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Tiwari N, Chatterjee S, Kaswan K, Chung JH, Fan KP, Lin ZH. Recent advancements in sampling, power management strategies and development in applications for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Bolat G, De la Paz E, Azeredo NF, Kartolo M, Kim J, de Loyola E Silva AN, Rueda R, Brown C, Angnes L, Wang J, Sempionatto JR. Wearable soft electrochemical microfluidic device integrated with iontophoresis for sweat biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5411-5421. [PMID: 35015101 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A soft and flexible wearable sweat epidermal microfluidic device capable of simultaneously stimulating, collecting, and electrochemically analyzing sweat is demonstrated. The device represents the first system integrating an iontophoretic pilocarpine delivery system around the inlet channels of epidermal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for sweat collection and analysis. The freshly generated sweat is naturally pumped into the fluidic inlet without the need of exercising. Soft skin-mounted systems, incorporating non-invasive, on-demand sweat sampling/analysis interfaces for tracking target biomarkers, are in urgent need. Existing skin conformal microfluidic-based sensors for continuous monitoring of target sweat biomarkers rely on assays during intense physical exercising. This work demonstrates the first example of combining sweat stimulation, through transdermal pilocarpine delivery, with sample collection through a microfluidic channel for real-time electrochemical monitoring of sweat glucose, in a fully integrated soft and flexible multiplexed device which eliminates the need of exercising. The on-body operational performance and layout of the device were optimized considering the fluid dynamics and evaluated for detecting sweat glucose in several volunteers. Furthermore, the microfluidic monitoring device was integrated with a real-time wireless data transmission system using a flexible electronic board PCB conformal with the body. The new microfluidic platform paves the way to real-time non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers in stimulated sweat samples for diverse healthcare and wellness applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Bolat
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathalia F Azeredo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Kartolo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Rueda
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Kinetic changes in sweat lactate following fatigue during constant workload exercise. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15169. [PMID: 35043587 PMCID: PMC8767313 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is useful to investigate various physiological responses induced by fatigue in athletes. Moreover, wearable noninvasive sensors, including sweat sensors, are compatible with fatigue evaluation because of their ease of use, and ability to measure repeatedly and continual data. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify how sweat lactate elimination curves obtained during constant workload exercise changed following fatigue. Seventeen recreationally trained males (average age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years) completed two consecutive constant workload exercise tests (at 25% peak power) with rest intervals; the participants were encouraged to perform Test 1 until exhaustion and Test 2 only for 10 min. Subjective fatigue (numerical rating scale with face rating scale), sweat lactate, and sweat rate were measured for 10 min in each test. Subjective fatigue was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and time to each constant value between Tests 1 and 2 was compared using paired t-test. Subjective fatigue significantly increased during Test 2 compared with that during Test 1. After Test 1, the sweat lactate elimination curve demonstrated a leftward shift, as proved by the significantly sooner observation of the peak and constant values of sweat lactate (2, 3, and 4 μA) (p < 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that the sweat lactate elimination curve is different in the fatigue state. Further research may provide insight in the application of this curve to the evaluation for fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of CardiologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of Clinical BiomechanicsKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
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54
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Lin T, Xu Y, Zhao A, He W, Xiao F. Flexible electrochemical sensors integrated with nanomaterials for in situ determination of small molecules in biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pillai S, Upadhyay A, Sayson D, Nguyen BH, Tran SD. Advances in Medical Wearable Biosensors: Design, Fabrication and Materials Strategies in Healthcare Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 27:165. [PMID: 35011400 PMCID: PMC8746599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, wearable biosensors have radically changed our outlook on contemporary medical healthcare monitoring systems. These smart, multiplexed devices allow us to quantify dynamic biological signals in real time through highly sensitive, miniaturized sensing platforms, thereby decentralizing the concept of regular clinical check-ups and diagnosis towards more versatile, remote, and personalized healthcare monitoring. This paradigm shift in healthcare delivery can be attributed to the development of nanomaterials and improvements made to non-invasive biosignal detection systems alongside integrated approaches for multifaceted data acquisition and interpretation. The discovery of new biomarkers and the use of bioaffinity recognition elements like aptamers and peptide arrays combined with the use of newly developed, flexible, and conductive materials that interact with skin surfaces has led to the widespread application of biosensors in the biomedical field. This review focuses on the recent advances made in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring. It classifies their development and application in terms of electrochemical, mechanical, and optical modes of transduction and type of material used and discusses the shortcomings accompanying their large-scale fabrication and commercialization. A brief note on the most widely used materials and their improvements in wearable sensor development is outlined along with instructions for the future of medical wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeth Pillai
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Akshaya Upadhyay
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Darren Sayson
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Bich Hong Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
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Naik AR, Zhou Y, Dey AA, Arellano DLG, Okoroanyanwu U, Secor EB, Hersam MC, Morse J, Rothstein JP, Carter KR, Watkins JJ. Printed microfluidic sweat sensing platform for cortisol and glucose detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:156-169. [PMID: 34881383 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors offer compelling opportunities for improved personal health monitoring and non-invasive measurements of key biomarkers. Inexpensive device fabrication methods are necessary for scalable manufacturing of portable, disposable, and flexible sweat sensors. Furthermore, real-time sweat assessment must be analyzed to validate measurement reliability at various sweating rates. Here, we demonstrate a "smart bandage" microfluidic platform for cortisol detection and continuous glucose monitoring integrated with a synthetic skin. The low-cost, laser-cut microfluidic device is composed of an adhesive-based microchannel and solution-processed electrochemical sensors fabricated from inkjet-printed graphene and silver solutions. An antibody-derived cortisol sensor achieved a limit of detection of 10 pM and included a low-voltage electrowetting valve, validating the microfluidic sensor design under typical physiological conditions. To understand effects of perspiration rate on sensor performance, a synthetic skin was developed using soft lithography to mimic human sweat pores and sweating rates. The enzymatic glucose sensor exhibited a range of 0.2 to 1.0 mM, a limit of detection of 10 μM, and reproducible response curves at flow rates of 2.0 μL min-1 and higher when integrated with the synthetic skin, validating its relevance for human health monitoring. These results demonstrate the potential of using printed microfluidic sweat sensors as a low-cost, real-time, multi-diagnostic device for human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi R Naik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Yiliang Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Anita A Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - Uzodinma Okoroanyanwu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morse
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Rothstein
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Kenneth R Carter
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Osmotically Enabled Wearable Patch for Sweat Harvesting and Lactate Quantification. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121513. [PMID: 34945363 PMCID: PMC8705979 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is an essential biomarker for determining the health of the muscles and oxidative stress levels in the human body. However, most of the currently available sweat lactate monitoring devices require external power, cannot measure lactate under low sweat rates (such as in humans at rest), and do not provide adequate information about the relationship between sweat and blood lactate levels. Here, we discuss the on-skin operation of our recently developed wearable sweat sampling patch. The patch combines osmosis (using hydrogel discs) and capillary action (using paper microfluidic channel) for long-term sweat withdrawal and management. When subjects are at rest, the hydrogel disc can withdraw fluid from the skin via osmosis and deliver it to the paper. The lactate amount in the fluid is determined using a colorimetric assay. During active sweating (e.g., exercise), the paper can harvest sweat even in the absence of the hydrogel patch. The captured fluid contains lactate, which we quantify using a colorimetric assay. The measurements show the that the total number of moles of lactate in sweat is correlated to sweat rate. Lactate concentrations in sweat and blood correlate well only during high-intensity exercise. Hence, sweat appears to be a suitable biofluid for lactate quantification. Overall, this wearable patch holds the potential of providing a comprehensive analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body.
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Fu F, Wang J, Tan Y, Yu J. Super-Hydrophilic Zwitterionic Polymer Surface Modification Facilitates Liquid Transportation of Microfluidic Sweat Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100776. [PMID: 34825435 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transportation of sweat in an epidermal sweat sensor is critical for the monitoring of biochemical compositions of human sweat. However, it is still a challenge to engineer microfluidic devices with super-wetting channels for such epidermal sweat sensors. Herein, a zwitterionic poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) modified microfluidic device with super-wetting and good liquid transport ability via an azo coupling reaction of PMPC onto the surface of polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices is reported. The obtained PMPC-modified microfluidic device can be integrated with flexible electrochemical sensor to measure the ion compositions of human sweat in real-time. The super-hydrophilic zwitterionic polymer surface modification can greatly facilitate the transportation of body fluids in microfluidic sensors for the detection of various biomarkers. Such microfluidic sensors have great potential for next-generation personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Fu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jilei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yurong Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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59
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Rajarathinam T, Kim S, Thirumalai D, Lee S, Kwon M, Paik HJ, Kim S, Chang SC. Robust Nanozyme-Enzyme Nanosheets-Based Lactate Biosensor for Diagnosing Bacterial Infection in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:439. [PMID: 34821655 PMCID: PMC8615781 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections in fish farms increase mass mortality and rapid detection of infection can help prevent its widespread. Lactate is an important biomarker for early diagnosis of bacterial infections in farmed olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). To determine the lactate levels, we designed a disposable amperometric biosensor based on Prussian blue nanozyme and lactate oxidase (LOX) entrapped in copolymer-reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Because LOX is inherently unstable, P-rGO nanosheets were utilized as a base matrix to immobilize it. After optimization in terms of enzyme loading, operating potential, and pH, the biosensor displayed maximum current responses within 5 s at the applied potential of -0.1 V vs. internal Ag/AgCl. The biosensor had Langmuir-type response in the lactate concentration range from 10 µM to 1.6 mM, a dynamic linear response range of 10-100 µM, a sensitivity of 15.9 µA mM-1 cm-2, and a lower detection limit of 3.1 µM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the biosensor featured high reproducibility, good selectivity, and stability till four weeks. Its practical applicability was tested in olive flounder infected by Streptococcus parauberis against the uninfected control. The results were satisfactory compared to those of a standard colorimetric assay kit, validating our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.K.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Dinakaran Thirumalai
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.K.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Minho Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.K.); (H.-j.P.)
| | - Hyun-jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.K.); (H.-j.P.)
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.K.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.R.); (D.T.)
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61
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Van Hoovels K, Xuan X, Cuartero M, Gijssel M, Swarén M, Crespo GA. Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology? ACS Sens 2021; 6:3496-3508. [PMID: 34549938 PMCID: PMC8546758 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The rise of wearable
sensors to measure lactate content in human
sweat during sports activities has attracted the attention of physiologists
given the potential of these “analytical tools” to provide
real-time information. Beyond the assessment of the sensing technology per se, which, in fact, has not rigorously been validated
yet in controlled conditions, there are many open questions about
the true usefulness of such wearable sensors in real scenarios. On
the one hand, the evidence for the origin of sweat lactate (e.g.,
via the sweat gland, derivation from blood, or other alternative mechanisms),
its high concentration (1–25 mM or even higher) compared to
levels in the blood, and the possible correlation between different
biofluids (particularly blood) is rather contradictory and generates
vivid debate in the field. On the other hand, it is important to point
out that accurate detection of sweat lactate is highly dependent on
the procedure used to collect and/or reach the fluid, and this can
likely explain the large discrepancies reported in the literature.
In brief, this paper provides our vision of the current state of the
field and a thoughtful evaluation of the possible reasons for present
controversies, together with an analysis of the impact of wearable
sweat lactate sensors in the physiological context. Finally, although
there is not yet overwhelming scientific evidence to provide an unequivocal
answer to whether wearable sweat lactate sensors can contribute to
sports physiology, we still understand the importance to bring this
challenging question up-front to create awareness and guidance in
the development, validation, and implementation of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Hoovels
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maarten Gijssel
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Swarén
- Swedish Unit of Metrology in Sports, Institution of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ghaffari R, Yang DS, Kim J, Mansour A, Wright JA, Model JB, Wright DE, Rogers JA, Ray TR. State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2787-2801. [PMID: 34351759 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Amer Mansour
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John A. Wright
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald E. Wright
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
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Abstract
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Wearable lactate
sensors for sweat analysis are highly appealing
for both the sports and healthcare fields. Electrochemical biosensing
is the approach most widely used for lactate determination, and this
technology generally demonstrates a linear range of response far below
the expected lactate levels in sweat together with a high influence
of pH and temperature. In this work, we present a novel analytical
strategy based on the restriction of the lactate flux that reaches
the enzyme lactate oxidase, which is immobilized in the biosensor
core. This is accomplished by means of an outer plasticized polymeric
layer containing the quaternary salt tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)
borate (traditionally known as ETH500). Also, this layer prevents
the enzyme from being in direct contact with the sample, and hence,
any influence with the pH and temperature is dramatically reduced.
An expanded limit of detection in the millimolar range (from 1 to
50 mM) is demonstrated with this new biosensor, in addition to an
acceptable response time; appropriate repeatability, reproducibility,
and reversibility (variations lower than 5% for the sensitivity);
good resiliency; excellent selectivity; low drift; negligible influence
of the flow rate; and extraordinary correlation (Pearson coefficient
of 0.97) with a standardized method for lactate detection such as
ion chromatography (through analysis of 22 sweat samples collected
from 6 different subjects performing cycling or running). The developed
lactate biosensor is suitable for on-body sweat lactate monitoring
via a microfluidic epidermal patch additionally containing pH and
temperature sensors. This applicability was demonstrated in three
different body locations (forehead, thigh, and back) in a total of
five on-body tests while cycling, achieving appropriate performance
and validation. Moreover, the epidermal patch for lactate sensing
is convenient for the analysis of sweat stimulated by iontophoresis
in the subjects’ arm, which is of great potential toward healthcare
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Nowadays, we are assisting in the exceptional growth in research relating to the development of wearable devices for sweat analysis. Sweat is a biofluid that contains useful health information and allows a non-invasive, continuous and comfortable collection. For this reason, it is an excellent biofluid for the detection of different analytes. In this work, electrochemical sensors based on polyaniline thin films deposited on the flexible substrate polyethylene terephthalate coated with indium tin oxide were studied. Polyaniline thin films were abstained by the potentiostatic deposition technique, applying a potential of +2 V vs. SCE for 90 s. To improve the sensor performance, the electronic substrate was modified with reduced graphene oxide, obtained at a constant potential of −0.8 V vs. SCE for 200 s, and then polyaniline thin films were electrodeposited on top of the as-deposited substrate. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, static contact angle and FT-IR/ATR analysis to correlate the physical-chemical features with the performance of the sensors. The obtained electrodes were tested as pH sensors in the range from 2 to 8, showing good behavior, with a sensitivity of 62.3 mV/pH, very close to a Nernstian response, and a reproducibility of 3.8%. Interference tests, in the presence of competing ions, aimed to verify the selectivity, were also performed. Finally, a real sweat sample was collected, and the sweat pH was quantified with both the proposed sensor and a commercial pH meter, showing an excellent concordance.
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