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Pfannenstiel BT, Zhao X, Wortman J, Wiemann P, Throckmorton K, Spraker JE, Soukup AA, Luo X, Lindner DL, Lim FY, Knox BP, Haas B, Fischer GJ, Choera T, Butchko RAE, Bok JW, Affeldt KJ, Keller NP, Palmer JM. Revitalization of a Forward Genetic Screen Identifies Three New Regulators of Fungal Secondary Metabolism in the Genus Aspergillus. mBio 2017; 8:e01246-17. [PMID: 28874473 PMCID: PMC5587912 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01246-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of aflatoxin in Aspergillus spp. has garnered the attention of many researchers due to aflatoxin's carcinogenic properties and frequency as a food and feed contaminant. Significant progress has been made by utilizing the model organism Aspergillus nidulans to characterize the regulation of sterigmatocystin (ST), the penultimate precursor of aflatoxin. A previous forward genetic screen identified 23 A. nidulans mutants involved in regulating ST production. Six mutants were characterized from this screen using classical mapping (five mutations in mcsA) and complementation with a cosmid library (one mutation in laeA). The remaining mutants were backcrossed and sequenced using Illumina and Ion Torrent sequencing platforms. All but one mutant contained one or more sequence variants in predicted open reading frames. Deletion of these genes resulted in identification of mutant alleles responsible for the loss of ST production in 12 of the 17 remaining mutants. Eight of these mutations were in genes already known to affect ST synthesis (laeA, mcsA, fluG, and stcA), while the remaining four mutations (in laeB, sntB, and hamI) were in previously uncharacterized genes not known to be involved in ST production. Deletion of laeB, sntB, and hamI in A. flavus results in loss of aflatoxin production, confirming that these regulators are conserved in the aflatoxigenic aspergilli. This report highlights the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms governing secondary metabolism in Aspergillus Additionally, these data contribute to the increasing number of studies showing that forward genetic screens of fungi coupled with whole-genome resequencing is a robust and cost-effective technique.IMPORTANCE In a postgenomic world, reverse genetic approaches have displaced their forward genetic counterparts. The techniques used in forward genetics to identify loci of interest were typically very cumbersome and time-consuming, relying on Mendelian traits in model organisms. The current work was pursued not only to identify alleles involved in regulation of secondary metabolism but also to demonstrate a return to forward genetics to track phenotypes and to discover genetic pathways that could not be predicted through a reverse genetics approach. While identification of mutant alleles from whole-genome sequencing has been done before, here we illustrate the possibility of coupling this strategy with a genetic screen to identify multiple alleles of interest. Sequencing of classically derived mutants revealed several uncharacterized genes, which represent novel pathways to regulate and control the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin and of aflatoxin, a societally and medically important mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jennifer Wortman
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philipp Wiemann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kurt Throckmorton
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph E Spraker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexandra A Soukup
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xingyu Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Benjamin P Knox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Haas
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory J Fischer
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tsokyi Choera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert A E Butchko
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katharyn J Affeldt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan M Palmer
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Zheng Y, Ma K, Lyu H, Huang Y, Liu H, Liu L, Che Y, Liu X, Zou H, Yin WB. Genetic Manipulation of the COP9 Signalosome Subunit PfCsnE Leads to the Discovery of Pestaloficins in Pestalotiopsis fici. Org Lett 2017; 19:4700-4703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Zhejiang
Provincial (Wenzhou) Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological
Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ke Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid
Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haining Lyu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State
Key
Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huixi Zou
- Zhejiang
Provincial (Wenzhou) Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological
Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid
Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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NAD +-dependent HDAC inhibitor stimulates Monascus pigment production but inhibit citrinin. AMB Express 2017; 7:166. [PMID: 28836182 PMCID: PMC5568183 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus species are edible fungi due to the production of food colorant and other beneficial compounds. Hence, it has been an attractive thesis to improve their productivities. Increasing numbers of investigations revealed that regulating the activities of histone deacetylases can significantly perturb secondary metabolites (SM) production at a global level. In this study, dihydrocoumarin (DHC, an inhibitor of the Sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases) was used to treat Monascus ruber for evaluating its effects on organism growth and SM production. The results revealed that the variation trends of colonial sizes, biomass and mycotoxin were in a dose-dependent manner. Generally, they decreased with the increased DHC concentrations in the designed range. But the variation trend of pigment was different. Comparison of SM profile, three new peaks occurred to the mycelia extractions from DHC-treated strain corresponding to molecular weights 402, 416 and 444, respectively. These three compounds were identified as Monasfluol B, Monascus azaphilone C and acetyl-monasfluol B (a new Monascus chemical pigment structure). In short, DHC can stimulate M. ruber strain to produce more pigment-like polyketides but inhibition of mycotoxin (citrinin).
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Clevenger KD, Bok JW, Ye R, Miley GP, Verdan MH, Velk T, Chen C, Yang K, Robey MT, Gao P, Lamprecht M, Thomas PM, Islam MN, Palmer JM, Wu CC, Keller NP, Kelleher NL. A scalable platform to identify fungal secondary metabolites and their gene clusters. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:895-901. [PMID: 28604695 PMCID: PMC5577364 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of filamentous fungi contain up to 90 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding diverse secondary metabolites-an enormous reservoir of untapped chemical potential. However, the recalcitrant genetics, cryptic expression, and unculturability of these fungi prevent scientists from systematically exploiting these gene clusters and harvesting their products. As heterologous expression of fungal BGCs is largely limited to the expression of single or partial clusters, we established a scalable process for the expression of large numbers of full-length gene clusters, called FAC-MS. Using fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) and metabolomic scoring (MS), we screened 56 secondary metabolite BGCs from diverse fungal species for expression in Aspergillus nidulans. We discovered 15 new metabolites and assigned them with confidence to their BGCs. Using the FAC-MS platform, we extensively characterized a new macrolactone, valactamide A, and its hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase (NRPS-PKS). The ability to regularize access to fungal secondary metabolites at an unprecedented scale stands to revitalize drug discovery platforms with renewable sources of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Clevenger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rosa Ye
- Intact Genomics, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Galen P Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria H Verdan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Velk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - KaHoua Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Paul M Thomas
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Palmer
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Li G, Kusari S, Golz C, Laatsch H, Strohmann C, Spiteller M. Epigenetic Modulation of Endophytic Eupenicillium sp. LG41 by a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor for Production of Decalin-Containing Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:983-988. [PMID: 28333449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An endophytic fungus, Eupenicillium sp. LG41, isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Xanthium sibiricum, was subjected to epigenetic modulation using an NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, nicotinamide. Epigenetic stimulation of the endophyte led to enhanced production of two new decalin-containing compounds, eupenicinicols C and D (3 and 4), along with two biosynthetically related known compounds, eujavanicol A (1) and eupenicinicol A (2). The structures and stereochemistry of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis using LC-HRMS, NMR, optical rotation, and ECD calculations, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 3 and 4 exist in chemical equilibrium with two and three cis/trans isomers, respectively, as revealed by LC-MS analysis. Compound 4 was active against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 0.1 μg/mL and demonstrated marked cytotoxicity against the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). We have shown that the HDAC inhibitor, nicotinamide, enhanced the production of compounds 3 and 4 by endophytic Eupenicillium sp. LG41, facilitating their isolation, structure elucidation, and evaluation of their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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57
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Future directions for the discovery of antibiotics from actinomycete bacteria. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:1-12. [PMID: 33525817 DOI: 10.1042/etls20160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing societal problem, and without new anti-infective drugs, the UK government-commissioned O'Neil report has predicted that infectious disease will claim the lives of an additional 10 million people a year worldwide by 2050. Almost all the antibiotics currently in clinical use are derived from the secondary metabolites of a group of filamentous soil bacteria called actinomycetes, most notably in the genus Streptomyces. Unfortunately, the discovery of these strains and their natural products (NPs) peaked in the 1950s and was then largely abandoned, partly due to the repeated rediscovery of known strains and compounds. Attention turned instead to rational target-based drug design, but this was largely unsuccessful and few new antibiotics have made it to clinic in the last 60 years. In the early 2000s, however, genome sequencing of the first Streptomyces species reinvigorated interest in NP discovery because it revealed the presence of numerous cryptic NP biosynthetic gene clusters that are not expressed in the laboratory. Here, we describe how the use of new technologies, including improved culture-dependent and -independent techniques, combined with searching underexplored environments, promises to identify a new generation of NP antibiotics from actinomycete bacteria.
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58
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Gubiani JR, Wijeratne EMK, Shi T, Araujo AR, Arnold AE, Chapman E, Gunatilaka AAL. An epigenetic modifier induces production of (10'S)-verruculide B, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases by Phoma sp. nov. LG0217, a fungal endophyte of Parkinsonia microphylla. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1860-1866. [PMID: 28202316 PMCID: PMC5362119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), to a culture broth of the endophytic fungus Phoma sp. nov. LG0217 isolated from Parkinsonia microphylla changed its metabolite profile and resulted in the production of (10'S)-verruculide B (1), vermistatin (2) and dihydrovermistatin (3). When cultured in the absence of the epigenetic modifier, it produced a new metabolite, (S,Z)-5-(3',4'-dihydroxybutyldiene)-3-propylfuran-2(5H)-one (4) together with nafuredin (5). The structure of 4 was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and its absolute configuration was determined by application of the modified Mosher's ester method. The absolute structure of (10'S)-verruculide B was determined as 5-[(10'S,2'E,6'E)-10',11'-dihydroxy-3',7',11'-trimethyldodeca-2',6'-dien-1'-yl]-(3R)-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisochroman-1-one (1) with the help of CD and NOE data. Compound 1 inhibited the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) 1B (PTP1B), Src homology 2-containing PTP 1 (SHP1) and T-cell PTP (TCPTP) with IC50 values of 13.7±3.4, 8.8±0.6, and 16.6±3.8μM, respectively. Significance of these activities and observed modest selectivity of 1 for SHP1 over PTP1B and TCPTP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Gubiani
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, United States; NuBBE - Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14800-900, Brazil
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, United States
| | - Taoda Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Angela R Araujo
- NuBBE - Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14800-900, Brazil
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, United States.
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Trivedi DK, Hollywood KA, Goodacre R. Metabolomics for the masses: The future of metabolomics in a personalized world. NEW HORIZONS IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:294-305. [PMID: 29094062 PMCID: PMC5653644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical practices focus on a small number of biochemical directly related to the pathophysiology with patients and thus only describe a very limited metabolome of a patient and fail to consider the interations of these small molecules. This lack of extended information may prevent clinicians from making the best possible therapeutic interventions in sufficient time to improve patient care. Various post-genomics '('omic)' approaches have been used for therapeutic interventions previously. Metabolomics now a well-established'omics approach, has been widely adopted as a novel approach for biomarker discovery and in tandem with genomics (especially SNPs and GWAS) has the potential for providing systemic understanding of the underlying causes of pathology. In this review, we discuss the relevance of metabolomics approaches in clinical sciences and its potential for biomarker discovery which may help guide clinical interventions. Although a powerful and potentially high throughput approach for biomarker discovery at the molecular level, true translation of metabolomics into clinics is an extremely slow process. Quicker adaptation of biomarkers discovered using metabolomics can be possible with novel portable and wearable technologies aided by clever data mining, as well as deep learning and artificial intelligence; we shall also discuss this with an eye to the future of precision medicine where metabolomics can be delivered to the masses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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60
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Covington BC, McLean JA, Bachmann BO. Comparative mass spectrometry-based metabolomics strategies for the investigation of microbial secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:6-24. [PMID: 27604382 PMCID: PMC5214543 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00048g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2016The labor-intensive process of microbial natural product discovery is contingent upon identifying discrete secondary metabolites of interest within complex biological extracts, which contain inventories of all extractable small molecules produced by an organism or consortium. Historically, compound isolation prioritization has been driven by observed biological activity and/or relative metabolite abundance and followed by dereplication via accurate mass analysis. Decades of discovery using variants of these methods has generated the natural pharmacopeia but also contributes to recent high rediscovery rates. However, genomic sequencing reveals substantial untapped potential in previously mined organisms, and can provide useful prescience of potentially new secondary metabolites that ultimately enables isolation. Recently, advances in comparative metabolomics analyses have been coupled to secondary metabolic predictions to accelerate bioactivity and abundance-independent discovery work flows. In this review we will discuss the various analytical and computational techniques that enable MS-based metabolomic applications to natural product discovery and discuss the future prospects for comparative metabolomics in natural product discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. and Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, 5401 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Macheleidt J, Mattern DJ, Fischer J, Netzker T, Weber J, Schroeckh V, Valiante V, Brakhage AA. Regulation and Role of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:371-392. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Macheleidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Derek J. Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Weber
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Vito Valiante
- Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
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62
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Abstract
Many Fungi have a well-developed secondary metabolism. The diversity of fungal species and the diversification of biosynthetic gene clusters underscores a nearly limitless potential for metabolic variation and an untapped resource for drug discovery and synthetic biology. Much of the ecological success of the filamentous fungi in colonizing the planet is owed to their ability to deploy their secondary metabolites in concert with their penetrative and absorptive mode of life. Fungal secondary metabolites exhibit biological activities that have been developed into life-saving medicines and agrochemicals. Toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins, contaminate human and livestock food and indoor environments. Secondary metabolites are determinants of fungal diseases of humans, animals, and plants. Secondary metabolites exhibit a staggering variation in chemical structures and biological activities, yet their biosynthetic pathways share a number of key characteristics. The genes encoding cooperative steps of a biosynthetic pathway tend to be located contiguously on the chromosome in coregulated gene clusters. Advances in genome sequencing, computational tools, and analytical chemistry are enabling the rapid connection of gene clusters with their metabolic products. At least three fungal drug precursors, penicillin K and V, mycophenolic acid, and pleuromutilin, have been produced by synthetic reconstruction and expression of respective gene clusters in heterologous hosts. This review summarizes general aspects of fungal secondary metabolism and recent developments in our understanding of how and why fungi make secondary metabolites, how these molecules are produced, and how their biosynthetic genes are distributed across the Fungi. The breadth of fungal secondary metabolite diversity is highlighted by recent information on the biosynthesis of important fungus-derived metabolites that have contributed to human health and agriculture and that have negatively impacted crops, food distribution, and human environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245
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63
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Henke MT, Kelleher NL. Modern mass spectrometry for synthetic biology and structure-based discovery of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:942-50. [PMID: 27376415 PMCID: PMC4981503 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2016In this highlight, we describe the current landscape for dereplication and discovery of natural products based on the measurement of the intact mass by LC-MS. Often it is assumed that because better mass accuracy (provided by higher resolution mass spectrometers) is necessary for absolute chemical formula determination (≤1 part-per-million), that it is also necessary for dereplication of natural products. However, the average ability to dereplicate tapers off at ∼10 ppm, with modest improvement gained from better mass accuracy when querying focused databases of natural products. We also highlight some recent examples of how these platforms are applied to synthetic biology, and recent methods for dereplication and correlation of substructures using tandem MS data. We also offer this highlight to serve as a brief primer for those entering the field of mass spectrometry-based natural products discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Henke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Henke MT, Soukup AA, Goering AW, McClure RA, Thomson RJ, Keller NP, Kelleher NL. New Aspercryptins, Lipopeptide Natural Products, Revealed by HDAC Inhibition in Aspergillus nidulans. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2117-23. [PMID: 27310134 PMCID: PMC5119465 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlocking the biochemical stores of fungi is key for developing future pharmaceuticals. Through reduced expression of a critical histone deacetylase in Aspergillus nidulans, increases of up to 100-fold were observed in the levels of 15 new aspercryptins, recently described lipopeptides with two noncanonical amino acids derived from octanoic and dodecanoic acids. In addition to two NMR-verified structures, MS/MS networking helped uncover an additional 13 aspercryptins. The aspercryptins break the conventional structural orientation of lipopeptides and appear "backward" when compared to known compounds of this class. We have also confirmed the 14-gene aspercryptin biosynthetic gene cluster, which encodes two fatty acid synthases and several enzymes to convert saturated octanoic and dodecanoic acid to α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Henke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anthony W. Goering
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan A. McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Yeh HH, Ahuja M, Chiang YM, Oakley CE, Moore S, Yoon O, Hajovsky H, Bok JW, Keller NP, Wang CCC, Oakley BR. Resistance Gene-Guided Genome Mining: Serial Promoter Exchanges in Aspergillus nidulans Reveal the Biosynthetic Pathway for Fellutamide B, a Proteasome Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2275-84. [PMID: 27294372 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal genome projects are revealing thousands of cryptic secondary metabolism (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters that encode pathways that potentially produce valuable compounds. Heterologous expression systems should allow these clusters to be expressed and their products obtained, but approaches are needed to identify the most valuable target clusters. The inp cluster of Aspergillus nidulans contains a gene, inpE, that encodes a proteasome subunit, leading us to hypothesize that the inp cluster produces a proteasome inhibitor and inpE confers resistance to this compound. Previous efforts to express this cluster have failed, but by sequentially replacing the promoters of the genes of the cluster with a regulatable promotor, we have expressed them successfully. Expression reveals that the product of the inp cluster is the proteasome inhibitor fellutamide B, and our data allow us to propose a biosynthetic pathway for the compound. By deleting inpE and activating expression of the inp cluster, we demonstrate that inpE is required for resistance to internally produced fellutamide B. These data provide experimental validation for the hypothesis that some fungal SM clusters contain genes that encode resistant forms of the enzymes targeted by the compound produced by the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Hua Yeh
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Manmeet Ahuja
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 71710, Taiwan
| | - C. Elizabeth Oakley
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Shauna Moore
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Olivia Yoon
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Heather Hajovsky
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jin-Woo Bok
- Department
of Bacteriology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department
of Bacteriology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Berl R. Oakley
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Asai T, Morita S, Taniguchi T, Monde K, Oshima Y. Epigenetic stimulation of polyketide production in Chaetomium cancroideum by an NAD(+)-dependent HDAC inhibitor. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:646-651. [PMID: 26549741 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the fungus Chaetomium cancroideum to an NAD(+)-dependent HDAC inhibitor, nicotinamide, enhanced the production of aromatic and branched aliphatic polyketides, which allowed us to isolate new secondary metabolites, chaetophenol G and cancrolides A and B. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configuration was elucidated by electronic circular dichroism (ECD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and chemical transformations. Biosynthesis of the branched aliphatic polyketide skeletons in cancrolides A and B was evidenced by conducting a feeding experiment using compounds labeled with a (13)C stable isotope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teigo Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Wu G, Zhou H, Zhang P, Wang X, Li W, Zhang W, Liu X, Liu HW, Keller NP, An Z, Yin WB. Polyketide Production of Pestaloficiols and Macrodiolide Ficiolides Revealed by Manipulations of Epigenetic Regulators in an Endophytic Fungus. Org Lett 2016; 18:1832-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haichuan Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiuna Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Multicomponent Analysis of the Differential Induction of Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Fungal Endophytes. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020234. [PMID: 26901184 PMCID: PMC6272891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors are commonly used to perturb the production of fungal metabolites leading to the induction of the expression of silent biosynthetic pathways. Several reports have described the variable effects observed in natural product profiles in fungi treated with HDAC and DNMT inhibitors, such as enhanced chemical diversity and/or the induction of new molecules previously unknown to be produced by the strain. Fungal endophytes are known to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites (SMs) involved in their adaptation and survival within higher plants. The plant-microbe interaction may influence the expression of some biosynthetic pathways, otherwise cryptic in these fungi when grown in vitro. The aim of this study was to setup a systematic approach to evaluate and identify the possible effects of HDAC and DNMT inhibitors on the metabolic profiles of wild type fungal endophytes, including the chemical identification and characterization of the most significant SMs induced by these epigenetic modifiers.
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Metabolic profiling as a tool for prioritizing antimicrobial compounds. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:299-312. [PMID: 26335567 PMCID: PMC4752588 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an analytical technique that allows scientists to globally profile low molecular weight metabolites between samples in a medium- or high-throughput environment. Different biological samples are statistically analyzed and correlated to a bioactivity of interest, highlighting differentially produced compounds as potential biomarkers. Here, we review NMR- and MS-based metabolomics as technologies to facilitate the identification of novel antimicrobial natural products from microbial sources. Approaches to elicit the production of poorly expressed (cryptic) molecules are thereby a key to allow statistical analysis of samples to identify bioactive markers, while connection of compounds to their biosynthetic gene cluster is a determining step in elucidating the biosynthetic pathway and allows downstream process optimization and upscaling. The review focuses on approaches built around NMR-based metabolomics, which enables efficient dereplication and guided fractionation of (antimicrobial) compounds.
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