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Knežević NŽ, Durand JO. Large pore mesoporous silica nanomaterials for application in delivery of biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2199-2209. [PMID: 25583539 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches for the synthesis of mesoporous silicate nanoparticles (MSN) with large pore (LP) diameters (in the range of 3-50 nm) are reviewed in this article. The work also covers the construction of magnetic analogues of large pore-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LPMMSN) and their biomedical applications. The constructed materials exhibit vast potential for application in the loading and delivery of large drug molecules and biomolecules. Literature reports on the application of LPMSN and LPMMSN materials for the adsorption and delivery of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids are covered in depth, which exemplify their highly potent characteristics for use in drug and biomolecule delivery to diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Ž Knežević
- Faculty of Pharmacy, European University, Trg mladenaca 5, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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52
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Pérez-Anguiano O, Wenger B, Pugin R, Hofmann H, Scolan E. Controlling mesopore size and processability of transparent enzyme-loaded silica films for biosensing applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2960-2971. [PMID: 25574584 DOI: 10.1021/am508630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silica-based nanoporous thin films including large mesopores are relevant as enzyme supports for applications in biosensing. The diffusion and immobilization of large biomolecules such as enzymes in such porous films require the presence of large mesopores. Creating such morphologies based on a bottom-up synthesis using colloidal templates is a challenge in view of the combination of desired material properties and the robustness of the casting process for the fabrication of thin films. Here a strategy to reproducibly synthesize transparent porous silica thin films with submicrometer thickness and homogeneously distributed porosity is presented. For this purpose, polystyrene-poly-2-vinylpyridine (PS-P2VP) amphiphilic block copolymers are used as porogenic templates. Low-chain alcohols are employed as both selective solvents for the P2VP blocks and reaction media for silica synthesis. Rheology measurements reveal a strong influence of the block copolymer length on the behavior of PS-P2VP micelles in suspension. The pore distribution and accessibility into the film are controlled by adjusting the silica to block copolymer weight ratio. The solvent choice is shown to control not only the micelle size and the generated pore morphology but also the structural homogeneity of the films. Finally, the suitability of the synthesized films as supports for enzymes is tested using a model enzyme, horseradish peroxidase EC 1.11.1.7. Our approach is innovative, robust, and reproducible and provides a convenient alternative to synthesize large mesopores up to small macropores (20-100 nm) in nanostructured thin films with applications in biosensing and functional coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Pérez-Anguiano
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) , Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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53
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Ng TN, Chen XQ, Yeung KL. Direct manipulation of particle size and morphology of ordered mesoporous silica by flow synthesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16679e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow-synthesis of mesoporous silica allows deliberate and precise control over the size and shapes and enables the preparation of complex microstructures (i.e., hollow spheres).
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Affiliation(s)
- T. N. Ng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Hong Kong S.A.R
- P. R. China
- Energy Technology Concentration Program
| | - X. Q. Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Hong Kong S.A.R
- P. R. China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institue
| | - K. L. Yeung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Hong Kong S.A.R
- P. R. China
- Division of Environment
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54
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Mitran RA, Nastase S, Matei C, Berger D. Tailoring the dissolution rate enhancement of aminoglutethimide by functionalization of MCM-41 silica: a hydrogen bonding propensity approach. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine ions can mediate the adsorption and enhance the dissolution release of aminoglutethimide from pristine and functionalized MCM-41 mesoporous silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul-Augustin Mitran
- University “Politehnica” of Bucharest
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
- Bucharest
- Romania
- SARA Pharm Solutions
| | - Silviu Nastase
- University “Politehnica” of Bucharest
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Cristian Matei
- University “Politehnica” of Bucharest
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Daniela Berger
- University “Politehnica” of Bucharest
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
- Bucharest
- Romania
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55
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Ding L, Su B. An electrochemistry assisted approach for fast, low-cost and gram-scale synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13482j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-scale mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared by a facile electrochemistry assisted sol–gel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Ding
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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56
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Zhang D, Xu J, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Liu G. A Site-Isolated Organoruthenium-/Organopalladium-Bifunctionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Catalyzes Cascade Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation and Suzuki Cross-Coupling. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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57
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Zhang ZX, Bi PY, Jiang PW, Li QX. Effect of Surfactant-Induced Modifications on CuCoMn Catalysts for Higher Alcohol Synthesis. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/04/450-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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58
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Jamal P, Mir S, Alam MZ, Wan Nawawi WMF. Isolation and selection of new biosurfactant producing bacteria from degraded palm kernel cake under liquid state fermentation. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:795-804. [PMID: 25007747 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by different microorganisms. The aim of this study was to introduce palm kernel cake (PKC) as a novel substrate for biosurfactant production using a potent bacterial strain under liquid state fermentation. This study was primarily based on the isolation and identification of biosurfactant-producing bacteria that could utilize palm kernel cake as a new major substrate. Potential bacterial strains were isolated from degraded PKC and screened for biosurfactant production with the help of the drop collapse assay and by analyzing the surface tension activity. From the screened isolates, a new strain, SM03, showed the best and most consistent results, and was therefore selected as the most potent biosurfactant-producing bacterial strain. The new strain was identified as Providencia alcalifaciens SM03 using the Gen III MicroPlate Biolog Microbial Identification System. The yield of the produced biosurfactant was 8.3 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Jamal
- Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia
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59
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Wang G, Zhang D, Du Z, Li P. Spontaneous vesicle formation from trisiloxane-tailed gemini surfactant. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Li Y, Shi J. Hollow-structured mesoporous materials: chemical synthesis, functionalization and applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3176-205. [PMID: 24687906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hollow-structured mesoporous materials (HMMs), as a kind of mesoporous material with unique morphology, have been of great interest in the past decade because of the subtle combination of the hollow architecture with the mesoporous nanostructure. Benefitting from the merits of low density, large void space, large specific surface area, and, especially, the good biocompatibility, HMMs present promising application prospects in various fields, such as adsorption and storage, confined catalysis when catalytically active species are incorporated in the core and/or shell, controlled drug release, targeted drug delivery, and simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancers when the surface and/or core of the HMMs are functionalized with functional ligands and/or nanoparticles, and so on. In this review, recent progress in the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of hollow mesoporous materials are discussed. Two main synthetic strategies, soft-templating and hard-templating routes, are broadly sorted and described in detail. Progress in the main application aspects of HMMs, such as adsorption and storage, catalysis, and biomedicine, are also discussed in detail in this article, in terms of the unique features of the combined large void space in the core and the mesoporous network in the shell. Functionalization of the core and pore/outer surfaces with functional organic groups and/or nanoparticles, and their performance, are summarized in this article. Finally, an outlook of their prospects and challenges in terms of their controlled synthesis and scaled application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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61
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Bleta R, Machut C, Léger B, Monflier E, Ponchel A. Investigating the effect of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin/block copolymer molar ratio on the template-directed preparation of mesoporous alumina with tailored porosity. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-014-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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62
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Liu R, Jin R, An J, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Liu G. Hollow-Shell-Structured Nanospheres: A Recoverable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Rhodium-Catalyzed Tandem Reduction/Lactonization of Ethyl 2-Acylarylcarboxylates to Chiral Phthalides. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1388-94. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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63
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Dutta A, Gupta D, Patra AK, Saha B, Bhaumik A. Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurural from carbohydrates using large-pore mesoporous tin phosphate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:925-933. [PMID: 24474710 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A large-pore mesoporous tin phosphate (LPSnP-1) material has been synthesized hydrothermally by using Pluronic P123 as the structure-directing agent. The material is composed of aggregated nanoparticles of 10-15 nm in diameter and has a BET surface area of 216 m(2) g(-1) with an average pore diameter of 10.4 nm. This pore diameter is twice as large as that of mesoporous tin phosphate materials synthesized through the surfactant-templating pathways reported previously. LPSnP-1 shows excellent catalytic activity for the conversion of fructose, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, and cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in a water/methyl isobutyl ketone biphasic solvent to give maximum yields of HMF of 77, 50, 51, 39, and 32 mol %, respectively, under microwave-assisted heating at 423 K. Under comparable reaction conditions, LPSnP-1 gives 12 % more HMF yield than a small-pore mesoporous tin phosphate catalyst that has an identical framework composition. This confirms the beneficial role of large mesopores and nanoscale particle morphology in catalytic reactions that involve bulky natural carbohydrate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Dutta
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032 (India)
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64
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Bastakoti BP, Ishihara S, Leo SY, Ariga K, Wu KCW, Yamauchi Y. Polymeric micelle assembly for preparation of large-sized mesoporous metal oxides with various compositions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:651-659. [PMID: 24392806 DOI: 10.1021/la403901x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of mesoporous metal oxide materials with various compositions by assembly of spherical polymeric micelles consisting of triblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PVP-b-PEO) with three chemically distinct units. The PVP block interacts strongly with the inorganic precursors for the target compositions. The hydrophobic PS block is kinetically frozen in the precursor solutions, enabling the spherical micelles to remain in a stable form. The frozen PS cores serve as templates for preparing robust mesoporous materials. The PEO corona helps the micelles to stay well dispersed in the precursor solutions, which plays a key role in the orderly arrangement of the micelles during solvent evaporation. This approach is based on assembly of the stable micelles using a simple, highly reproducible method and is widely applicable toward numerous compositions that are difficult for the formation of mesoporous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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65
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Gao X, Liu R, Zhang D, Wu M, Cheng T, Liu G. Phenylene-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles that Boost Aqueous Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions. Chemistry 2014; 20:1515-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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66
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Wang W, Zhao J, Xu Y, Zhang C, Shan W, Nguyen D, Ru H. Water-deficient templating system: a general, versatile and efficient synthetic approach for mesoporous silicas. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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67
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Chen C, Kong L, Cheng T, Jin R, Liu G. Facile construction of functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilica for Ir-catalyzed enantioselective reduction of α-cyanoacetophenones and α-nitroacetophenones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10891-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04169k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A facile construction of organoiridium-functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilica and its application in the enantioselective reduction of α-cyano and α-nitroacetophenones are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tanyu Cheng
- Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200241, China
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68
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Nanocasting Process to Pore-Expanded Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with 2D Hexagonal Mesostructure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/351923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pore-expanded ordered mesoporous carbons with 2D hexagonal mesostructure were synthesized by a simple nanocasting process. We adopted sucrose as carbon precursors, mesoporous silica materials SBA-15 as the hard templates, and hexane as micelle swelling agents. The pore size distribution of OMCs was narrow and centered at 5.4 nm, which is larger than the upper limit of pore diameters typically reported for CMK-3. The BET surface area and mesopore volume of PE-CMK-3 can reach to 1213.47 m2/g and 1.56 cm3/g, respectively, indicating that choosing large pore size materials as template is good for preparation of high performance of OMCs.
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69
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Mandal M, Kruk M. Ethylene-bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Large Spherical Pores Templated by PEO-PPO-PEO Surfactant Micelles Swollen by Ethylbenzene. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Liu R, Jin R, Kong L, Wang J, Chen C, Cheng T, Liu G. Organorhodium-Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica: High Hydrophobicity Promotes Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in Aqueous Medium. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:3108-15. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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71
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Bleta R, Machut C, Léger B, Monflier É, Ponchel A. Coassembly of Block Copolymer and Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin: From Swollen Micelles to Mesoporous Alumina with Tunable Pore Size. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4008303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudina Bleta
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- UCCS, Faculté des Sciences
Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18, F-62307 Lens, France
- CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650
Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Cécile Machut
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- UCCS, Faculté des Sciences
Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18, F-62307 Lens, France
- CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650
Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Bastien Léger
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- UCCS, Faculté des Sciences
Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18, F-62307 Lens, France
- CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650
Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Éric Monflier
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- UCCS, Faculté des Sciences
Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18, F-62307 Lens, France
- CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650
Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Anne Ponchel
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- UCCS, Faculté des Sciences
Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18, F-62307 Lens, France
- CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650
Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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72
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Gómez-Romero P, Fraile J, Ballesteros B. Fractal porosity in metals synthesized by a simple combustion reaction. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22441k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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73
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Deng Y, Wei J, Sun Z, Zhao D. Large-pore ordered mesoporous materials templated from non-Pluronic amphiphilic block copolymers. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:4054-70. [PMID: 23258081 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of small surfactants and Pluronic® amphiphilic copolymers has enabled the synthesis of a range of ordered mesoporous materials with high surface area, diverse compositions, variable pore structures and tunable pore sizes. It has recently been realized that non-Pluronic block copolymers can be used as robust templates for the synthesis of novel and high-performance mesoporous materials with crystalline frameworks, ultra-large pores, and abundant pore symmetries, which are not accessible using the Pluronic counterparts. In this review, we introduce the principle of self-assembly of block copolymers and their phase separations, and summarize recently developed synthetic methods and strategies for ordered mesoporous silicas, metal oxides, carbons and metals which have shown superior performances for applications in various fields, including solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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