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Hsieh WC, Shaikh AY, Perera JDR, Thadke SA, Ly DH. Synthesis of ( R)- and ( S)-Fmoc-Protected Diethylene Glycol Gamma PNA Monomers with High Optical Purity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1276-1287. [PMID: 30608165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A robust synthetic route has been developed for preparing optically pure, Fmoc-protected diethylene glycol-containing ( R)- and ( S)-γPNA monomers. The strategy involves the application of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-9-fluorenyl as a temporary, safety-catch protecting group for the suppression of epimerization in the O-alkylation and reductive amination steps. The optical purities of the final monomers were determined to be greater than 99.5% ee, as assessed by 19F-NMR and HPLC. The new synthetic methodology is well-suited for large-scale monomer production, with most synthetic steps providing excellent chemical yields without the need for chromatographic purification other than a simple workup and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Hsieh
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Ashif Y Shaikh
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - J Dinithi R Perera
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Shivaji A Thadke
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Danith H Ly
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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2
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Nakamura T, Matsumura T, Yamamoto Y, Senda M. [Safety and Effectiveness of NEPTIS Plug-01 and Florbetapir ( 18F) in Daily Clinical Setting: Based on the Post-Marketing Surveillance Study]. Kaku Igaku 2019; 56:127-134. [PMID: 31554771 DOI: 10.18893/kakuigaku.oa.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obtaining the information on safety and effectiveness of radiopharmaceutical synthesizer NEPTIS plug - 01 and florbetapir (18F) injection solution synthesized by NEPTIS plug - 01 from the post marketing surveillance study. METHODS Regarding the safety evaluation, failure of device and adverse events were recorded. Regarding the effectiveness evaluation, we assessed the quality of PET images and the impact on the clinical diagnosis. RESULT During the study period, 12 patients were enrolled. No adverse event was reported from those 12 patients. Two events in 2 patients were reported as a failure of device (In a subsequent investigation, those failures were thought to be caused by inadequacy of procedure manual, which has been revised now). For the quality of PET images, all 12 cases were "good" or "excellent", regardless of the positive or negative of amyloid plaque. The attending physician's diagnosis was changed in 9 patients following the PET imaging. CONCLUSION NEPTIS plug-01 and florbetapir (18F) were safe and has a favorable effectiveness profile in 12 patients under daily clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakamura
- Medical Science, Bio-medicine, Medicines Development Unit Japan, Eli Lilly Japan
| | - Taka Matsumura
- Medical Science, Bio-medicine, Medicines Development Unit Japan, Eli Lilly Japan
| | - Yasuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biosignal Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University
| | - Michio Senda
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
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3
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Jin C, Decker AM, Langston TL. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycinol derivatives as GPR88 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:805-812. [PMID: 27956039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR88 is an attractive therapeutic target because of its implications in a number of basal ganglia-associated disorders. To date, pharmacological characterization of GPR88 has been limited due to the lack of potent and selective agonists and antagonists appropriate for CNS investigations. We have previously reported that GPR88 couples to Gαi proteins and modulates cAMP levels upon treatment with a small molecule agonist 2-PCCA. Recently, another chemotype of GPR88 agonist, represented by 2-AMPP [(2S)-N-((1R)-2-amino-1-(4-(2-methylpentyloxy)-phenyl)ethyl)-2-phenylpropanamide], has also been discovered. In this report, a new series of 2-AMPP structurally related 4-hydroxyphenylglycine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycinol derivatives have been designed and evaluated for agonist activity at GPR88. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that the amine group in 2-AMPP can be replaced by hydroxyl, ester and amide groups, resulting in analogues with good to moderate potency, whereas the phenyl group on the amide cap is essential for activity and has limited size, shape and electronic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L Langston
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Wang J, Song Y, Sun P, An Y, Zhang Z, Shi L. Reversible Interactions of Proteins with Mixed Shell Polymeric Micelles: Tuning the Surface Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Balance toward Efficient Artificial Chaperones. Langmuir 2016; 32:2737-2749. [PMID: 26948309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones can elegantly fine-tune its hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance to assist a broad spectrum of nascent polypeptide chains to fold properly. Such precious property is difficult to be achieved by chaperone mimicking materials due to limited control of their surface characteristics that dictate interactions with unfolded protein intermediates. Mixed shell polymeric micelles (MSPMs), which consist of two kinds of dissimilar polymeric chains in the micellar shell, offer a convenient way to fine-tune surface properties of polymeric nanoparticles. In the current work, we have fabricated ca. 30 kinds of MSPMs with finely tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface properties. We investigated the respective roles of thermosensitive and hydrophilic polymeric chains in the thermodenaturation protection of proteins down to the molecular structure. Although the three kinds of thermosensitive polymers investigated herein can form collapsed hydrophobic domains on the micellar surface, we found distinct capability to capture and release unfolded protein intermediates, due to their respective affinity for proteins. Meanwhile, in terms of the hydrophilic polymeric chains in the micellar shell, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) excels in assisting unfolded protein intermediates to refold properly via interacting with the refolding intermediates, resulting in enhanced chaperone efficiency. However, another hydrophilic polymer-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) severely deteriorates the chaperone efficiency of MSPMs, due to its protein-resistant properties. Judicious combination of thermosensitive and hydrophilic chains in the micellar shell lead to MSPM-based artificial chaperones with optimal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingli An
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Bastakoti BP, Ishihara S, Leo SY, Ariga K, Wu KCW, Yamauchi Y. Polymeric micelle assembly for preparation of large-sized mesoporous metal oxides with various compositions. Langmuir 2014; 30:651-659. [PMID: 24392806 DOI: 10.1021/la403901x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of mesoporous metal oxide materials with various compositions by assembly of spherical polymeric micelles consisting of triblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PVP-b-PEO) with three chemically distinct units. The PVP block interacts strongly with the inorganic precursors for the target compositions. The hydrophobic PS block is kinetically frozen in the precursor solutions, enabling the spherical micelles to remain in a stable form. The frozen PS cores serve as templates for preparing robust mesoporous materials. The PEO corona helps the micelles to stay well dispersed in the precursor solutions, which plays a key role in the orderly arrangement of the micelles during solvent evaporation. This approach is based on assembly of the stable micelles using a simple, highly reproducible method and is widely applicable toward numerous compositions that are difficult for the formation of mesoporous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Mason NS, Mathis CA, Klunk WE. Positron emission tomography radioligands for in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:89-95. [PMID: 24285314 PMCID: PMC4089898 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for the non-invasive imaging of amyloid-β plaque burden has been the focus of intense research efforts over the last decade. A variety of structural backbones have been investigated and several radiolabeled molecules have been evaluated in phase I (and later) clinical studies. These efforts have been driven by the desire not only to develop a suitable diagnostic imaging agent but also to develop a means to evaluate potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the development of these ligands, as well as the radiochemistry and current regulatory status of these PET radioligands. Particular attention is given to those ligands that have progressed to the later stages of drug development (phase II/III clinical trial studies) or approved New Drug Application status.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Chester A. Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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7
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Danjou PE, Wallyn D, Cazier-Dennin F, Delattre F. Ultrasound-promoted tosylation of oligo(ethylene glycols). Ultrason Sonochem 2012; 19:1201-1204. [PMID: 22609256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of oligo(ethylene glycols) was efficiently tosylated by ultrasound procedure within dichloromethane in the presence of triethylamine. Results show that sonochemical synthesis of oligo(ethylene glycol) ditosylates has a double advantage since it does not use catalysts and it drastically reduces the reaction time. This straightforward method represents an eco-friendly alternative to the traditional tosylation by pyridine synthesis.
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Musumeci D, Montesarchio D. Synthesis of a cholesteryl-HEG phosphoramidite derivative and its application to lipid-conjugates of the anti-HIV 5'TGGGAG³' Hotoda's sequence. Molecules 2012; 17:12378-92. [PMID: 23090019 PMCID: PMC6268758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel phosphoramidite derivative of cholesterol, with an ether-linked hexaethylene glycol (HEG) spacer arm, has been obtained through simple and reproducible solid phase modified oligonucleotide synthesis manipulations. This building block and the known phosphoramidite derivative of 3b-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cholesterol have been exploited in standard oligonucleotide synthesis protocols for the preparation of 5'- conjugates of the G-quadruplex-forming ⁵'TGGGAG³' oligomer, known as the Hotoda's sequence, to produce new potential anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Băiţan M, Lionte M, Moisuc L, Gafiţanu E. Optimization of topical gels with betamethasone dipropionate: selection of gel forming and optimal cosolvent system. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 2011; 115:601-605. [PMID: 21870764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to develop a 0.05% betamethasone gel characterized by physical-chemical stability and good release properties. The preliminary studies were designed to select the gel-forming agents and the excipients compatible with betamethasone dipropionate. In order to formulate a clear gel without particles of drug substances in suspension, a solvent system for the drug substance was selected. The content of drug substance released, the rheological and in vitro release tests were the tools used for the optimal formulation selection. A stable carbomer gel was obtained by solubilization of betamethasone dipropionate in a vehicle composed by 40% PEG 400, 10% ethanol and 5% Transcutol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Băiţan
- Research and Development Department, Antibiotice SA, Iaşi, Romania Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi School of Pharmacy
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Lee KJ, An JH, Shin JS, Kim DH. Synthesis and in vitro anti-cancer evaluation of ethylene glycol-saponin loaded on magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:6962-6966. [PMID: 21137834 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, yet effective therapeutics, especially targeted therapy, are still lacking. Saponin has been reported to possess various biological properties such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of magnetic nanoparticles loaded with ethylene glycol and a saponin complex (ESMP) against DU145 prostate cancer cells was examined. Composite nanoparticles with an average size of 23 nm were prepared using a chemical co-precipitation technique. The ESMP were cytotoxic to DU145 cells and specifically inhibited cell proliferation. In contrast, the magnetic nanoparticles by themselves showed no significant cytotoxicity. The expression levels of the angiogenesis related proteins, including phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 and pAKT, decreased after ESMP treatment. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of using ESMP for targeted-therapy against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Jai Lee
- Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
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11
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Musiał W, Kokol V, Voncina B. The influence of increased cross-linker chain length in thermosensitive microspheres on potential sun-protection activity. Polim Med 2010; 40:47-55. [PMID: 20649089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sun protection should involve substances with protecting activity against both UVB and UVA radiation. In this research the evaluation of thermosensitive microspheres as potential molecules for sunscreen formulations was approached, using modified Boots star rating system. The microspheres, thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide derivatives, have potential protecting activity against UV radiation. The MX and DX microspheres, with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate crosslinker respectively, due to theirs thermosensitivity exhibit increase in protecting activity against UV radiation when heated to 45 degrees C. The MX microspheres have higher increase in terms of UV absorbance, comparing to DX microspheres, when heated in the 25 degrees C to 45 degrees C range. Studied microspheres have high potential for application as components of sun-screens used in elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Musiał
- University of Maribor, Department for Textile Materials and Design, Laboratory for Chemistry Dyes and Polymers, Slovenia.
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Abstract
The B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) description is employed to study the heterolytic ring opening mechanisms under microsolvation conditions for ethylene oxide in acidic, neutral, and alkaline environments. In acid and alkaline media, a concerted trans S(N)2 reaction is strongly favored as compared to the corresponding cis reaction. The importance of the nucleophile, water in acidic media and hydroxide ion in alkaline media, for lowering the activation enthalpy is emphasized and activation energies of approximately 80 and approximately 60 kJ mol(-1) are obtained under acid and alkaline conditions, respectively. Under neutral conditions, the trans S(N)2 mechanism becomes inaccessible because it invokes the formation of a transient H+ and OH- pair across the 1,2-ethanediol molecule. Rather, epoxide ring opening is achieved by hydrolysis of a single water molecule. The latter mechanism displays significantly greater activation enthalpy (205 kJ mol(-1)) than those in acid and alkaline environments. This is in agreement with experiment. Product distributions of simple olefins in neutral aqueous media, as well as the detrimental impact of acid/base conditions for the selectivity of epoxidation catalysts in aqueous media, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Göteborg University, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Kim HS, Lee OK, Hwang S, Kim BJ, Lee EY. Biosynthesis of (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol from racemic styrene oxide by using bacterial and marine fish epoxide hydrolases. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:127-33. [PMID: 17665136 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enantio-convergent hydrolysis of racemic styrene oxides was achieved to prepare enantiopure (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by using two recombinant epoxide hydrolases (EHs) of a bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, and a marine fish, Mugil cephalus. The recombinant C. crescentus EH primarily attacked the benzylic carbon of (S)-styrene oxide, while the M. cephalus EH preferentially attacked the terminal carbon of (R)-styrene oxide, thus leading to the formation of (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol as the main product. (R)-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol was obtained with 90% enantiomeric excess and yield as high as 94% from 50 mM racemic styrene oxides in a one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Korea
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Canciello M, Maglio G, Nese G, Palumbo R. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone)–Poly(oxyethylene) Multiblock Copolymers Bearing Along the Chain Regularly Spaced Pendant Amino Groups. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:491-9. [PMID: 17429811 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) macromers (M(n) = 1.7-3.8 kDa) which contain one Z-protected -NH2 group per chain were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone in the presence of Sn(oct)2 using as initiator a diamine prepared by condensation of N-Boc-1,6-hexanediamine and N(alpha)-Boc-N(epsilon)-Z-L-Lysine. The coupling of these macromers with -COCl end-capped poly(oxyethylene) (PEO), M(n) = 1.0 kDa, afforded amphiphilic multiblock poly(ether ester)s (PEEs) which have, along the chain, regularly spaced pendant protected amino groups. Deprotection, accomplished without chain degradation, yielded -NH2 groups available for further reactions. The molecular structure of macromers and PEEs was investigated by 1H NMR and SEC. DSC and WAXS analyses showed that macromers and copolymers were semicrystalline and their T(m) increased with increase in the molecular weight of PCL segments. The inherent viscosity values (0.25-0.30 dL x g(-1)), together with SEC analysis results, indicated moderate polymerization degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Canciello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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15
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Cheng CY, Li WR, Chang JW, Wu HC, Ding WH. Synthesis and determination of dicarboxylic degradation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127:246-53. [PMID: 16806245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and determination of persistent dicarboxylic metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), carboxyalkyl phenoxy ethoxy carboxylates (CAPECs), are investigated. The synthesized CAPECs have three and four carbon atoms and a carboxyl group in the alkyl chain side, and a carboxymethoxy acid group in its para-position (expressed as CA(3)P1EC and CA(4)P1EC in their abbreviation). The synthesis was successfully accomplished via a four-step reaction sequence that started from 4-fluoroanisole. After propylation by a propanol/acetyl chloride procedure, the derivatives of synthesized CA(3)P1EC and CA(4)P1EC were separated and identified by GC-MS with electron impact ionization (EI). The most abundant characteristic ions were produced by benzylic cleavages of carboxyalkyl chain to yield [M-87](+), corresponding to ions of m/z 235 for CA(3)P1EC and m/z 249 for CA(4)P1EC. Recoveries of synthesized CA(3)P1EC and CA(4)P1EC in various spiked water samples ranged from 82 to 92% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lesser than 7%. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of CA(3)P1EC and CA(4)P1EC were estimated to be 0.005 and 0.01 microg/l in 100ml of water samples, respectively. The concentrations of CA(4)P1EC residues were detected in the aquatic environment ranging from n.d. to 3.24 microg/l. The results show that the synthesized CA(4)P1EC has been successfully applied to more accurately determine the concentrations of CA(4)P1EC residues in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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16
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Cao L, Lee J, Chen W, Wood TK. Enantioconvergent production of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol from styrene oxide by combining the Solanum tuberosum and an evolved Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 epoxide hydrolases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:522-9. [PMID: 16498626 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (EH) from the potato Solanum tuberosum and an evolved EH of the bacterium Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1, EchA-I219F, were purified for the enantioconvergent hydrolysis of racemic styrene oxide into the single product (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, which is an important intermediate for pharmaceuticals. EchA-I219F has enhanced enantioselectivity (enantiomeric ratio of 91 based on products) for converting (R)-styrene oxide to (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (2.0 +/- 0.2 micromol/min/mg), and the potato EH converts (S)-styrene oxide primarily to the same enantiomer, (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (22 +/- 1 micromol/min/mg), with an enantiomeric ratio of 40 +/- 17 (based on substrates). By mixing these two purified enzymes, inexpensive racemic styrene oxide (5 mM) was converted at 100% yield to 98% enantiomeric excess (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol at 4.7 +/- 0.7 micromol/min/mg. Hence, at least 99% of substrate is converted into a single stereospecific product at a rapid rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, USA
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Gudipati V, Curran DP, Wilcox CS. Solution-Phase Parallel Synthesis with Oligoethylene Glycol Sorting Tags. Preparation of All Four Stereoisomers of the Hydroxybutenolide Fragment of Murisolin and Related Acetogenins. J Org Chem 2006; 71:3599-607. [PMID: 16626147 DOI: 10.1021/jo060217x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The principles of the oligoethylene glycol (OEG) mixture synthesis are illustrated with the synthesis of all four possible stereoisomers of a hydroxybutenolide fragment common to murisolin and many other acetogenins. Modified dimethoxybenzyl groups with varying numbers of OEG units (-CH2CH2O-) are used to protect alcohols and serve as codes for configurations at two stereocenters. The encoded isomers are carried through several steps in a sequence of mixing prior to the reaction and then demixing during the separation to give individual pure products. A new tagging scheme is introduced in which a stereocenter bearing a hydroxy group is given two different tags. These initially redundant tags then serve to encode the configuration of another (untagged) stereocenter by appropriate pairwise reactions of the tagged precursors. The experimental features (reaction, analysis, separation, and characterization) of OEG mixture synthesis are detailed and are compared to and contrasted with those of fluorous mixture synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gudipati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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18
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Abstract
The increasing effort on development of bio-based polymeric materials in recent years is motivated by the basic concept of meeting the sustainability criteria for industrial development in the third millennium. Within this framework, our research group is currently involved in assessing the potentiality of some agro-industrial overproduction and byproducts in the formulation of eco-compatible bio-based polymeric materials displaying, among others, the propensity to biodegrade under controlled environment conditions. In the present work, beech wood flour (Bwf) composites were prepared from plasticized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The type of plasticizer [tri(ethylene glycol) bis(2-ethylhexanoate) (TEGB) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG200)] and the amount [5 and 20 wt %] were selected as independent variables in a factorial design. Thermal and mechanical properties of 90 wt % PHB composites were investigated. Incorporation of PEG200 was found to compromise thermal stability of PHB as demonstrated by the higher decrease on the onset decomposition temperature (T(d)) and the drop in its average molecular weight (M(w)). The present study underlines the fact that TEGB/PHB/beech wood flour composites can be optimized to obtain new materials for disposable items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Grillo Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, v. Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Sanguanchaipaiwong V, Gabelish CL, Hook J, Scholz C, Foster LJR. Biosynthesis of natural-synthetic hybrid copolymers: polyhydroxyoctanoate-diethylene glycol. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:643-9. [PMID: 15003032 DOI: 10.1021/bm0344708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new natural-synthetic hybrid biomaterial has been isolated from the growth of Pseudomonas oleovorans in the presence of diethylene glycol (DEG). DEG was consumed by P. oleovorans with 20 mM sodium octanoate in modified E* medium, but its presence in the fermentation medium retarded cell growth and viability, influencing production and composition of polyhydroxyalkanoates with medium chain length substituents (mclPHAs) and consequently attenuating PHA yield. DEG affected the composition of the mclPHA with an increase in the C8 component: polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to quantitatively monitor DEG in the system and reveal its cellular adsorption and penetration. Intracellularly, the DEG significantly reduced the molar mass of the mclPHA; PHO with a bimodal distribution of high and low molecular weight fractions was observed. 1H NMR, 2-D COSY, and heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra confirmed that the high molecular weight fraction consisted of PHO chains terminated by DEG. Thus, the synthesis of this natural-synthetic hybrid copolymer, PHO-DEG, opens the way for microbial synthesis of a wide variety of PHA-DEG copolymers with a range of bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorapat Sanguanchaipaiwong
- Biopolymer Research Group, CAMD, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Jette KK, Law D, Schmitt EA, Kwon GS. Preparation and Drug Loading of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-block-Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Micelles Through the Evaporation of a Cosolvent Azeotrope. Pharm Res 2004; 21:1184-91. [PMID: 15290858 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000033005.25698.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to study the assembly, drug loading, and stability of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) micelles. METHODS Three PEG-b-PCL compositions with PCL number average molecular weights of 1000, 2500, and 4000 g/mol were used. The assembly of PEG-b-PCL micelles, induced by the addition of water to acetonitrile (ACN), was characterized with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) with and without the presence of fenofibrate, a poorly water-soluble drug. PEG-b-PCL micelles with encapsulated fenofibrate were prepared through the removal of a negative ACN-water azeotrope under reduced pressure. Fenofibrate content was measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whereas the kinetic stability of PEG-b-PCL micelles with and without encapsulated fenofibrate was evaluated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). RESULTS The critical water content (CWC), the water content at which amphiphilic block copolymer (ABC) micelle assembly begins, was determined using DLS and ranged from 10% to 30% water, depending on both PCL molecular weight and PEG-b-PCL concentration. As the water content was increased, the PEG-b-PCL unimers assembled into swollen structures with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 200 to 800 nm. The 1H-NMR peaks associated with the PCL block exhibited line-broadening, following the addition of D2O, indicating that the PCL blocks reside in the core of the PEG-b-PCL micelle. With further addition of water, the PCL cores collapsed to form fairly monodisperse PEG-b-PCL micelles (20-60 nm). In the presence of fenofibrate, the CWC value was lowered, perhaps due to hydrophobic interactions of fenofibrate and the PCL block. Further addition of water and subsequent evaporation of the negative ACN-water azeotrope resulted in fenofibrate-loaded PEG-b-PCL micelles of under 50 nm. The extent of fenofibrate encapsulation was dependent on PCL block size. At a polymer concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, PEG-b-PCL (5000:4000) and (5000:2500) micelles could encapsulate more than 90% of the initial loading level of fenofibrate, whereas PEG-b-PCL (5000:1000) micelles encapsulate only 28%. SEC experiments revealed that PEG-b-PCL (5000:4000) and (5000:2500) micelles eluted intact, indicating kinetic stability, whereas PEG-b-PCL (5000:1000) micelles eluted primarily as unimers. CONCLUSIONS PEG-b-PCL in ACN assembles with fenofibrate into drug-loaded polymeric micelles with the addition of water and the subsequent removal of a negative ACN-water azeotrope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Jette
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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21
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Shen M, Martinson L, Wagner MS, Castner DG, Ratner BD, Horbett TA. PEO-like plasma polymerized tetraglyme surface interactions with leukocytes and proteins: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2003; 13:367-90. [PMID: 12160299 DOI: 10.1163/156856202320253910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene oxide (PEO) surfaces reduce non-specific protein and cell interactions with implanted biomaterials and may improve their biocompatibility. PEO-like polymerized tetraglyme surfaces were made by glow discharge plasma deposition onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) substrates and were shown to adsorb less than 10 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen in vitro. The ability of the polymerized tetraglyme surfaces to resist leukocyte adhesion was studied in vitro and in vivo. Polymerized tetraglyme and FEP were implanted subcutaneously in mice and removed after 1 day or 4 weeks. Histological analysis showed a similar degree of fibrous encapsulation around all of the 4-week implants. Darkly stained wells were present in the fibrous tissues at the tissue-material interface of both FEP and tetraglyme. Scanning electron micrographs showed that in vivo macrophage adhesion to polymerized tetraglyme was much higher than to FEP. After 2-hour contact with heparinized whole blood, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion to polymerized tetraglyme was much higher than to FEP, while platelet adhesion to polymerized tetraglyme was lower than to FEP. When PMNs isolated from blood were suspended in 10% autologous plasma, cell adhesion to polymerized tetraglyme was higher than to FEP; however when the cells were suspended in heat inactivated serum, cell adhesion to FEP was higher than to polymerized tetraglyme. The surface chemistry of polymerized tetraglyme did not change after 2-hour blood contact, but displayed nitrogen functional groups after 1-day implantation and became slightly degraded after 4-week implantation. The surface chemistry of FEP did not change significantly after blood contact or implantation. Loosely bound proteins such as fibrinogen on polymerized tetraglyme may contribute to the adhesion of PMNs and macrophages and ultimately to fibrous encapsulation (the foreign body response) around the implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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22
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Zheng M, Davidson F, Huang X. Ethylene glycol monolayer protected nanoparticles for eliminating nonspecific binding with biological molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7790-1. [PMID: 12822983 DOI: 10.1021/ja0350278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of the hybrid materials of nanoparticles and biological molecules in many occasions depends on how well one can achieve a rational design based on specific binding and programmable assembly. Nonspecific binding between nanoparticles and biomolecules is one of the major barriers for achieving its utilities in a biological system. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to eliminate nonspecific interactions between nanoparticles and proteins by synthesizing ethylene glycol protected gold nanoparticles. We discovered that with the water content optimized in the range of 9-18% in the reaction mixture, di-, tri-, and tetra(ethylene glycol) protected gold nanoparticles Au-S-EGn (n = 2, 3, and 4) could be directly synthesized. These gold nanoparticles that are bonded with a uniform monolayer with defined length varying from 0.8 to 1.6 nm (from molecular modeling) have great stability in aqueous solutions with a high concentration of electrolyte and organic solutions. Using ion-exchange chromatography and gel electrophoresis, we demonstrated that these Au-S-EGn (n = 2, 3, or 4) nanoparticles have complete resistance to protein nonspecific interactions. These types of nanoparticles provide a fundamental starting material for designing hybrid materials composed of metallic nanoparticles and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zheng
- DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, USA
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23
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Sun SW, Jeong YI, Kim SH. Surfactant-free microspheres of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/poly (ethylene glycol)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) triblock copolymers as a protein carrier. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:504-10. [PMID: 12877563 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare biodegradable microspheres without the use of surfactants or emulsifiers for a novel sustained delivery carriers of protein drugs. A poly(epsilon-caprolactoney poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (CEC) triblock copolymer was synthesized by the ring-opening of epsilon-caprolactone with dihydroxy poly (ethylene glycol) to prepare surfactant-free microspheres. When dichloromethane (DCM) or ethyl formate (EF) was used as a solvent, the formation of microspheres did not occur. Although the microspheres could be formed prior to lyophilization under certain conditions, the morphology of microspheres was not maintained during the filtration and lyophilization process. Surfactant-free microspheres were only formed when ethyl acetate (EA) was used as the organic solvent and showed good spherical microspheres although the surfaces appeared irregular. The content of the protein in the microsphere was lower than expected, probably because of the presence of water channels and pores. The protein release kinetics showed a burst release until 2 days and after that sustained release pattern was showed. Therefore, these observations indicated that the formation of microsphere without the use of surfactant is feasible, and, this the improved process, the protein is readily incorporated in the microsphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Bodin A, Linnerborg M, Nilsson JLG, Karlberg AT. Structure elucidation, synthesis, and contact allergenic activity of a major hydroperoxide formed at autoxidation of the ethoxylated surfactant C12E5. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:575-82. [PMID: 12755586 DOI: 10.1021/tx025609n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethoxylated alcohols, widely used as surfactants, are known to be susceptible to oxidation when exposed to air. At autoxidation, a complex mixture is formed, in which alkyl poly(ethylene glycol) aldehydes, alkyl poly(ethylene glycol) formates, hydroxyaldehydes, and formaldehyde have previously been identified. These compounds are all secondary oxidation products, some of which have been shown to be skin sensitizers and irritants. The primary oxidation products from ethoxylated alcohols are described in the literature as peroxides and hydroperoxides, but their structures have not been elucidated more closely. Peroxides and hydroperoxides are usually reactive species and can be suspected to be biologically active as skin sensitizers and irritants. In the present investigation, we studied the autoxidation of the pure ethoxylated alcohol pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C(12)E(5)), using NMR and HPLC-MS. On the basis of experience from previous studies on a small model compound, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (C(2)E(2)), the hydroperoxide expected to be found in the highest amount in autoxidized C(12)E(5) was synthesized and used as a reference substance in the analyses. This same hydroperoxide, 16-hydroperoxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptacosan-1-ol, was identified in the autoxidation mixture of C(12)E(5), and its sensitizing capacity was determined. It was found to be a moderate allergen in experimental sensitization studies in guinea pigs. Our data further indicate the presence of at least three additional hydroperoxides in the autoxidation mixture of C(12)E(5), one of which was identified as 1-hydroperoxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptacosan-1-ol. The results accentuate the importance of controlling the storage, transportation, and handling conditions of ethoxylated surfactants, to avoid the formation of allergenic and skin irritant oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bodin
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Göteborg University, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
We introduce a new class of foldable oligomers consisting of alternating rigid and flexible regions. The rigid segments overlap to give pi-stacked folded conformers whose formation is driven mostly by pi-pi molecular orbital overlaps. As the oligomer concentration increases, the folded molecular structures further self-assemble into larger nanostructures. The dynamic processes of folding and self-organization are monitored with absorption, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies. Our results show that folding dominates at low concentrations (< approximately 1 mM) and precedes self-assembly, which occurs over the initial concentration range of approximately 1-100 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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26
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Georgieva R, Tsevi R, Kossev K, Kusheva R, Balgjiska M, Petrova R, Tenchova V, Gitsov I, Troev K. Immobilization of aminothiols on poly(oxyalkylene phosphates). Formation of poly(oxyethylene phosphates)/cysteamine complexes and their radioprotective efficiency. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5797-801. [PMID: 12477362 DOI: 10.1021/jm020309o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The necessity to apply near-toxic amounts of radioprotective drugs to achieve adequate protection during radiation treatments represents a major problem in human medicine. One of the promising strategies to suppress the toxicity of these drugs involves their incorporation into biocompatible polymers. In this study cysteamine (Cy) was attached to poly(oxyethylene phosphate), POEP, via an ionic bond. Radioprotection of E. coli B cells by this substance and its acute toxicity on male C57 BL mice were measured. The toxicity of Cy immobilized within the poly(oxyethylene phosphate) was significantly lower in comparison to pure Cy while its radioprotective efficiency remained high at half the maximum tolerable dose. The high radioprotective efficiency of the Cy/POEP complexes was further confirmed on mice at different polymer molecular weight characteristics, drug immobilization degrees, application times, and doses. It was found that POEP with molecular weight 4700 Da and containing 24% repeating units with attached Cy has the highest protection potential combined with a depot effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Georgieva
- Department of Radiobiology, National Center of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, 132 Kl. Ohridski Boulevard, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Three epimers of ethylene glycol bis(tropane-3-carboxylate) (3alpha,3alpha'-, 3alpha,3beta'-, 3beta,3beta'-) have been synthesized by starting from 3-tropinone. 3-Tropinone was converted into the corresponding enol triflate and then subjected to palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation to provide the key intermediate methyl trop-2-ene-3-carboxylate in good yield. Stereoselective routes were developed to afford the three stereoisomers of ethylene glycol bis(tropane-3-carboxylate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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Pettit GR, Lippert JW, Herald DL, Hamel E, Pettit RK. Antineoplastic agents 440. Asymmetric synthesis and evaluation of the combretastatin A-1 SAR probes (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-1, 2-dihydroxy- 1-(2',3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3' ',4' ',5' '-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethane. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:969-974. [PMID: 10924176 DOI: 10.1021/np0000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic (E)-isomer (3b) of natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) isolated from the African bushwillow Combretum caffrum was the focus of chiral hydroxylation (Sharpless) reactions as part of a structure-activity relationship study. The resulting (R,R)- and (S,S, )-diols (6 and 7) and synthetic intermediates were evaluated against a series of cancer cell lines, microorganisms, and tubulin. Chiral diols 6 and 7 showed increased activity against the P-388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cell line with ED(50) values of 3.9 and 2.9 microg/mL, respectively, when compared to the precursor (E)-stilbene 3b. In contrast, (E)-stilbene 3b exhibited more potent antibiotic activity than the chiral diols (6 and 7). Both diols, (R,R)-6 and (S, S)-7, displayed less cancer cell growth inhibition and less antibiotic activity than did natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) (P-388 ED(50) 0.25 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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29
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Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkyltrichlorosilanes, Cl3Si(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)(n)OCH3 (n = 2, 3), and their use in the formation of self-assembled monolayers on an oxide surface. The adsorption of the trichlorosilanes from solution produces densely packed, oriented monolayer films that are 2-3 nm in thickness. The trichlorosilyl group anchors the molecules to the surface, and the resulting film exposes the ethylene glycol units at its surface, as noted by its moderate hydrophilicity (theta2(H2O) approximately 68 degrees). The films are robust with stabilities similar to those of other alkylsiloxane coatings. These oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated silane reagents produce films that notably exhibit resistances against the non-specific adsorption of proteins from solution that are better than for films prepared from octadecyltrichlorosilane. With insulin, tysozyme, albumin, and hexokinase, no adsorption was observed with the oligo(ethylene glycol)-siloxane coatings whereas protein films of approximately a monolayer formed on surfaces-treated with octadecyltrichlorosilane. With fibrinogen, complete resistance was not possible with either coating; however, the oligo(ethylene glycol)-siloxane coatings exhibited greater resistance against non-specific adsorption. The oligo(ethylene glycol)-siloxane coatings offer performance advantages over available systems and could easily provide a direct and superior replacement in protocols that presently use silane reagents to generate hydrophobic, 'inert' surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Sato T, Akino H, Shoji Y, Shimada J, Okahata Y. Characterization, cell uptake, and subcellular distribution of DNA complexes with lipoglutamides having tetraethylene glycol tails. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1998; 9:31-42. [PMID: 9505201 DOI: 10.1163/156856297x00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoglutamides with tetraethylene glycol tails were synthesized. Physicochemical features of the DNA/lipoglutamide complexes were investigated by light scattering method, phase transition, and CD-spectrum. Aggregation of the DNA/lipoglutamide complex was significantly depressed compared with DNA complexes without ethylene glycol tails, and the solution showed no turbidity. The DNA/lipoglutamide complex showed a high resistance to nuclease, and an efficient internalization into tumor cells, compared with those of DNA alone. Furthermore, the DNA complex was found by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy to distribute in the cytoplasmic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Frisch B, Boeckler C, Schuber F. Synthesis of short polyoxyethylene-based heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents. Application to the coupling of peptides to liposomes. Bioconjug Chem 1996; 7:180-6. [PMID: 8983339 DOI: 10.1021/bc950092v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of [2-[2-[2-[(2-bromoacetyl)amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy acetic acid (7), [2-[2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydropyrrol-1-yl)ethoxy]ethoxy] acetic acid (11), and [2-[2-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)-ethoxy]ethoxy] acetic acid (16), three new thiol-reactive heterobifunctional reagents, and the preparation of their corresponding dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives (8, 12, and 17). Such phospholipid amide derivatives were aimed to be incorporated into the bilayers of liposomal constructs used for immunization with e.g. synthetic peptides. The spacer arms introduced by 8, 12, and 17 are hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains of variable lengths that were expected to provide a good accessibility to their conjugates and have a lesser intrinsic immunogenicity than the spacer introduced by N-[4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyryl]phosphatidylethanolamine (MPB-PE), a classical reagent used for conjugation of ligands to the surface of liposomes. Such an immunogenicity might be prejudicial (e.g. carrier-induced epitopic suppression) to the development of synthetic vaccination formulations. Moreover, the derivatives 8, 12, and 17 allowed the coupling of peptides, bearing a thiol function, to their liposomal carrier via two types of linkages, i.e. stable thio ether (8 and 12) and bioreducible disulfide (17) bonds; this might be of importance in the mechanism of antigen presentation by competent cells. Using CG-IRGERA as a model peptide, the rate of coupling to 8, 12, and 17 was assessed as a function of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frisch
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg-Illkirch, France
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32
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Tseng YC, McPherson T, Yuan CS, Park K. Grafting of ethylene glycol-butadiene block copolymers onto dimethyl-dichlorosilane-coated glass by gamma-irradiation. Biomaterials 1995; 16:963-72. [PMID: 8580258 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(95)94902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Amphipathic ethylene glycol-butadiene block copolymers (PEG-PB) with different chain lengths of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized by reacting poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether) (m-PEG, mol. wt = 350, 550, 750, 2000 and 5000) with telechelic polybutadiene (PB). The PEG-PB copolymers formed were covalently grafted to dimethyldichlorosilane-coated glass (DDS-glass) by gamma-irradiation. The PEG-grafted surface was characterized by measuring advancing and receding contact angles, fibrinogen adsorption, the number of adherent platelets and the area of spread platelets. The grafting efficiency was measured indirectly from the ability of the surface to prevent platelet adhesion. The total dose of gamma-irradiation necessary for grafting of PEG-PB onto DDS-glass in aqueous solutions was less than 0.24 Mrad at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. For successful grafting, the surface-adsorbed copolymers should be gamma-irradiated in the presence of water. gamma-Irradiation in the dried state did not result in copolymer grafting. The adsorption of copolymers for 30 min before exposure to gamma-irradiation was enough for effective grafting. The grafting was equally effective whether or not DDS-glass was exposed to the air-copolymer solution interface when the DDS-glass was introduced into the copolymer solution. The copolymers were able to prevent platelet adhesion only when they were adsorbed onto DDS-glass at certain bulk concentrations. Too low or too high copolymer concentrations in the adsorption solution resulted in a surface where platelets could adhere and activate. The range of copolymer concentration which prevented platelet adhesion was larger as the PEG chain length of the grafted copolymers became longer. Our data indicate that platelet-resistant surfaces can be made by grafting PEG-PB onto chemically inert surfaces by a simple gamma-irradiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Tseng
- Purdue University, School of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Plattner JJ, Marcotte PA, Kleinert HD, Stein HH, Greer J, Bolis G, Fung AK, Bopp BA, Luly JR, Sham HL. Renin inhibitors. Dipeptide analogues of angiotensinogen utilizing a structurally modified phenylalanine residue to impart proteolytic stability. J Med Chem 1988; 31:2277-88. [PMID: 3143010 DOI: 10.1021/jm00120a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of renin inhibitors have been prepared and evaluated for their susceptibility to cleavage by the serine protease chymotrypsin. The compounds were designed by consideration of the structural requirements in the active-site region of renin and chymotrypsin. By systematic alteration of the P3 phenylalanine residue, compounds with varying degrees of renin inhibitory potency and chymotrypsin susceptibility were obtained. Selected analogues from this group were examined in vivo for both their hypotensive effects and metabolic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Plattner
- Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Luly JR, BaMaung N, Soderquist J, Fung AK, Stein H, Kleinert HD, Marcotte PA, Egan DA, Bopp B, Merits I. Renin inhibitors. Dipeptide analogues of angiotensinogen utilizing a dihydroxyethylene transition-state mimic at the scissile bond to impart greater inhibitory potency. J Med Chem 1988; 31:2264-76. [PMID: 3143009 DOI: 10.1021/jm00120a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of diol-containing renin inhibitors has revealed that a simple vicinal diol functionality corresponding to the scissile Leu-Val bond in human angiotensinogen is capable of imparting inhibitory activity at a comparable or higher level than either the corresponding aldehyde or hydroxymethyl functionality (compare inhibitors 2a-c or 3a-c). This finding has led to the further optimization of a series of small transition-state analogue inhibitors by the inclusion of a second hydroxyl group in the Leu-Val surrogate to give compounds that inhibited human renin in the 200-700-pM range (e.g. 43, 45, 63, 66). The magnitude of effect of the second hydroxyl group on potency is not only dictated by the absolute stereochemistry of the diol but also by the side chain of the P1 residue. Molecular modeling of the diol-containing inhibitors suggests that one of the hydroxyl groups hydrogen bonds to Asp 32 and Asp 215, while the second hydrogen bonds to Asp 215. These diol inhibitors are extremely selective for human renin over the related enzymes cathepsin D, pepsin, and gastricsin. At high concentrations, compounds containing a leucine or phenylalanine rather than a histidine at the P2 position gave only minor amounts of inhibition of the other enzymes. Inhibitor 43 suppressed plasma renin activity completely and lowered mean blood pressure in monkeys after both intravenous and intraduodenal administration, but the blood pressure drop lasted less than 1 h. Monitoring the blood levels of 43 by enzyme inhibition assay after intraduodenal administration to monkeys or oral administration to rats revealed low absorption and rapid clearance. While intratracheal administration to dogs gave approximately 50% bioavailability, rapid clearance was still a problem. After examination of inhibitor 45 in a sensitive primate model in which monkeys were rendered both hypertensive and hyperreninemic, the effects on lowering systolic but not diastolic pressure were apparent even after 22 h postdosing. Details on the synthesis, in vitro structure-activity relationships, molecular modeling, in vivo activity, and metabolism of these inhibitors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Luly
- Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Chuvilin AN, Serebrennikova GA, Evstigneeva RP, Kol'tsova GN, Viazova EP. [Synthesis and analysis of glycol bis-phosphates, regulators of reversible hemoglobin oxygenation]. Bioorg Khim 1985; 11:845-8. [PMID: 4038353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphates of glycols, ethyleneglycol and 1,2-propanediol, were synthesized. These structural analogues of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid were shown to reduce significantly the oxygen affinity of stripped hemoglobin.
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Ethylene oxide. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 1985; 36:189-226. [PMID: 3864733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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38
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Tsien RY. New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. Biochemistry 1980; 19:2396-404. [PMID: 6770893 DOI: 10.1021/bi00552a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1632] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new family of high-affinity buffers and optical indicators for Ca2+ is rationally designed and synthesized. The parent compound is 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a relative of the well-known chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] in which methylene links between oxygen and nitrogen are replaced by benzene rings. BAPTA and its derivatives share the high (greater than 10(5)) selectivity for Ca2+ over Mg2+ of EGTA but are very much less affected by pH changes and are faster at taking up and releasing Ca2+. The affinity of the parent compound for Ca2+ (dissociation constant 1.1 x 10(-7) M in 0.1 M KCl) may be strengthened or weakened by electron-releasing or -withdrawing substituents on the aromatic rings. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ affinities may further be altered by replacing the ether oxygens by heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. The compounds described are fluorescent Ca2+ indicators absorbing in the ultraviolet region; the very large spectral shifts observed on binding Ca2+ fit the prediction that complexation should hinder the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons with the aromatic rings. Derivatives with quinoline nuclei are notable for their high sensitivity of fluorescent quantum yield to the binding of Ca2+ but not of Mg2+. Preliminary biological tests have so far revealed little or no binding to membranes or toxic effects following intracellular microinjection.
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Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Verlander M, Doolittle R, Goodman M. Synthesis and thrombolytic properties of some flufenamate derivatives. Thromb Res 1978; 12:707-11. [PMID: 663904 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(78)90263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Samuels TM. Potential hazard in preloaded disposable Foley catheter syringes sterilized by ethylene oxide. Hosp Top 1977; 55:35-6. [PMID: 885526 DOI: 10.1080/00185868.1977.9950412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Gale SW, Maas JW. A study of the formation and metabolic disposition of 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol in whole rat brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1977; 41:59-72. [PMID: 915500 DOI: 10.1007/bf01252965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Johnson H, DeGraw J, Engstrom J, Skinner WA, Brown VH, Skidmore D, Maibach HI. Topical mosquito repellents VII: alkyl triethylene glycol monoethers. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64:693-5. [PMID: 1142085 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600640428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal and branched-chain aliphatic monoethers of triethylene glycol are effective topical mosquito repellents. In terms of duration of protection, they are generally superior to the corresponding diethylene glycol analogs and some are superior to diethyltoluamide. The n-heptyl monoether of triethylene glycol affords double the protection time of diethyltoluamide under controlled laboratory conditions and appears to be a useful new mosquito repellent.
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