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Magnuson BA, Raju RV, Sharma RK. Distribution of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase activity in rabbit intestine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1300:119-24. [PMID: 8652637 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) attaches the fatty acid, myristate, to the amino-terminal glycine residue of various proteins involved in cellular regulation and/or signal transduction. We report differences in the activity and properties of NMT in New Zealand rabbit small intestine, ascending colon and descending colon. The mucosa of the small intestine, ascending colon and descending colon was assayed for NMT activity using peptides of known myristoylated proteins (pp60src and catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase). Total NMT activity per gram tissue was 5-fold higher in the small intestine and 1.5-fold higher in the ascending colon than in the descending colon. Smooth muscle from the colon also contained low levels of NMT activity. NMT activity was 2- to 3-fold higher in the particulate fraction than in the cytosolic fraction of the mucosa in the descending colon. The apparent molecular mass of NMT in the intestine mucosa was 78 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Magnuson
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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52
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DeMar JC, Wensel TG, Anderson RE. Biosynthesis of the unsaturated 14-carbon fatty acids found on the N termini of photoreceptor-specific proteins. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5007-16. [PMID: 8617777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, a number of proteins involved in signal transduction are known to be N-terminal acylated with the unusual 14 carbon fatty acids 14:1n-9 and 14:2n-6. We have explored possible pathways for producing these fatty acids in the frog retina by incubation in vitro with candidate precursor fatty acids bearing radiolabels, including [3H]14:0, [3H]18:1n-9, [3H]18:2n-6, and [3H]18:3n-3. Rod outer segments were prepared from the radiolabeled retinas for analysis of protein-linked fatty acids, and total lipids were extracted from the remaining retinal pellet. Following saponification of extracted lipids, fatty acid phenacyl esters were prepared and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by continuous scintillation counting. Transducin, whose alpha-subunit (Gt alpha) is known to bear N-terminal acyl chains, was extracted from the rod outer segments and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography to detect radiolabeled proteins. Gt alpha was also subjected to methanolysis, and the resulting fatty acyl methyl esters were analyzed by HPLC. The identities of HPLC peaks coinciding with unsaturated species of both phenacyl esters and methyl esters were confirmed by reanalyzing them after catalytic hydrogenation. The results showed that 14:1n-9 can be derived in the retina from 18:1n-9 and 14:2n-6 from 18:2n-6, most likely by two rounds of beta-oxidation, but that neither is produced in detectable amounts from 14:0. Retroconversion of unsaturated 18 carbon fatty acids to the corresponding 14 carbon species showed specificity, in that 18:3n-3 was not converted to 14 carbon fatty acids in detectable amounts. Myristic acid (14:0), 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6 were all incorporated into Gt alpha. A much less efficient incorporation of 18:1n-9 into Gt alpha was also observed, but no radiolabeling of Gt alpha was observed in retinas incubated with 18:3n-3. Thus, retroconversion by limited beta-oxidation of longer chain unsaturated fatty acids appears to be the most likely metabolic source of the unusual fatty acids found on the N termini of signal transducing proteins in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C DeMar
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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53
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Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, is induced in the presence of high glucose levels. The ACC gene contains two promoters: promoter I (PI) expression is inducible under lipogenic conditions, while promoter II (PII) expression, even though constitutively expressed in all tissues, is also controlled under various physiological conditions. Examination of the expression pattern of a series of deletion constructs of PII showed that the region from -340 to -249 was essential for ACC induction. In addition, by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, supershift assays, and DNase I footprinting studies, we have detected the binding of the transcription factor Sp1 at the two GC-rich sequences located within the -340 to -249 region of promoter II. Mutations at the GC-rich sequences prevented binding of Sp1, and the induction of the PII promoter was no longer observed. Cotransfection studies, in Drosophila Schneider SL2 cells, with the Sp1 expression vector and PII-CAT constructs, have further confirmed the activation of promoter II by Sp1. In addition, we have identified Sp3, another member of the Sp1 family of transcription factors, as a second factor that can bind to the glucose response elements of PII.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Glover CJ, Felsted RL. Identification and characterization of multiple forms of bovine brain N-myristoyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:23226-33. [PMID: 7559471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyzes the co-translational addition of myristic acid to the N-terminal glycine of many cellular, viral, and fungal proteins which are essential to normal cell functioning and/or are potential therapeutic targets. We have found that bovine brain NMT exists as a heterogeneous mixture of interconvertible high molecular mass multimers involving approximately 60-kDa NMT subunit(s). Gel filtration chromatography of partially purified NMT at low to moderate ionic strength yields NMT activity eluting as 391 +/- 52 and 126 +/- 17 kDa peaks as well as activity which profiles the protein fractions and likely results from NMT nonspecifically associating with background proteins and/or column matrix. Chromatography in 1 M NaCl causes 100% of this activity to elute as a single peak of approximately 391 kDa. Subsequent treatment of the approximately 391 kDa activity peak with an NMT peptide reaction product (i.e. N-myristoyl-peptide) results in approximately 75% of the activity re-eluting as a approximately 126-kDa peak in 1 M NaCl. Rechromatography also yields small amounts of a approximately 50-kDa NMT monomer which increases with prior storage at 4 degrees C. Up to 5 NMT subunits were identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific immunoblotting with a human NMT peptide antibody and by cofactor-dependent chemical cross-linking with an 125I-peptide substrate of NMT. The prominent 60 kDa and minor 57-, 53-, 49-, and 47-kDa NMT immunoblotted subunits co-migrate with five of nine silver-stained proteins in an enzyme preparation purified > 7,000-fold with approximately 50% yield by selective elution from octyl-agarose with the myristoyl-CoA analog, S-(2-ketopentadecyl)-CoA. Storage at 4 degrees C also leads to conversion of the larger NMT subunit(s) into 49 and 47 kDa forms with no loss of NMT activity. These results identify two interconvertible forms of NMT in bovine brain that result from NMT subunit multimerization and/or complex formation with other cellular proteins. The data also identify a fully active NMT monomer which arises from subunit proteolysis. This study thus reveals a previously unappreciated level of NMT complexity which may have important mechanistic and/or regulatory significance for N-myristoylation in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Glover
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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56
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Zeng FY, Kaphalia BS, Ansari GA, Weigel PH. Fatty acylation of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor. The three subunits from active receptors contain covalently bound palmitate and stearate. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21382-7. [PMID: 7673174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-Rs) are hetero-oligomers composed of three homologous glycoprotein subunits, designated rat hepatic lectins (RHL) 1, 2, and 3. ASGP-Rs mediate the endocytosis and degradation of circulating glycoconjugates containing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or galactose, including desialylated plasma glycoproteins. We have shown in permeable rat hepatocytes that the ligand binding activity of one subpopulation of receptors (designated State 2 ASGP-Rs) can be decreased or increased, respectively, by ATP and palmitoyl-CoA (Weigel, P. H., and Oka, J. A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 27186-27190). We proposed that a reversible and cyclic acylation/deacylation process may regulate ASGP-R activity during endocytosis, receptor-ligand dissociation, and receptor recycling. In the accompanying paper (Zeng, F-Y., and Weigel, P. H. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21388-21395), we show that the ligand binding activity of affinity-purified State 2 ASGP-Rs is decreased by treatment with hydroxylamine under mild conditions consistent with these ASGP-Rs being fatty acylated in vivo. In this study, we used a chemical method to determine the presence of covalently-bound fatty acids in individual ASGP-R subunits. The affinity-purified ASGP-R preparations were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, and the gel slices containing individual RHL subunits were treated with alkali to release covalently bound fatty acids, which were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both stearic and palmitic acids were detected in all three receptor subunits. Pretreatment of ASGP-Rs with hydroxylamine before SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reduced the content of both fatty acids by 66-80%, indicating that most of these fatty acids are attached to cysteine residues via thioester linkages. Furthermore, when freshly isolated hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of [3H]palmitate, all three RHL subunits in affinity-purified ASGP-Rs were metabolically labeled. We conclude that RHL1, RHL2, and RHL3 are modified by fatty acylation in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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57
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Joseph M, Nagaraj R. Conformations of peptides corresponding to fatty acylation sites in proteins. A circular dichroism study. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19439-45. [PMID: 7642626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.33.19439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid acylation is a posttranslational modification found in membrane proteins that have hydrophobic sequences serving as transmembrane segments as well as those that do not have them. The fatty acids myristate and palmitate are linked through an amide bond to N-terminal glycine and SH of cysteine via a thioester bond, respectively. In order to elucidate whether or how fatty acid acylation would modulate peptide structure, especially in hydrophobic environment, we have carried out circular dichroism studies on synthetic peptides both hydrophobic and hydrophilic in nature, corresponding to fatty acylation sites and their fatty acyl derivatives. The hydrophilic peptides were approximately 12 residues in length as studies on proteins modified by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that a peptide segment of approximately 12 residues is sufficient to direct acylation as well as membrane association, especially when the fatty acid is myristic acid. The peptide corresponding to a transmembrane segment composed of 31 residues as well as its palmitoyl derivative was found to adopt alpha-helical structure. Acylation appeared to favor increased partitioning into miscelles even in the case of a hydrophobic peptide. The hydrophilic peptides and their myristoyl or palmitoyl derivatives showed very little ordered structure in micelles. Our results suggest that the myristoyl and the palmitoyl moieties do not have the ability to "force" a hydrophilic peptide segment into a hydrophobic micellar environment. Thus, the mere presence of a fatty acid moiety may not be sufficient for membrane binding and recycling as is assumed especially in proteins in which no hydrophobic segment is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joseph
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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58
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Joseph M, Nagaraj R. Interaction of peptides corresponding to fatty acylation sites in proteins with model membranes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16749-55. [PMID: 7622487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of proteins having covalently linked myristic and palmitic acids have been discovered. It is assumed that fatty acid acylation serves to anchor proteins to membranes. However, it is not clear whether fatty acids modulate orientation of peptide chain in membranes or help in associating hydrophilic segments of peptides with membranes. We have examined the aggregation properties and membrane association of peptides corresponding to myristoylation and palmitoylation regions of proteins by fluorescence spectroscopy. Both acylated and non-acylated peptides were used for investigation. Binding of the peptides to lipid vesicles was assessed by monitoring the fluorescence of tryptophan as well as the quenching of its fluorescence in the presence of quenchers like I- and acrylamide. Our results indicate that in the peptide corresponding to a transmembrane segment, palmitoylation results in a change in the orientation of the peptide chain in the lipid bilayer. In the case of peptides that do not have a hydrophobic segment, acylation with palmitic or myristic acid does not appear to result in increased binding to lipid bilayer. Our results suggest that (i) the primary role of myristoylation may not be an anchor for membrane attachment as assumed, (ii) palmitoylation in the case of proteins having transmembrane segments may serve to realign the transmembrane segment from the normal orientation perpendicular to the bilayer surface, (iii) in the case of proteins where there is no hydrophobic segment, palmitoylation may not serve as a membrane anchor and could be involved in interaction with other membrane-bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joseph
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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59
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Liepkalns VA, Eboue D, Kuksis A, Beringer T, Icard-Liepkalns C. Apical release of base-labile fatty acyl groups commensurate with stimulation of glycoprotein sialosyl Lewis(a) secretion in colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:34-41. [PMID: 7601564 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910620109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The rate of polarized secretion of a putative adhesion ligand, sialosyl Lewis(a) (19-9), by SW1116 colorectal carcinoma cells is stimulated at least 20-fold after pre-incubation with, and the incorporation of, retinoic acid (RA). In order to investigate the possible involvement of fatty acylation in the export of the epitope, purified ligands from carcinoma-cell membranes, membrane subfractions and media were analyzed during RA-induced secretion. Incorporation of radioactivity from (3H)palmitate into membrane subfractions and purified sialosyl Lewis(a) antigenic molecular species of M(r) > 150,000 (SiaLeams) was stimulated by RA treatment. Most of the intracellular lipid radioactivity which bound to solid-phase 19-9 antibody behaved chromatographically, either like ganglioside or like NH2 OH-labile acyl groups, but most of the (3H) bound to SiaLeams of post-incubation media behaved like base-labile fatty acyl groups, or free fatty acid. Release of base-labile lipid radioactivity after 3 hr (associated with antigen) was almost exclusively into the apical media of membrane inserts. Gas-liquid chromatography/mass spec. analyses of purified Sialeams revealed the presence of palmitate (16:0), as well as stearate (18:0) and oleate (18:1) fatty acyl groups. Our results suggest that fatty acylation of SiaLeams may be co-ordinated with alterations in glycosylation and participate in directing these molecules to the apical surface. Lipid analyses were consistent with ganglioside chaperonage of SiaLeams to the apical surface, where N-fatty-acylated gangliosides remain for the most part integrated into the bilayer, but some oxyester or thioester bonds may be cleaved to permit release of SiaLeams to the apical medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Liepkalns
- Department of Biochemistry (Biochemistry of Cellular Transport, CNRS), University of Paris XI, Orsay, France
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60
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Nakaoka T, Kojima N, Ogita T, Tsuji S. Characterization of the phosphatidylserine-binding region of rat MARCKS (myristoylated, alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate). Its regulation through phosphorylation of serine 152. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12147-51. [PMID: 7744864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that recombinant myristoylated, alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) expressed in Escherichia coli as well as MARCKS purified from rat brain specifically bound to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium-independent manner and that the binding was regulated through phosphorylation of MARCKS (Nakaoka, T., Kojima, N., Hamamoto, T., Kurosawa, N., Lee, Y. C., Kawasaki, H., Suzuki, K., and Tsuji, S. (1993) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 114, 449-452). In this study, to identify the minimum PS-binding region of MARCKS and the regulatory phosphorylation site, the binding of MARCKS to PS was examined in deletion mutants producing glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. The mutant proteins GST-6-180 and GST-127-160 had almost the same ability to bind to immobilized PS as MARCKS purified from rat brain, whereas GST-127-152 did not bind to it. In addition, the binding of GST-6-156 to immobilized PS was 62% of that of GST-6-180, but that of GST-6-152 was only 8% and that of GST-6-135 was not detected. The effect of phosphorylation by protein kinase C was examined in several mutants of GST-6-180 whose serine residues were substituted with alanine. After phosphorylation, the mutants GST-6-180[S156A and S163A], GST-6-180]S156A], and GST-6-180[S163A] did not bind to immobilized PS like native MARCKS and GST-6-180. However, even after phosphorylation, GST-6-180-[S152A] and GST-6-180[S152A and S156A] could bind to immobilized PS. These results strongly suggest that MARCKS binds to PS molecules in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane through residues 127-156, with residues 153-156 (FKKS) being particularly important in the binding of MARCKS to PS, and that the binding is regulated through the protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation of the serine at residue 152.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakaoka
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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61
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Yanagi S, Kurosaki T, Yamamura H. The structure and function of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase p72syk expressed in hematopoietic cells. Cell Signal 1995; 7:185-93. [PMID: 7662507 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(94)00088-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Yanagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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62
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Guarino LA, Smith G, Dong W. Ubiquitin is attached to membranes of baculovirus particles by a novel type of phospholipid anchor. Cell 1995; 80:301-9. [PMID: 7834750 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purified budded virions of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) contain abundant amounts of free ubiquitin, which has an altered electrophoretic mobility on SDS gels as compared with standard ubiquitin. Phase extraction of virion proteins with Triton X-114 indicated that the modified form of ubiquitin behaved as an integral membrane protein. The membrane-bound form of ubiquitin was labeled with both phosphate and palmitate, and its electrophoretic mobility was altered by treatment with phospholipase A2 and a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D. Mild trypsin digestion indicated that the acyl group was not linked to the C-terminus of the protein. Acylated ubiquitin could not be radiolabeled with a membrane-impermeable Bolton-Hunter reagent unless virus was pretreated with detergent. Together, these experiments suggest that ubiquitin is attached to the inner face of the viral membrane by a novel type of phospholipid anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Guarino
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station
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63
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Zuo S, Guo Q, Ling C, Chang YH. Evidence that two zinc fingers in the methionine aminopeptidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are important for normal growth. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 246:247-53. [PMID: 7862096 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis of intact yeast methionine aminopeptidase (MAP1) with trypsin releases a 34 kDa fragment whose NH2-terminal sequence begins at Asp70, immediately following Lys69. These results suggest that yeast MAP may have a two-domain structure consisting of an NH2-terminal zinc finger domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. To test this, a mutant MAP lacking residues 2-69 was generated, overexpressed, purified and analyzed. Metal ion analyses indicate that 1 mol of wild-type yeast MAP contains 2 mol of zinc ions and at least 1 mol of cobalt ion, whereas 1 mol of the truncated MAP lacking the putative zinc fingers contains only a trace amount of zinc ions but still contains one mole of cobalt ion. These results suggest that the two zinc ions observed in the native yeast MAP are located at the Cys/His rich region and the cobalt ion is located in the catalytic domain. The kcat and Km values of the purified truncated MAP are similar to those of the wild-type MAP when measured with peptide substrates in vitro and it appears to be as active as the wild-type MAP in vivo. However, the truncated MAP is significantly less effective in rescuing the slow growth phenotype of map mutant than the wild-type MAP. These findings suggest that the zinc fingers are essential for normal MAP function in vivo, even though the in vitro enzyme assays indicate that they are not involved in catalysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zuo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104
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64
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Bouvier M, Chidiac P, Hebert TE, Loisel TP, Moffett S, Mouillac B. Dynamic palmitoylation of G-protein-coupled receptors in eukaryotic cells. Methods Enzymol 1995; 250:300-14. [PMID: 7651160 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)50080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bouvier
- Departement de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Canada
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berthiaume
- Program in Cell Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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66
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Heveker N, Bonnaffé D, Ullmann A. Chemical fatty acylation confers hemolytic and toxic activities to adenylate cyclase protoxin of Bordetella pertussis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)30068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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67
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Korchak HM, Kane LH, Rossi MW, Corkey BE. Long chain acyl coenzyme A and signaling in neutrophils. An inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A synthetase, triacsin C, inhibits superoxide anion generation and degranulation by human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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68
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Mendoza-Vega O, Sabatié J, Brown SW. Industrial production of heterologous proteins by fed-batch cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 15:369-410. [PMID: 7848660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review concerns the issues involved in the industrial development of fed-batch culture processes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing heterologous proteins. Most of process development considerations with fed-batch recombinant cultures are linked to the reliability and reproducibility of the process for manufacturing environments where quality assurance and quality control aspects are paramount. In this respect, the quality, safety and efficacy of complex biologically active molecules produced by recombinant techniques are strongly influenced by the genetic background of the host strain, genetic stability of the transformed strain and production process factors. An overview of the recent literature of these culture-related factors is coupled with our experience in yeast fed-batch process development for producing various therapeutic grade proteins. The discussion is based around three principal topics: genetics, microbial physiology and fed-batch process design. It includes the fundamental aspects of yeast strain physiology, the nature of the recombinant product, quality control aspects of the biological product, features of yeast expression vectors, expression and localization of recombinant products in transformed cells and fed-batch process considerations for the industrial production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant proteins. It is our purpose that this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the fed-batch recombinant production processes and challenges commonly encountered during process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mendoza-Vega
- Microbial and Cell Culture Department, Transgène S.A., Strasbourg, France
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69
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Quesnel S, Silvius JR. Cysteine-containing peptide sequences exhibit facile uncatalyzed transacylation and acyl-CoA-dependent acylation at the lipid bilayer interface. Biochemistry 1994; 33:13340-8. [PMID: 7947742 DOI: 10.1021/bi00249a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A variety of simple cysteine-containing lipopeptides, with sequences modeled on those found in naturally occurring S-acylated proteins, undergo spontaneous S-acylation in phospholipid vesicles at physiological pH when either long-chain acyl-CoAs or other S-acylated peptides are added as acyl donors. Fluorescent or radiolabeled lipopeptides with the sequence myristoyl-GCX- (X = G, L, R, T, or V), a motif found to undergo S-acylation in several intracellular regulatory proteins, and the prenylated peptide -SCRC(farnesyl)-OMe, modeled on the carboxyl terminus of p21H-ras, were all found to be suitable acyl acceptors for such uncatalyzed S-acyl transfer reactions at physiological pH. Acylation of these cysteinyl-containing lipopeptides to high stoichiometry was observed, on time scales ranging from a few hours to a few tens of minutes, in vesicles containing relatively low concentrations (< or = mol %) and only a modest molar excess (2.5:1) of the acyl donor species. No evidence was obtained for acyl transfer to peptide serine or threonine hydroxyl groups under the same conditions. These observations may have significant implications both for the design of in vitro studies of the S-acylation of membrane-associated proteins and for our understanding of the mechanisms of S-acylation of these species in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quesnel
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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70
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71
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Ha J, Kim KH. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by expression of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-specific ribozyme gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:9951-5. [PMID: 7937924 PMCID: PMC44935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the construction of ribozyme genes that are specific to acetyl-CoA carboxylase [ACC; acetyl-CoA: carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.2] mRNAs and the effects of their expression on long-chain fatty acid synthesis. In a cell-free system, these ribozymes precisely cleave ACC mRNA at the expected sites. 30A5 preadipocyte cells stably transfected with the ribozyme gene show a substantial reduction in the amount of ACC mRNA as compared to non-ribozyme-expressing cells. The decrease in ACC mRNA was associated with a significant decrease in ACC enzyme activity, and the rate of fatty acid synthesis fell to about 30-70% of the control. When these cells are induced to differentiate into adipocytes, lipid accumulation is very slow in comparison with control cells. The activity of fatty acid synthase and the mRNA level of beta-actin were not affected. These data indicate that ribozymes designed to specifically target ACC mRNA under in vivo conditions act by decreasing the ACC mRNA level, which, in turn, decreases fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1153
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72
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Larsen FG, Voorhees JJ, Aström A. Retinoic acid induces expression of PA-FABP (psoriasis-associated fatty acid-binding protein) gene in human skin in vivo but not in cultured skin cells. Exp Dermatol 1994; 3:212-8. [PMID: 7881766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PA-FABP (psoriasis-associated fatty acid-binding protein) is a new member of a group of low-molecular-weight proteins that are highly up-regulated in psoriatic skin and that share similarity to fatty acid-binding proteins. In this study we demonstrate that PA-FABP transcripts are expressed in human skin in vivo and that topical application of 0.05% retinoic acid (RA) cream results in a rapid induction of PA-FABP transcripts following treatment for 16 hours and persists at increasing levels after 48 and 96 h of RA treatment. The PA-FABP mRNA response to RA was reduced by approximately 50% when patients concurrently were treated with RA and 0.025% clobetasol propionate (CLO) for 48 and 96 h, whereas treatment with CLO alone resulted in PA-FABP transcript levels not significantly different from vehicle-treated skin. When comparing the effects of a well-known irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), to those of RA and its vehicle, 0.05% RA cream but not 2% SLS in RA vehicle caused PA-FABP mRNA induction after 16 h. SLS treatment of human skin for 96 h caused a slight increase in PA-FABP transcripts, but markedly less than that observed in response to RA treatment. Incubation of cultured human keratinocytes or skin fibroblasts with RA for up to 48 h did not significantly induce PA-FABP transcripts. Expression of PA-FABP message in keratinocytes was observed to be induced by calcium and fetal calf serum (FCS), while tetra-decanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) caused little or no induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Larsen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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73
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Kinnunen PK, Kõiv A, Lehtonen JY, Rytömaa M, Mustonen P. Lipid dynamics and peripheral interactions of proteins with membrane surfaces. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 73:181-207. [PMID: 8001181 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence strongly indicates biomembranes to be organized into compositionally and functionally specialized domains, supramolecular assemblies, existing on different time and length scales. For these domains and intimate coupling between their chemical composition, physical state, organization, and functions has been postulated. One important constituent of biomembranes are peripheral proteins whose activity can be controlled by non-covalent binding to lipids. Importantly, the physical chemistry of the lipid interface allows for a rapid and reversible control of peripheral interactions. In this review examples are provided on how membrane lipid (i) composition (i.e., specific lipid structures), (ii) organization, and (iii) physical state can each regulate peripheral binding of proteins to the lipid surface. In addition, a novel and efficient mechanism for the control of the lipid surface association of peripheral proteins by [Ca2+], lipid composition, and phase state is proposed. The phase state is, in turn, also dependent on factors such as temperature, lateral packing, presence of ions, metabolites and drugs. Confining reactions to interfaces allows for facile and cooperative large scale integration and control of metabolic pathways due to mechanisms which are not possible in bulk systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Kinnunen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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74
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Ha J, Daniel S, Broyles S, Kim K. Critical phosphorylation sites for acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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75
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Das AK, Bhattacharya R, Kundu M, Chakrabarti P, Basu J. Human erythrocyte membrane protein 4.2 is palmitoylated. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:575-80. [PMID: 7925374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein 4.2 is a major protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It has previously been shown to be N-myristoylated. After labeling of intact human erythrocytes with [3H]palmitic acid, radioactivity was found to be associated with protein 4.2 by immunoprecipitation of peripheral membrane proteins extracted at pH 11 from ghosts with anti-(4.2) sera, followed by SDS/PAGE and fluorography. The fatty acid linked to protein 4.2 was identified as palmitic acid after hydrolysis of protein and thin-layer chromatography of the fatty acid extracted in the organic phase. Protein 4.2 could be depalmitoylated with hydroxylamine, suggesting a thioester linkage. Depalmitoylated protein 4.2 showed significantly decreased binding to protein-4.2-depleted membranes, compared to native protein 4.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Das
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
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76
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Signals determining protein tyrosine kinase and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein targeting to a glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8035816 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins and certain protein tyrosine kinases associate with a Triton X-100-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction in MDCK cells. Also, certain protein tyrosine kinases have been shown to associate with GPI-anchored proteins in other cell types. To characterize the interaction between GPI-anchored proteins and protein tyrosine kinases, GPI-anchored proteins were coexpressed with p56lck in HeLa cells. Both proteins were shown to target independently to the glycolipid-enriched membranes. Coimmunoprecipitation of GPI-anchored proteins and p56lck occurred only when both proteins were located in the glycolipid-enriched membranes, and gentle disruption of these membranes abolished the interaction. The GPI anchor was found to be the targeting signal for this membrane fraction in GPI-anchored proteins. Analysis of mutants indicated that p56lck was nearly quantitatively palmitoylated at Cys-5 but not palmitoylated at Cys-3. The nonpalmitoylated cysteine at position 3 was very important for association of p56lck with the membrane fraction, while palmitoylation at Cys-5 promoted only a low level of interaction. Because other src family protein tyrosine kinases that are associated with GPI-anchored proteins always contain a Cys-3, we propose that this residue, in addition to the N-terminal myristate, is part of a common signal targeting these proteins to a membrane domain that has been linked to transmembrane signaling.
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77
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Rodgers W, Crise B, Rose JK. Signals determining protein tyrosine kinase and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein targeting to a glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:5384-91. [PMID: 8035816 PMCID: PMC359057 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5384-5391.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins and certain protein tyrosine kinases associate with a Triton X-100-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction in MDCK cells. Also, certain protein tyrosine kinases have been shown to associate with GPI-anchored proteins in other cell types. To characterize the interaction between GPI-anchored proteins and protein tyrosine kinases, GPI-anchored proteins were coexpressed with p56lck in HeLa cells. Both proteins were shown to target independently to the glycolipid-enriched membranes. Coimmunoprecipitation of GPI-anchored proteins and p56lck occurred only when both proteins were located in the glycolipid-enriched membranes, and gentle disruption of these membranes abolished the interaction. The GPI anchor was found to be the targeting signal for this membrane fraction in GPI-anchored proteins. Analysis of mutants indicated that p56lck was nearly quantitatively palmitoylated at Cys-5 but not palmitoylated at Cys-3. The nonpalmitoylated cysteine at position 3 was very important for association of p56lck with the membrane fraction, while palmitoylation at Cys-5 promoted only a low level of interaction. Because other src family protein tyrosine kinases that are associated with GPI-anchored proteins always contain a Cys-3, we propose that this residue, in addition to the N-terminal myristate, is part of a common signal targeting these proteins to a membrane domain that has been linked to transmembrane signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rodgers
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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78
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Bizzozero OA, Tetzloff SU, Bharadwaj M. Overview: protein palmitoylation in the nervous system: current views and unsolved problems. Neurochem Res 1994; 19:923-33. [PMID: 7800121 DOI: 10.1007/bf00968702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation refers to a dynamic post-translational modification of proteins involving the covalent attachment of long-chain fatty acids to the side chains of cysteine, threonine or serine residues. In recent years, palmitoylation has been identified as a widespread modification of both viral and cellular proteins. Because of its dynamic nature, protein palmitoylation, like phosphorylation, appears to have a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system. Several important questions regarding the post-translational acylation of cysteine residues in proteins are briefly discussed: (a) What are the molecular mechanisms involved in dynamic acylation? (b) What are the determinants of the fatty acid specificity and the structural requirements of the acceptor proteins? (c) What are the physiological signals regulating this type of protein modification, and (d) What is the biological role(s) of this reaction with respect to the functioning of specific nervous system proteins? We also present the current experimental obstacles that have to be overcome to fully understand the biology of this dynamic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Bizzozero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5221
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79
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80
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Nadler MJ, Hu XE, Cassady JM, Geahlen RL. Posttranslational acylation of the transferrin receptor in LSTRA cells with myristate, palmitate and stearate: evidence for distinct acyltransferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1213:100-6. [PMID: 8011671 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
When incubated with [3H]myristate or [3H]palmitate, LSTRA cells, a murine T cell line, incorporated radiolabel into a protein of 95 kDa as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This dually acylated protein was identified as the transferrin receptor by immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal anti-transferrin receptor antibody. Acylation of the transferrin receptor was posttranslational and occurred via ester or thioester linkages. Analysis of radiolabeled transferrin receptor protein from [3H]myristate-labeled cells by acid hydrolysis followed by thin layer chromatography revealed the exclusive presence of [3H]myristate. Labeled transferrin receptor protein from [3H]palmitate-labeled cells contained predominantly [3H]stearate and smaller amounts of [3H]palmitate. This is in contrast to the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck, which in [3H]palmitate-treated LSTRA cells, incorporated primarily [3H]palmitate. An analog of myristic acid, 5-nonanyloxyfuran-2-carboxylic acid, inhibited the incorporation of [3H]myristate, but not [3H]palmitate or [3H]stearate into transferrin receptor protein, suggesting that these acylation events are distinct. These studies indicate that the murine transferrin receptor is acylated posttranslationally with myristate, palmitate and stearate and suggest that more than one acyltransferase activity is responsible for its acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nadler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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81
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Dual myristylation and palmitylation of Src family member p59fyn affects subcellular localization. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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82
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Tae H, Luo X, Kim K. Roles of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein and its binding site on repression and derepression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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83
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Liu J, Sessa W. Identification of covalently bound amino-terminal myristic acid in endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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84
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Egger C, Winkler H. Bovine chromaffin cells: studies on the biosynthesis of phospholipids in chromaffin granules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1211:277-82. [PMID: 8130260 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the biosynthesis of chromaffin granules by labelling primary cultures of bovine chromaffin cells with either [35S]methionine or various precursors for lipids. After labelling the cells were subjected to subcellular fractionation including density gradient centrifugation. After [35S]methionine significant label (mainly represented by labelled chromogranin A) was found in the soluble proteins of chromaffin granules, whereas the membranes were relatively little labelled. However incorporation into membrane bound dopamine beta-hydroxylase and cytochrome b-561 could be demonstrated. Neither of the used lipid precursors ([3H]glycerol, [3H]choline, [3H]palmitic acid or [3H]arachidonic acid) was incorporated to any significant extent into the soluble components of chromaffin granules. Thus there is no evidence that this secretory compartment contains any lipids or acylated proteins. Incorporation of lipid precursors into the membranes of chromaffin granules was apparently low. After short chases labelled lysolecithin was not present in these organelles. However with prolonged chase times labelled lysolecithin, apparently appeared in chromaffin granules irrespective of whether the cells were stimulated or not. We can conclude that the reusable membranes of chromaffin granules have a very low lipid turnover. Lysolecithin is not transferred into these organelles during biosynthesis but is formed in them during their long life span. This formation of lysolecithin is independent of stimulation of these cells and therefore unlikely to be involved in exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Egger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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85
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Berthiaume L, Deichaite I, Peseckis S, Resh M. Regulation of enzymatic activity by active site fatty acylation. A new role for long chain fatty acid acylation of proteins. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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86
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Veit M, Nürnberg B, Spicher K, Harteneck C, Ponimaskin E, Schultz G, Schmidt MF. The alpha-subunits of G-proteins G12 and G13 are palmitoylated, but not amidically myristoylated. FEBS Lett 1994; 339:160-4. [PMID: 8313967 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-subunits of the G-proteins G12 and G13 were expressed with a baculovirus system in insect cells and analysed for acylation. Both proteins incorporated tritiated palmitic and to a lesser extent also tritiated myristic acid. Radiolabel from both fatty acids was sensitive to treatment with neutral hydroxylamine. This result supports a thioester-type fatty acid bond and argues against amidical N-myristoylation. Fatty acid analysis after labeling with [3H]palmitic acid showed that palmitate represents the predominant fatty acid linked to G alpha 12 and G alpha 13. Separation of cells into cytosolic and membranous fractions revealed that palmitoylated alpha-subunits of G12 were exclusively membrane-bound, whereas [35S]methionine-labeled proteins were detected in soluble and particulate fractions. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide did not block palmitoylation of the alpha-subunits, which indicates that palmitoylation occurs independently of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veit
- Institut für Immunologie und Molekularbiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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87
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Patterson SI, Skene JH. Novel inhibitory action of tunicamycin homologues suggests a role for dynamic protein fatty acylation in growth cone-mediated neurite extension. J Cell Biol 1994; 124:521-36. [PMID: 8106550 PMCID: PMC2119910 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.124.4.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuronal growth cones, the advancing tips of elongating axons and dendrites, specific protein substrates appear to undergo cycles of posttranslational modification by covalent attachment and removal of long-chain fatty acids. We show here that ongoing fatty acylation can be inhibited selectively by long-chain homologues of the antibiotic tunicamycin, a known inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation. Tunicamycin directly inhibits transfer of palmitate to protein in a cell-free system, indicating that tunicamycin inhibition of protein palmitoylation reflects an action of the drug separate from its previously established effects on glycosylation. Tunicamycin treatment of differentiated PC12 cells or dissociated rat sensory neurons, under conditions in which protein palmitoylation is inhibited, produces a prompt cessation of neurite elongation and induces a collapse of neuronal growth cones. These growth cone responses are rapidly reversed by washout of the antibiotic, even in the absence of protein synthesis, or by addition of serum. Two additional lines of evidence suggest that the effects of tunicamycin on growth cones arise from its ability to inhibit protein long-chain acylation, rather than its previously established effects on protein glycosylation and synthesis. (a) The abilities of different tunicamycin homologues to induce growth cone collapse very systematically with the length of the fatty acyl side-chain of tunicamycin, in a manner predicted and observed for the inhibition of protein palmitoylation. Homologues with fatty acyl moieties shorter than palmitic acid (16 hydrocarbons), including potent inhibitors of glycosylation, are poor inhibitors of growth cone function. (b) The tunicamycin-induced impairment of growth cone function can be reversed by the addition of excess exogenous fatty acid, which reverses the inhibition of protein palmitoylation but has no effect on the inhibition of protein glycosylation. These results suggest an important role for dynamic protein acylation in growth cone-mediated extension of neuronal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Patterson
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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88
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Weinmann W, Parker CE, Baumeister K, Maier C, Tomer KB, Przybylski M. Capillary electrophoresis combined with 252Cf plasma desorption and electrospray mass spectrometry for the structural characterization of hydrophobic polypeptides using organic solvents. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:228-33. [PMID: 8026439 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions have been developed for the separation of hydrophobic polypeptides, such as fatty acid-acylated peptides, and their subsequent structural identification by 252Cf plasma desorption (PDMS) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS). Salt- and detergent-free aqueous acetic acid buffers containing up to 20% 2-propanol or 25% acetonitrile were employed for CE separations of hydrophobic peptides with (i) untreated, and (ii) 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-derived fused silica capillaries. For both capillary types, electroosmotic flow rates suitable for sample isolation and transfer were determined, and CE separations of polypeptide mixtures were compared for aqueous buffers containing 2-propanol or acetonitrile. For the mass spectrometric identification of CE-separated peptides, a sheath flow sample isolation method was developed for subsequent transfer to PDMS. This procedure enabled the efficient isolation of peptide fractions for PDMS analysis, or alternative microanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Weinmann
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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89
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Casey W, Gibson K, Parks L. Covalent attachment of palmitoleic acid (C16:1 delta 9) to proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evidence for a third class of acylated proteins. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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90
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Neder KM, French SA, Miller SP. Synthesis and inhibitory activity of difluoroketone substrate analogs of N-myristoyltransferase. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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91
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Veerkamp JH, van Kuppevelt TH, Maatman RG, Prinsen CF. Structural and functional aspects of cytosolic fatty acid-binding proteins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993; 49:887-906. [PMID: 8140117 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(93)90174-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Veerkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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92
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Palmitoylation is required for signaling functions and membrane attachment of Gq alpha and Gs alpha. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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93
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Purification of the major substrate for palmitoylation in rat adipocytes: N-terminal homology with CD36 and evidence for cell surface acylation. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)35741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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94
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Myristoylation of hippocalcin is linked to its calcium-dependent membrane association properties. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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95
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96
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Muszbek L, Laposata M. Covalent modification of proteins by arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate in platelets. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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97
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Van Beeumen JJ, Devreese BV, Van Bun SM, Hoff WD, Hellingwerf KJ, Meyer TE, McRee DE, Cusanovich MA. Primary structure of a photoactive yellow protein from the phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halophila, with evidence for the mass and the binding site of the chromophore. Protein Sci 1993; 2:1114-25. [PMID: 8358295 PMCID: PMC2142427 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of the 125-residue photoactive yellow protein (PYP) from Ectothiorhodospira halophila has been determined to be MEHVAFGSEDIENTLAKMDDGQLDGLAFGAIQLDGDGNILQYNAAEGDITGRDPKEVIGKNFFKDVAP+ ++ CTDSPEFYGKFKEGVASGNLNTMFEYTFDYQMTPTKVKVHMKKALSGDSYWVFVKRV. This is the first sequence to be reported for this class of proteins. There is no obvious sequence homology to any other protein, although the crystal structure, known at 2.4 A resolution (McRee, D.E., et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6533-6537), indicates a relationship to the similarly sized fatty acid binding protein (FABP), a representative of a family of eukaryotic proteins that bind hydrophobic molecules. The amino acid sequence exhibits no greater similarity between PYP and FABP than for proteins chosen at random (8%). The photoactive yellow protein contains an unidentified chromophore that is bleached by light but recovers within a second. Here we demonstrate that the chromophore is bound covalently to Cys 69 instead of Lys 111 as deduced from the crystal structure analysis. The partially exposed side chains of Tyr 76, 94, and 118, plus Trp 119 appear to be arranged in a cluster and probably become more exposed due to a conformational change of the protein resulting from light-induced chromophore bleaching. The charged residues are not uniformly distributed on the protein surface but are arranged in positive and negative clusters on opposite sides of the protein. The exact chemical nature of the chromophore remains undetermined, but we here propose a possible structure based on precise mass analysis of a chromophore-binding peptide by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and on the fact that the chromophore can be cleaved off the apoprotein upon reduction with a thiol reagent. The molecular mass of the chromophore, including an SH group, is 147.6 Da (+/- 0.5 Da); the cysteine residue to which it is bound is at sequence position 69.
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98
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Han KK, Martinage A. Post-translational chemical modifications of proteins--III. Current developments in analytical procedures of identification and quantitation of post-translational chemically modified amino acid(s) and its derivatives. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:957-70. [PMID: 8365549 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90108-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. The Chemical modifications of amino acids and their derivatives are mainly due to different post-translational enzymatic reactions. 2. The enzymatic reactions resulting in amino acids such as acetylation-, formylation, methylation-phosphorylation-, sulfation-, hydroxylation, ADP ribosylation-, carboxylation-, amidation-, adenylylation-, glycosylation-, ubiquitination-, prenylation and acylation are listed and analytical methods are reported and extensively reviewed. 3. The post-translationally modified cross-linking molecules after maturations such as desmosines, allo-desmosine, hydroxy-, lysylpyridinoline, 3-hydroxypyridinium derivatives, cyclopentenosine recently found in matured elastin, and in collagen, and pulcherosine a novel tyrosine-derived found in fertilization envelope of Sea Urchin embryo, di-tyrosine in resilin, gamma-glutamyl-lysine isopeptide cross-linking molecule etc. are listed and both physico-chemical and analytical methods are extensively reviewed and discussed. 4. Other consequences of post-translational modifications encountered in the analytical procedure such as N-terminal step-wise Edman degradation of glycosylated site(s), phosphorylated-site(s) and or sulfated-site(s) were also reported by us.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Han
- Unité INSERM No. 16, Lille, France
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Massoulié J, Pezzementi L, Bon S, Krejci E, Vallette FM. Molecular and cellular biology of cholinesterases. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41:31-91. [PMID: 8321908 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Massoulié
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS URA 295, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Fletcher JE, Erwin K, Beech J. Phenytoin increases specific triacylglycerol fatty esters in skeletal muscle from horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1168:292-8. [PMID: 8323969 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90185-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that phenytoin decreases the levels of triacylglycerols in several tissues other than skeletal muscle. Since phenytoin is clinically effective in several skeletal muscle disorders, triacylglycerol metabolism in skeletal muscle from four normal Quarter horses and four Quarter horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis was examined. The horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis had low levels of 18:3 in the phospholipids, low levels of 16:0, 16:1 and 18:3 in the free fatty acids and low levels of 20:4 in triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerol levels were increased in skeletal muscle from seven (three controls, four hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) of the eight horses on treatment with oral phenytoin for one week. Instead of an increase in all fatty ester types only 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 18:2 were significantly increased. Total lipid phosphorus and the distribution of phospholipid fatty esters and free fatty acids were not significantly altered by phenytoin treatment in most cases. An alteration in triacylglycerol metabolism by phenytoin was also observed in primary cultures of normal equine skeletal muscle radiolabeled with 18:1, but not in those radiolabeled with 18:2. These findings suggest that phenytoin does not just increase the levels of triacylglycerol in skeletal muscle, but alters the utilization and incorporation of fatty esters. These findings suggest a potential involvement of triacylglycerol metabolism in the clinical efficacy of phenytoin in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fletcher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192
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