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Wang YM, Zeng Q, He L, Yin P, Sun Y, Hu W, Yang R. Fabrication and application of biocompatible nanogenerators. iScience 2021; 24:102274. [PMID: 33817578 PMCID: PMC8010465 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new sustainable energy source, ubiquitous mechanical energy has received great attention and was successfully harvested by different types of nanogenerators. Among them, biocompatible nanogenerators are of particular interests due to their potential for biomedical applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent achievements in the fabrication and application of biocompatible nanogenerators. The development process and working mechanism of nanogenerators are introduced. Different biocompatible materials for energy harvesting, such as amino acids, peptide, silk protein, and cellulose, are discussed and compared. We then discuss different applications of biocompatible nanogenerators. We conclude with the challenges and potential research directions in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Wang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Qingfeng Zeng
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- MSEA International Institute for Materials Genome, Gu'an 065500, Hebei, China
| | - Lilong He
- Xi'an Chuanglian Electronic Component (Group) Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Pei Yin
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Rusen Yang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
- Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Biofabrication, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
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Abstract
Wood modification is now widely recognized as offering enhanced properties of wood and overcoming issues such as dimensional instability and biodegradability which affect natural wood. Typical wood modification systems use chemical modification, impregnation modification or thermal modification, and these vary in the properties achieved. As control and understanding of the wood modification systems has progressed, further opportunities have arisen to add extra functionalities to the modified wood. These include UV stabilisation, fire retardancy, or enhanced suitability for paints and coatings. Thus, wood may become a multi-functional material through a series of modifications, treatments or reactions, to create a high-performance material with previously impossible properties. In this paper we review systems that combine the well-established wood modification procedures with secondary techniques or modifications to deliver emerging technologies with multi-functionality. The new applications targeted using this additional functionality are diverse and range from increased electrical conductivity, creation of sensors or responsive materials, improvement of wellbeing in the built environment, and enhanced fire and flame protection. We identified two parallel and connected themes: (1) the functionalisation of modified timber and (2) the modification of timber to provide (multi)-functionality. A wide range of nanotechnology concepts have been harnessed by this new generation of wood modifications and wood treatments. As this field is rapidly expanding, we also include within the review trends from current research in order to gauge the state of the art, and likely direction of travel of the industry.
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Sun J, Guo H, Schädli GN, Tu K, Schär S, Schwarze FWMR, Panzarasa G, Ribera J, Burgert I. Enhanced mechanical energy conversion with selectively decayed wood. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabd9138. [PMID: 33692104 PMCID: PMC7946366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Producing electricity from renewable sources and reducing its consumption by buildings are necessary to meet energy and climate change challenges. Wood is an excellent "green" building material and, owing to its piezoelectric behavior, could enable direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. Although this phenomenon has been discovered decades ago, its exploitation as an energy source has been impaired by the ultralow piezoelectric output of native wood. Here, we demonstrate that, by enhancing the elastic compressibility of balsa wood through a facile, green, and sustainable fungal decay pretreatment, the piezoelectric output is increased over 55 times. A single cube (15 mm by 15 mm by 13.2 mm) of decayed wood is able to produce a maximum voltage of 0.87 V and a current of 13.3 nA under 45-kPa stress. This study is a fundamental step to develop next-generation self-powered green building materials for future energy supply and mitigation of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Huizhang Guo
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gian Nutal Schädli
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Styfen Schär
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Li H, Song H, Long M, Saeed G, Lim S. Mortise-tenon joint structured hydrophobic surface-functionalized barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites for printed self-powered wearable sensors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2542-2555. [PMID: 33475650 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered wearable sensors exhibiting high sensitivity and flexibility have attracted widespread interest in the field of wearable electronics. Herein, a 3D printing technique was employed to fabricate a fully printed, flexible self-powered sensor with high piezoelectric performance. This printing technique is based on the hydrophobic surface-functionalized barium titanate (FD-BTO)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite film. To strengthen the interface bond between BTO and PVDF, the BTO nanoparticles were surface functionalized using hydrophobic 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES). As a result, there was an increase in the content of the β-phase in the PFDTES modified BTO (FD-BTO) nanoparticle composite film. The 3D-printed self-powered sensor based on the optimum FD-BTO/PVDF composite film exhibited excellent sensitivity (61.6 mV kPa-1) with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 69.1 pC/N, which is two-fold higher than that of the unfunctionalized BTO/PVDF counterpart. Additionally, the power sensor displayed excellent mechanical durability in the 20 000 cyclic force tests. In practice, the printed devices were used as a sports wearable device to monitor and analyze athlete motion, and a self-powered printed sensor array (5 × 5), which could effectively detect the pattern image of the external pressure input. The 3D-printed self-powered sensor demonstrated herein can contribute significantly to the applications and the development of printed electronic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoseong Song
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mengjie Long
- Wuhan Chamtop New Materials Co., Ltd., Heping Street 1540, Wuhan 430080, China
| | - Ghuzanfar Saeed
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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