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te Boekhorst BCM, Bovens SM, Rodrigues-Feo J, Sanders HMHF, van de Kolk CWA, de Kroon AIPM, Cramer MJM, Doevendans PAFM, ten Hove M, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJA. Characterization and in vitro and in vivo testing of CB2-receptor- and NGAL-targeted paramagnetic micelles for molecular MRI of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 12:635-51. [PMID: 20376565 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerotic plaque macrophages express the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2-R) and promote fibrous cap degradation by secretion of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 2 (NGAL). In this study, we report the preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo testing of double-labeled (MR and fluorescent) CB2-R- and NGAL-targeted micelles. PROCEDURES/RESULTS Specific CB2-R agonists or antibodies directed to 24p3 (mouse homolog of NGAL) were incorporated into di-oleoyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine 1000 (DOPE-PEG1000) micelles or di-stearoyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) micelles. The hydrodynamic diameter, determined by dynamic light scattering, was 16.5 and 19.0 nm for CB2-R-targeted DOPE-PEG1000 and DSPE-PEG2000 micelles, respectively, and 23.0 nm for Ab-conjugated DSPE-PEG2000 micelles. In vitro and in vivo MRI and fluorescence microscopy showed specific binding of CB2-R-targeted and 24p3-targeted micelles to in vitro systems and to aortic plaque in apoE(-/-)/eNOS(-/-) mice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CB2-R- and NGAL-targeted micelles show promise as tools for in vivo characterization of vulnerable plaque.
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Bailey C, Desmond KL, Czarnota GJ, Stanisz GJ. Quantitative magnetization transfer studies of apoptotic cell death. Magn Reson Med 2011; 66:264-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naposomes: a new class of peptide-derivatized, target-selective multimodal nanoparticles for imaging and therapeutic applications. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:235-57. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified supramolecular aggregates for selective delivery of contrast agents and/or drugs are examined with a focus on a new class of peptide-derivatized nanoparticles: naposomes. These nanoparticles are based on the co-aggregation of two different amphiphilic monomers that give aggregates of different shapes and sizes (micelles, vesicles and liposomes) with diameters ranging between 10 and 300 nm. Structural properties and in vitro and in vivo behaviors are discussed. For the high relaxitivity values (12–19 mM-1s-1) and to detect for the presence of a surface-exposed peptide, the new peptide-derived supramolecular aggregates are very promising candidates as target-selective MRI contrast agents. The efficiency of surface-exposed peptides in homing these nanovectors to a specific target introduces promising new opportunities for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents with high specificity toward the biological target and reduced toxic side effects on nontarget organs.
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van Tilborg GAF, Vucic E, Strijkers GJ, Cormode DP, Mani V, Skajaa T, Reutelingsperger CPM, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM, Nicolay K. Annexin A5-functionalized bimodal nanoparticles for MRI and fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1794-803. [PMID: 20804153 DOI: 10.1021/bc100091q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and macrophage burden are believed to correlate with atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and are therefore considered important diagnostic and therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. These cell types are characterized by the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at their surface. In the present study, we developed and applied a small micellar fluorescent annexin A5-functionalized nanoparticle for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of PS exposing cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Annexin A5-mediated target-specificity was confirmed with ellipsometry and in vitro binding to apoptotic Jurkat cells. In vivo T(1)-weighted MRI of the abdominal aorta in atherosclerotic ApoE(-/-) mice revealed enhanced uptake of the annexin A5-micelles as compared to control-micelles, which was corroborated with ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence images of excised whole aortas. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that the targeted agent was associated with macrophages and apoptotic cells, whereas the nonspecific control agent showed no clear uptake by such cells. In conclusion, the annexin A5-conjugated bimodal micelles displayed potential for noninvasive assessment of cell types that are considered to significantly contribute to plaque instability and therefore may be of great value in the assessment of atherosclerotic lesion phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Soenen SJ, Velde GV, Ketkar-Atre A, Himmelreich U, De Cuyper M. Magnetoliposomes as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:197-211. [PMID: 25363747 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among the wide variety in iron oxide nanoparticles which are routinely used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, magnetoliposomes (MLs) take up a special place. In the present work, the two main types (large and small MLs) are defined and their specific features are commented. For both types of MLs, the flexibility of the lipid coating allows for efficient functionalization, enabling bimodal imaging (e.g., MRI and fluorescence) or the use of MLs as theranostics. These features are especially true for large MLs, where several magnetite cores are encapsulated within a single large liposome, which were found to be highly efficient theranostic agents. By carefully fine-tuning the number of magnetite cores and attaching Gd(3+) -complexes onto the liposomal surface, the large MLs can be efficiently optimized for dynamic MRI. A special type of MLs, biogenic MLs, can also be efficiently used in this regard, with potential applications in cancer treatment and imaging. Small MLs, where the lipid bilayer is immediately attached onto a solid magnetite core, give a very high r2 /r1 ratio. The flexibility of the lipid bilayer allows the incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugates to increase blood circulation times and be used as bone marrow contrast agents. Cationic lipids can also be incorporated, leading to high cell uptake and associated strong contrast generation in MRI of implanted cells. Unique for these small MLs is the high resistance the particles exhibit against intracellular degradation compared with dextran- or citrate-coated particles. Additionally, intracellular clustering of the iron oxide cores enhances negative contrast generation and enables longer tracking of labeled cells in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan J Soenen
- Lab of BioNanoColloids, KULeuven Campus Kortrijk, IRC Etienne Sabbelaan, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven Campus Gasthuisberg, University Medical Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ashwini Ketkar-Atre
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven Campus Gasthuisberg, University Medical Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven Campus Gasthuisberg, University Medical Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel De Cuyper
- Lab of BioNanoColloids, KULeuven Campus Kortrijk, IRC Etienne Sabbelaan, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Wang S. A potent fluorescent probe for the detection ofcellapoptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5524-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new positively charged fluorescent probe poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative has been developed for cell apoptosis detection in a simple way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Qiong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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57
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Schutters K, Reutelingsperger C. Phosphatidylserine targeting for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1072-82. [PMID: 20440562 PMCID: PMC2929432 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are able to execute apoptosis by activating series of specific biochemical reactions. One of the most prominent characteristics of cell death is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), which in healthy cells resides predominantly in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. These features have made PS-externalization a well-explored phenomenon to image cell death for diagnostic purposes. In addition, it was demonstrated that under certain conditions viable cells express PS at their surface such as endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, stressed tumor cells and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Hence, PS has become a potential target for therapeutic strategies aiming at Targeted Drug Delivery. In this review we highlight the biomarker PS and various PS-binding compounds that have been employed to target PS for diagnostic purposes. We emphasize the 35 kD human protein annexin A5, that has been developed as a Molecular Imaging agent to measure cell death in vitro, and non-invasively in vivo in animal models and in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recently focus has shifted from diagnostic towards therapeutic applications employing annexin A5 in strategies to deliver drugs to cells that express PS at their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Schutters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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58
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Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Devos E, Deckers N, Reutelingsperger C, Mortelmans L, Himmelreich U, Mottaghy FM, Verbruggen A. Site-specific 68Ga-labeled Annexin A5 as a PET imaging agent for apoptosis. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 38:381-92. [PMID: 21492787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two variants of Annexin A5 (Cys2-AnxA5 and Cys165-AnxA5) were labelled with Gallium-68 in order to evaluate their biological properties. PROCEDURES Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the radiotracers were studied with μPET in healthy mice and in a mouse model of hepatic apoptosis. μPET imaging after IV injection of the tracers in combination with μMRI was performed in Daudi tumor bearing mice before and after treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RESULTS The biodistribution data indicated a fast urinary clearance with only minor hepatobilliary clearance, although a high retention in the kidneys was observed. Animals treated with anti-Fas showed a 3 to 8 times higher liver uptake as compared to healthy animals. Tumor uptake of (68)Ga-Cys2-AnxA5 and (68)Ga-Cys165-AnxA5 was low but significantly increased after therapy. CONCLUSION Both (68)Ga-Cys2-AnxA5 and (68)Ga-Cys165-AnxA5 show a clear binding to apoptotic cells and are promising tracers for rapid evaluation of cancer therapy.
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59
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Cho EC, Glaus C, Chen J, Welch MJ, Xia Y. Inorganic nanoparticle-based contrast agents for molecular imaging. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:561-73. [PMID: 21074494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) including semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), iron oxide NPs and gold NPs have been developed as contrast agents for diagnostics by molecular imaging. Compared with traditional contrast agents, NPs offer several advantages: their optical and magnetic properties can be tailored by engineering the composition, structure, size and shape; their surfaces can be modified with ligands to target specific biomarkers of disease; the contrast enhancement provided can be equivalent to millions of molecular counterparts; and they can be integrated with a combination of different functions for multimodal imaging. Here, we review recent advances in the development of contrast agents based on inorganic NPs for molecular imaging, and also touch on contrast enhancement, surface modification, tissue targeting, clearance and toxicity. As research efforts intensify, contrast agents based on inorganic NPs that are highly sensitive, target-specific and safe to use are expected to enter clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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60
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Accardo A, Morisco A, Gianolio E, Tesauro D, Mangiapia G, Radulescu A, Brandt A, Morelli G. Nanoparticles containing octreotide peptides and gadolinium complexes for MRI applications. J Pept Sci 2010; 17:154-62. [PMID: 21234988 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New mixed nanoparticles were obtained by self-aggregation of two amphiplic monomers. The first monomer (C18)(2) L5-Oct contains two C18 hydrophobic moieties bound to the N-terminus of the cyclic peptide octreotide, and spaced from the bioactive peptide by five units of dioxoethylene linkers. The second monomer, (C18)(2) DTPAGlu, (C18)(2) DTPA or (C18)(2) DOTA, and the corresponding Gd(III) complexes, contains two C18 hydrophobic moieties bound through a lysine residue to different polyamino-polycarboxy ligands: DTPAGlu, DTPA or DOTA. Mixed aggregates have been obtained and structurally characterized by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques and for their relaxometric behavior. According to a decrease of negative charges in the surfactant head-group, a total or a partial micelle-to-vesicle transition is observed by passing from (C18)(2) DTPAGlu to (C18)(2) DOTA. The thicknesses of the bilayers are substantially constant, around 50 Å, in the analyzed systems. Moreover, the mixed aggregates, in which a small amount of amphiphilic octreotide monomer (C18)(2) L5-Oct (10% mol/mol) was inserted, do not differ significantly from the respective self-assembled systems. Fluorescence emission of tryptophan residue at 340 nm indicates low mobility of water molecules at the peptide surface. The proton relaxivity of mixed aggregates based on (C18)(2) DTPAGlu(Gd), (C18)(2) DTPA(Gd) and (C18)(2) DOTA(Gd) resulted to be 17.6, 15.2 and 10.0 mM(-1) s(-1) (at 20 MHz and 298K), respectively. The decrease in the relaxivity values can be ascribed to the increase in τ(M) (81, 205 and 750 ns). The presence of amphiphilic octreotide monomer exposed on mixed aggregate surface gives the entire nanoparticles a potential binding selectivity toward somatostatin sstr2 receptor subtype, and these systems could act as MRI target-specific contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Accardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, & IBB CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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61
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Chen W, Cormode DP, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for vascular and cardiac diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:146-161. [PMID: 20967875 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanoparticle contrast agents for molecular imaging have made magnetic resonance imaging a promising modality for noninvasive visualization and assessment of vascular and cardiac disease processes. This review provides a description of the various nanoparticles exploited for imaging cardiovascular targets. Nanoparticle probes detecting inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis may provide tools for assessing the risk of progressive vascular dysfunction and heart failure. The utility of nanoparticles as multimodal probes and/or theranostic agents has also been investigated. Although clinical application of these nanoparticles is largely unexplored, the potential for enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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62
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Xu F, Lei D, Du X, Zhang C, Xie X, Yin D. Modification of MR molecular imaging probes with cysteine-terminated peptides and their potential for in vivo tumour detection. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:46-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Glaus C, Rossin R, Welch MJ, Bao G. In vivo evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled magnetic nanoparticles as a dual-modality PET/MR imaging agent. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:715-22. [PMID: 20353170 DOI: 10.1021/bc900511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanoparticle-based dual-modality positron emission tomograph/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) contrast agent was developed. The probe consisted of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) core coated with PEGylated phospholipids. The chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was conjugated to PEG termini to allow labeling with positron-emitting (64)Cu. Radiolabeling with (64)Cu at high yield and high purity was readily achieved. The (64)Cu-SPIO probes produced strong MR and PET signals and were stable in mouse serum for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Biodistribution and in vivo PET/CT imaging studies of the probes showed a circulation half-life of 143 min and high initial blood retention with moderate liver uptake, making them an attractive contrast agent for disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Glaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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64
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Sy JC, Davis ME. Delivering regenerative cues to the heart: cardiac drug delivery by microspheres and peptide nanofibers. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:461-8. [PMID: 20628908 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of signaling pathways and cues vital for cardiac regeneration is being refined by laboratories worldwide. As various mechanisms enabling cardiac regeneration are becoming elucidated, delivery vehicles suited for these potential therapeutics must also be developed. This review focuses on advances in two technologies, novel degradable microspheres for controlled release systems and self-assembling peptide nanofibers for cell and factor delivery. Polyketals, a new class of resorbable polymers, are well suited for treating inflammatory diseases due to biocompatible degradation products. Polyketals have been used to deliver small molecule inhibitors and antioxidant proteins to rat models of myocardial infarction with notable improvements in cardiac function. Self-assembling peptide nanofibers are a class of hydrogels that are well-defined scaffolds made up of 99% water and amenable to incorporation of a variety of bioactive cues. Work done by our laboratory and others have demonstrated functional improvements using these hydrogels as both a drug delivery vehicle for proteins as well as a defined microenvironment for transplanted cells. Combining non-inflammatory polymer microspheres for sustained release of drugs with self-assembling nanofibers yields multifunctional scaffolds that may soon drive the body's healing response following myocardial infarction towards cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Sy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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65
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Schutters K, Reutelingsperger C. Phosphatidylserine targeting for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Apoptosis 2010. [PMID: 20440562 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010�0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells are able to execute apoptosis by activating series of specific biochemical reactions. One of the most prominent characteristics of cell death is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), which in healthy cells resides predominantly in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. These features have made PS-externalization a well-explored phenomenon to image cell death for diagnostic purposes. In addition, it was demonstrated that under certain conditions viable cells express PS at their surface such as endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, stressed tumor cells and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Hence, PS has become a potential target for therapeutic strategies aiming at Targeted Drug Delivery. In this review we highlight the biomarker PS and various PS-binding compounds that have been employed to target PS for diagnostic purposes. We emphasize the 35 kD human protein annexin A5, that has been developed as a Molecular Imaging agent to measure cell death in vitro, and non-invasively in vivo in animal models and in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recently focus has shifted from diagnostic towards therapeutic applications employing annexin A5 in strategies to deliver drugs to cells that express PS at their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Schutters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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66
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Garnier B, Bouter A, Gounou C, Petry KG, Brisson AR. Annexin A5-functionalized liposomes for targeting phosphatidylserine-exposing membranes. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2114-22. [PMID: 19835411 DOI: 10.1021/bc9002579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-circulating liposomes functionalized with cell-targeting elements and loaded with bioactive compounds present high interest as drug delivery nanosystems. We present here the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of liposomes containing PEGylated lipids covalently linked to oriented Annexin-A5 (Anx5) proteins, and we show that Anx5-functionalized liposomes are able to target phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposing membranes. The covalent coupling of Anx5 to liposomes is almost quantitative, which is mainly due to the high accessibility of the reacting groups. The influence of Anx5 functionalization on liposome aggregation was investigated by dynamic light scattering, showing that Anx5-functionalized liposomes are stable below a threshold density of 250 Anx5 molecules per liposome. Anx5-functionalized liposomes bind PS-containing membranes with very high efficacy, which is mainly due to the controlled orientation of the Anx5 at the liposome surface. A striking result, obtained by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, is that one single Anx5 molecule is able to anchor a liposome to a PS-containing supported membrane. Finally, we show by fluorescence microscopy that Anx5-functionalized liposomes bind PS-exposing apoptotic K562 cells with high specificity. This study demonstrates that Anx5-functionalized liposomes bind specifically to PS membranes and are thus potential candidates to deliver drug or imaging agents to sites of apoptosis or thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Garnier
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, IECB, UMR-5248 CBMN CNRS-University Bordeaux1-ENITAB, Avenue des Facultes, F-33402 Talence, France
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67
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Beilvert A, Cormode DP, Chaubet F, Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Mulder WJM, Vucic E, Toussaint JF, Letourneur D, Fayad ZA. Tyrosine polyethylene glycol (PEG)-micelle magnetic resonance contrast agent for the detection of lipid rich areas in atherosclerotic plaque. Magn Reson Med 2010; 62:1195-201. [PMID: 19780153 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerable or high-risk atherosclerotic plaques often exhibit large lipid cores and thin fibrous caps that can lead to deadly vascular events when they rupture. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-micelles that incorporate a gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) amphiphile were used as an MR contrast agent. In an approach inspired by lipoproteins, the micelles were functionalized with tyrosine residues, an aromatic, lipophilic amino acid, to reach the lipid-rich areas of atherosclerotic plaque in a highly efficient manner. These micelles were applied to apolipoprotein E(-/-) (ApoE(-/-)) mice as a model of atherosclerosis. The abdominal aortas of the animals were imaged using T(1)-weighted (T(1)W) high-resolution MRI at 9.4T before and up to 48 h after the administration of the micelles. PEG-micelles modified with 15% tyrosine residues yielded a significant enhancement of the abdominal aortic wall at 6 and 24 h postinjection (pi) as compared to unmodified micelles. Fluorescence microscopy on histological sections of the abdominal aorta showed a correlation between lipid-rich areas and the distribution of the functionalized contrast agent in plaque. Using a simple approach, we demonstrated that lipid-rich areas in atherosclerotic plaque of ApoE(-/-) mice can be detected by MRI using Gd-DTPA micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beilvert
- INSERM U698, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, CHU X. Bichat, University Paris 7, Paris, France
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68
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Strijkers GJ, van Tilborg GAF, Geelen T, Reutelingsperger CPM, Nicolay K. Current applications of nanotechnology for magnetic resonance imaging of apoptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 624:325-342. [PMID: 20217606 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-609-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a morphologically and biochemically distinct form of cell death, which together with proliferation plays an important role in tissue development and homeostasis. Insufficient apoptosis is important in the pathology of various disorders such as cancer and autoimmune diseases, whereas a high apoptotic activity is associated with myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Consequently, apoptosis is recognized as an important therapeutic target, which should be either suppressed, e.g., during an ischemic cardiac infarction, or promoted, e.g., in the treatment of cancerous lesions. Imaging tools to address location, amount, and time course of apoptotic activity non-invasively in vivo are therefore of great clinical use in the evaluation of such therapies. This chapter reviews current literature and new developments in the application of nanoparticles for non-invasive apoptosis imaging. Focus is on functionalized nanoparticle contrast agents for MR imaging and bimodal nanoparticle agents that combine magnetic and fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Skajaa T, Cormode DP, Falk E, Mulder WJM, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. High-density lipoprotein-based contrast agents for multimodal imaging of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:169-76. [PMID: 19815819 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins, natural nanoparticles, have a well-recognized biological role and are highly suitable as a platform for delivering imaging agents. The ease with which both the exterior and interior of the particles can be modified permits the creation of multifunctional nanoparticles for imaging as well as the delivery of therapeutics. Importantly, their endogenous nature may make them biocompatible and biodegradable and allows them to avoid the recognition of the reticuloendothelial system. In particular, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are of interest, because of their small size they can easily cross the endothelium and penetrate the underlying tissue. We summarize here the progress in establishing HDL as a vector for delivering a variety of diagnostically active materials to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in mouse models of atherosclerosis. By loading various types of image-enhancing compounds into either the core or surface of HDL, they can be visualized by different imaging modalities (MRI, CT, optical). By rerouting of HDL away from plaque macrophages, imaging of biological processes in diseases besides atherosclerosis may also be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torjus Skajaa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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70
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Bailey C, Giles A, Czarnota GJ, Stanisz GJ. Detection of apoptotic cell death in vitro in the presence of Gd-DTPA-BMA. Magn Reson Med 2009; 62:46-55. [PMID: 19253383 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to variability in patient response to cancer therapy, there is a growing interest in monitoring patient progress during treatment. Apoptotic cell death is one early marker of tumor response to treatment. Using known extracellular concentrations of gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid bismethylamide (Gd-DTPA-BMA) to vary the exchange regime, T(1) and T(2) relaxation data for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell samples were obtained and then analyzed using a two-pool model of relaxation with exchange. Leukemia cells treated with cisplatin to induce apoptosis exhibited a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in intracellular longitudinal relaxation time, T(1I), from 1030 ms to 940 ms, a decrease (P < 0.001) in the intracellular water fraction, M(0I), from 0.86 to 0.68 and a statistically significant increase (P < 0.01) in transmembrane water exchange rate, k(IE), from 1.4 s(-1) to 6.8 s(-1). The changes in MR parameters correlated with quantitative histology, such as cellular cross-sectional area and average nuclear area measurements. The results of this study emphasize the importance of accounting for water exchange in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) studies, particularly those that examine tumor response to therapies in which apoptotic changes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Bailey
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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71
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Supramolecular aggregates containing lipophilic Gd(III) complexes as contrast agents in MRI. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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72
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Mulder WJM, Strijkers GJ, van Tilborg GAF, Cormode DP, Fayad ZA, Nicolay K. Nanoparticulate assemblies of amphiphiles and diagnostically active materials for multimodality imaging. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:904-14. [PMID: 19435319 DOI: 10.1021/ar800223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicine has greatly benefited from recent dramatic improvements in imaging techniques. The observation of physiological events through interactions manipulated at the molecular level offers unique insight into the function (and dysfunction) of the living organism. The tremendous advances in the development of nanoparticulate molecular imaging agents over the past decade have made it possible to noninvasively image the specificity, pharmacokinetic profiles, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy of many novel compounds. Several types of nanoparticles have demonstrated utility for biomedical purposes, including inorganic nanocrystals, such as iron oxide, gold, and quantum dots. Moreover, natural nanoparticles, such as viruses, lipoproteins, or apoferritin, as well as hybrid nanostructures composed of inorganic and natural nanoparticles, have been applied broadly. However, among the most investigated nanoparticle platforms for biomedical purposes are lipidic aggregates, such as liposomal nanoparticles, micelles, and microemulsions. Their relative ease of preparation and functionalization, as well as the ready synthetic ability to combine multiple amphiphilic moieties, are the most important reasons for their popularity. Lipid-based nanoparticle platforms allow the inclusion of a variety of imaging agents, ranging from fluorescent molecules to chelated metals and nanocrystals. In recent years, we have created a variety of multifunctional lipid-based nanoparticles for molecular imaging; many are capable of being used with more than one imaging technique (that is, with multimodal imaging ability). These nanoparticles differ in size, morphology, and specificity for biological markers. In this Account, we discuss the development and characterization of five different particles: liposomes, micelles, nanocrystal micelles, lipid-coated silica, and nanocrystal high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We also demonstrate their application for multimodal molecular imaging, with the main focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical techniques, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The functionalization of the nanoparticles and the modulation of their pharmacokinetics are discussed. Their application for molecular imaging of key processes in cancer and cardiovascular disease are shown. Finally, we discuss a recent development in which the endogenous nanoparticle HDL was modified to carry different diagnostically active nanocrystal cores to enable multimodal imaging of macrophages in experimental atherosclerosis. The multimodal characteristics of the different contrast agent platforms have proven to be extremely valuable for validation purposes and for understanding mechanisms of particle-target interaction at different levels, ranging from the entire organism down to cellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. M. Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geralda A. F. van Tilborg
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David P. Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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73
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Reulen SWA, Dankers PYW, Bomans PHH, Meijer EW, Merkx M. Collagen Targeting Using Protein-Functionalized Micelles: The Strength of Multiple Weak Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7304-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807723p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne W. A. Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Patricia Y. W. Dankers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Paul H. H. Bomans
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
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74
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van Tilborg GAF, Geelen T, Duimel H, Bomans PHH, Frederik PM, Sanders HMHF, Deckers NM, Deckers R, Reutelingsperger CPM, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K. Internalization of annexin A5-functionalized iron oxide particles by apoptotic Jurkat cells. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009; 4:24-32. [PMID: 19137542 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in the etiology of various diseases. Several studies have reported on the use of annexin A5-functionalized iron oxide particles for the detection of apoptosis with MRI, both in vitro and in vivo. The protein annexin A5 binds with high affinity to the phospholipid phosphatidylserine, which is exposed in the outer leaflet of the apoptotic cell membrane. When co-exposed to apoptotic stimuli, this protein was shown to internalize into endocytic vesicles. Therefore in the present study we investigated the possible internalization of commercially available annexin A5-functionalized iron oxide particles (r1 = 34.0 +/- 2.1 and r2 = 205.0 +/- 10.4 mm(-1) s(-1) at 20 MHz), and the effects of their spatial distribution on relaxation rates R2*, R2 and R1. Two different incubation procedures were performed, where (1) Jurkat cells were either incubated with the contrast agent after induction of apoptosis or (2) Jurkat cells were simultaneously incubated with the apoptotic stimulus and the contrast agent. Transmission electron microscopy images and relaxation rates showed that the first incubation strategy mainly resulted in binding of the annexin A5-iron oxide particles to the cell membrane, whereas the second procedure allowed extensive membrane-association as well as a small amount of internalization. Owing to the small extent of internalization, only minor differences were observed between the DeltaR2*/DeltaR2 and DeltaR2/DeltaR1 ratios of cell pellets with membrane-associated or internalized annexin A5 particles. Only the increase in R1 (DeltaR1) appeared to be diminished by the internalization. Internalization of annexin A5-iron oxide particles is also expected to occur in vivo, where the apoptotic stimulus and the contrast agent are simultaneously present. Where the extent of internalization in vivo is similar to that observed in the present study, both T2- and T2*-weighted MR sequences are considered suitable for the detection of these particles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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75
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Douma K, Prinzen L, Slaaf DW, Reutelingsperger CPM, Biessen EAL, Hackeng TM, Post MJ, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Nanoparticles for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:544-557. [PMID: 19226595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging contributes to future personalized medicine dedicated to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. Endoscope-compatible optical imaging techniques would offer a stand-alone alternative and high spatial resolution validation technique to clinically accepted imaging techniques in the (intravascular) assessment of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions, which are predisposed to initiate acute clinical events. Efficient optical visualization of molecular epitopes specific for vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions requires targeting of high-quality optical-contrast-enhancing particles. In this review, we provide an overview of both current optical nanoparticles and targeting ligands for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions and speculate on their applicability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Douma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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76
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Jennings LE, Long NJ. ‘Two is better than one’—probes for dual-modality molecular imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3511-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b821903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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77
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Cormode DP, Skajaa T, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanotechnology in medical imaging: probe design and applications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:992-1000. [PMID: 19057023 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have become more and more prevalent in reports of novel contrast agents, especially for molecular imaging, the detection of cellular processes. The advantages of nanoparticles include their potency to generate contrast, the ease of integrating multiple properties, lengthy circulation times, and the possibility to include high payloads. As the chemistry of nanoparticles has improved over the past years, more sophisticated examples of nano-sized contrast agents have been reported, such as paramagnetic, macrophage targeted quantum dots or alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted, MRI visible microemulsions that also carry a drug to suppress angiogenesis. The use of these particles is producing greater knowledge of disease processes and the effects of therapy. Along with their excellent properties, nanoparticles may produce significant toxicity, which must be minimized for (clinical) application. In this review we discuss the different factors that are considered when designing a nanoparticle probe and highlight some of the most advanced examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA
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78
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Koole R, van Schooneveld MM, Hilhorst J, Castermans K, Cormode DP, Strijkers GJ, de Mello Donegá C, Vanmaekelbergh D, Griffioen AW, Nicolay K, Fayad ZA, Meijerink A, Mulder WJM. Paramagnetic lipid-coated silica nanoparticles with a fluorescent quantum dot core: a new contrast agent platform for multimodality imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2471-9. [PMID: 19035793 PMCID: PMC3345202 DOI: 10.1021/bc800368x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Silica particles as a nanoparticulate carrier material for contrast agents have received considerable attention the past few years, since the material holds great promise for biomedical applications. A key feature for successful application of this material in vivo is biocompatibility, which may be significantly improved by appropriate surface modification. In this study, we report a novel strategy to coat silica particles with a dense monolayer of paramagnetic and PEGylated lipids. The silica nanoparticles carry a quantum dot in their center and are made target-specific by the conjugation of multiple alphavbeta3-integrin-specific RGD-peptides. We demonstrate their specific uptake by endothelial cells in vitro using fluorescence microscopy, quantitative fluorescence imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. The lipid-coated silica particles introduced here represent a new platform for nanoparticulate multimodality contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Koole
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matti M. van Schooneveld
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hilhorst
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karolien Castermans
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology/Internal Medicine, Maastricht University & University Hospital, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P. Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donegá
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Vanmaekelbergh
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology/Internal Medicine, Maastricht University & University Hospital, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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79
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van Tilborg GA, Strijkers GJ, Pouget EM, Reutelingsperger CP, Sommerdijk NA, Nicolay K, Mulder WJ. Kinetics of avidin-induced clearance of biotinylated bimodal liposomes for improved MR molecular imaging. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:1444-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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80
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81
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Towards an easy access to Annexin-A5 protein binding block copolymer micelles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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82
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Corr SA, Rakovich YP, Gun’ko YK. Multifunctional Magnetic-fluorescent Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2008. [PMCID: PMC3244791 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a fast-growing area, involving the fabrication and use of nano-sized materials and devices. Various nanocomposite materials play a number of important roles in modern science and technology. Magnetic and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles are of particular importance due to their broad range of potential applications. It is expected that the combination of magnetic and fluorescent properties in one nanocomposite would enable the engineering of unique multifunctional nanoscale devices, which could be manipulated using external magnetic fields. The aim of this review is to present an overview of bimodal “two-in-one” magnetic-fluorescent nanocomposite materials which combine both magnetic and fluorescent properties in one entity, in particular those with potential applications in biotechnology and nanomedicine. There is a great necessity for the development of these multifunctional nanocomposites, but there are some difficulties and challenges to overcome in their fabrication such as quenching of the fluorescent entity by the magnetic core. Fluorescent-magnetic nanocomposites include a variety of materials including silica-based, dye-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots-magnetic nanoparticle composites. The classification and main synthesis strategies, along with approaches for the fabrication of fluorescent-magnetic nanocomposites, are considered. The current and potential biomedical uses, including biological imaging, cell tracking, magnetic bioseparation, nanomedicine and bio- and chemo-sensoring, of magnetic-fluorescent nanocomposites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A Corr
- The School of Chemistry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yury P Rakovich
- The School of Physics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yurii K Gun’ko
- The School of Chemistry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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83
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Shi H, He X, Wang K, Yuan Y, Deng K, Chen J, Tan W. Rhodamine B isothiocyanate doped silica-coated fluorescent nanoparticles (RBITC-DSFNPs)–based bioprobes conjugated to Annexin V for apoptosis detection and imaging. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2007; 3:266-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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84
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Song EQ, Wang GP, Xie HY, Zhang ZL, Hu J, Peng J, Wu DC, Shi YB, Pang DW. Visual Recognition and Efficient Isolation of Apoptotic Cells with Fluorescent-Magnetic-Biotargeting Multifunctional Nanospheres. Clin Chem 2007; 53:2177-85. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Fluorescent-magnetic-biotargeting multifunctional nanospheres are likely to find important applications in bioanalysis, biomedicine, and clinical diagnosis. We have been developing such multifunctional nanospheres for biomedical applications.
Methods: We covalently coupled avidin onto the surfaces of fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional nanospheres to construct fluorescent-magnetic-biotargeting trifunctional nanospheres and analyzed the functionality and specificity of these trifunctional nanospheres for their ability to recognize and isolate apoptotic cells labeled with biotinylated annexin V, which recognizes phosphatidylserine exposed on the surfaces of apoptotic cells.
Results: The multifunctional nanospheres can be used in combination with propidium iodide staining of nuclear DNA to identify cells at different phases of the apoptotic process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that apoptotic cells induced by exposure to ultraviolet light can be isolated simply with a magnet from living cells at an efficiency of at least 80%; these cells can then be easily visualized with a fluorescence microscope.
Conclusions: Our results show that fluorescent-magnetic-biotargeting trifunctional nanospheres can be a powerful tool for rapidly recognizing, magnetically enriching and sorting, and simultaneously identifying different kinds of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Qun Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dao-Cheng Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program on Cell Regulation and Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
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85
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Mulder WJM, Griffioen AW, Strijkers GJ, Cormode DP, Nicolay K, Fayad ZA. Magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles for multimodality imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:307-24. [PMID: 17716176 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanoparticulate contrast agents is providing an increasing contribution to the field of diagnostic and molecular imaging. Such agents provide several advantages over traditional compounds. First, they may contain a high payload of the contrast-generating material, which greatly improves their detectability. Second, multiple properties may be easily integrated within one nanoparticle to allow its detection with several imaging techniques or to include therapeutic qualities. Finally, the surface of such nanoparticles may be modified to improve circulation half-lives or to attach targeting groups. Magnetic resonance imaging and optical techniques are highly complementary imaging methods. Combining these techniques would therefore have significant advantages and may be realized through the use of nanoparticulate contrast agents. This review gives a survey of the different types of fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles that have been employed for both magnetic resonance and optical imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Imaging Science Laboratories, Department of Radiology, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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86
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Canet-Soulas E, Letourneur D. Biomarkers of atherosclerosis and the potential of MRI for the diagnosis of vulnerable plaque. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2007; 20:129-42. [PMID: 17605060 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-007-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. As it is an inflammation process, many cellular and molecular events are involved at each step of the progression of atherosclerosis from an early fatty streak lesion to a highly dangerous rupture-prone plaque. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established diagnostic tool for many kinds of chronic inflammation in various systems and organs, and recent improvements in spatial resolution and contrast strategies make it a promising technique for the characterization of inflammatory vessel walls. The first part of this review will briefly introduce the main cellular and molecular processes involved in atherosclerotic lesions; the second part will focus on the use of high-resolution MRI and present-generation contrast agents for plaque characterization; and the third part will present some recent and ongoing cellular and molecular MRI studies of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Canet-Soulas
- Université Lyon 1, ESCPE, Laboratoire CREATIS-LRMN, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U630, Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, 43 Bd 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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87
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Liu CH, Huang S, Kim YR, Rosen BR, Liu PK. Forebrain Ischemia-Reperfusion Simulating Cardiac Arrest in Mice Induces Edema and DNA Fragmentation in the Brain. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Liu
- From the A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA; the Transcript Imaging and NeuroRepair Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shuning Huang
- From the A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA; the Transcript Imaging and NeuroRepair Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Young R. Kim
- From the A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA; the Transcript Imaging and NeuroRepair Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bruce R. Rosen
- From the A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA; the Transcript Imaging and NeuroRepair Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Philip K. Liu
- From the A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA; the Transcript Imaging and NeuroRepair Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
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88
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Radowski MR, Shukla A, von Berlepsch H, Böttcher C, Pickaert G, Rehage H, Haag R. Supramolecular aggregates of dendritic multishell architectures as universal nanocarriers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1265-9. [PMID: 17278156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał R Radowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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89
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Radowski M, Shukla A, von Berlepsch H, Böttcher C, Pickaert G, Rehage H, Haag R. Supramolekulare Aggregate auf Basis dendritischer Multischalenarchitekturen als universelle Nanotransporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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90
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Briley-Saebo KC, Mulder WJM, Mani V, Hyafil F, Amirbekian V, Aguinaldo JGS, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. Magnetic resonance imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: Current imaging strategies and molecular imaging probes. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:460-79. [PMID: 17729343 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vulnerability or destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques has been directly linked to plaque composition. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, that allow for evaluation of plaque composition at a cellular and molecular level, could further improve the detection of vulnerable plaque and may allow for monitoring the efficacy of antiatherosclerotic therapies. In this review we focus on MR imaging strategies for the detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques and their composition. We highlight recent advancements in the development of MR pulse sequences, computer image analysis, and the use of commercially available MR contrast agents, such as gadopentic acid (Gd-DTPA), for plaque characterization. We also discuss molecular imaging strategies that are currently being used to design specific imaging probes targeted to biochemical and cellular markers of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Briley-Saebo
- Imaging Science Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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91
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Neves AA, Brindle KM. Assessing responses to cancer therapy using molecular imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:242-61. [PMID: 17140737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor responses to therapy in the clinic are still evaluated primarily from non-invasive imaging measurements of reductions in tumor size. This approach, however, lacks sensitivity and can only give a delayed indication of a positive response to treatment. Major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for cancer, combined with new targeted clinical imaging technologies designed to detect the molecular correlates of disease progression and response to treatment, are set to revolutionize our approach to the detection and treatment of the disease. We describe here the imaging technologies available to image tumor cell proliferation and migration, metabolism, receptor and gene expression, apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis and vascular function, and show how measurements of these parameters can be used to give early indications of positive responses to treatment or to detect drug resistance and/or disease recurrence. Special emphasis has been placed on those applications that are already used in the clinic and those that are likely to translate into clinical application in the near future or whose use in preclinical studies is likely to facilitate translation of new treatments into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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