51
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Meloni G, Crameri A, Fritz G, Davies P, Brown DR, Kroneck PMH, Vašák M. The Catalytic Redox Activity of Prion Protein-CuII is Controlled by Metal Exchange with the ZnII-Thiolate Clusters of Zn7Metallothionein-3. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1261-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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52
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Hedlin P, Taschuk R, Potter A, Griebel P, Napper S. Detection and control of prion diseases in food animals. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:254739. [PMID: 23738120 PMCID: PMC3658581 DOI: 10.5402/2012/254739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, represent a unique form of infectious disease based on misfolding of a self-protein (PrPC) into a pathological, infectious conformation (PrPSc). Prion diseases of food animals gained notoriety during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak of the 1980s. In particular, disease transmission to humans, to the generation of a fatal, untreatable disease, elevated the perspective on livestock prion diseases from food production to food safety. While the immediate threat posed by BSE has been successfully addressed through surveillance and improved management practices, another prion disease is rapidly spreading. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, has been confirmed in wild and captive populations with devastating impact on the farmed cervid industries. Furthermore, the unabated spread of this disease through wild populations threatens a natural resource that is a source of considerable economic benefit and national pride. In a worst-case scenario, CWD may represent a zoonotic threat either through direct transmission via consumption of infected cervids or through a secondary food animal, such as cattle. This has energized efforts to understand prion diseases as well as to develop tools for disease detection, prevention, and management. Progress in each of these areas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3 ; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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53
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Structural characterization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ binding sites of model peptides associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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54
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Kojima A, Mabuchi Y, Konishi M, Okihara R, Nagano M, Akizawa T. Metal-binding ability of human prion protein fragment peptides analyzed by column switch HPLC. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:965-71. [PMID: 21804240 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural conversion of the prion protein (PrP) from the normal cellular isoform (PrP(C)) to the posttranslationally modified form (PrP(Sc)) is thought to relate to Cu²⁺ binding to histidine (H) residues. Traditionally, the binding of metals to PrP has been investigated by monitoring the conformational conversion using circular dichroism (CD). In this study, the metal-binding ability of 21 synthetic peptides representing regions of human PrP(C) was investigated by column switch high-performance liquid chromatography (CS-HPLC). The CS-HPLC system is composed of a metal chelate affinity column and an octadecylsilica (ODS) reversed-phase column that together enable the identification of metal-binding regardless of conformational conversion. Synthetic peptides were designed with respect to the position of H residues as well as the secondary structure of human PrP (hPrP). The ability of the octapeptide (PHGGGWGQ)-repeating region (OP-repeat) to bind metals was analyzed by CS-HPLC and supported by CD analysis, and indicated that CS-HPLC is a reliable and useful method for measuring peptide metal-binding. Peptides from the middle region of hPrP showed a high affinity for Cu²⁺, but binding to Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺ was dependent on peptide length. C-Terminal peptides had a lower affinity for Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺ than OP-repeat region peptides. Interestingly, hPrP193-230, which contained no H residues, also bound to Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺, indicating that this region is a novel metal-binding site in the C-terminal region of PrP(C). The CS-HPLC method described in this study is useful and convenient for assessing metal-binding affinity and characterizing metal-binding peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kojima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Japan
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55
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Shin BK, Saxena S. Insight into Potential Cu(II)-Binding Motifs in the Four Pseudorepeats of Tau Protein. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:15067-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byong-kyu Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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56
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Davies P, McHugh PC, Hammond VJ, Marken F, Brown DR. Contribution of Individual Histidines to Prion Protein Copper Binding. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10781-91. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2012349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davies
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Patrick C. McHugh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Victoria J. Hammond
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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57
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Perez-Pineiro R, Bjorndahl TC, Berjanskii MV, Hau D, Li L, Huang A, Lee R, Gibbs E, Ladner C, Dong YW, Abera A, Cashman NR, Wishart DS. The prion protein binds thiamine. FEBS J 2011; 278:4002-14. [PMID: 21848803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although highly conserved throughout evolution, the exact biological function of the prion protein is still unclear. In an effort to identify the potential biological functions of the prion protein we conducted a small-molecule screening assay using the Syrian hamster prion protein [shPrP(90-232)]. The screen was performed using a library of 149 water-soluble metabolites that are known to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Using a combination of 1D NMR, fluorescence quenching and surface plasmon resonance we identified thiamine (vitamin B1) as a specific prion ligand with a binding constant of ~60 μM. Subsequent studies showed that this interaction is evolutionarily conserved, with similar binding constants being seen for mouse, hamster and human prions. Various protein construct lengths, both with and without the unstructured N-terminal region in the presence and absence of copper, were examined. This indicates that the N-terminus has no influence on the protein's ability to interact with thiamine. In addition to thiamine, the more biologically abundant forms of vitamin B1 (thiamine monophosphate and thiamine diphosphate) were also found to bind the prion protein with similar affinity. Heteronuclear NMR experiments were used to determine thiamine's interaction site, which is located between helix 1 and the preceding loop. These data, in conjunction with computer-aided docking and molecular dynamics, were used to model the thiamine-binding pharmacophore and a comparison with other thiamine binding proteins was performed to reveal the common features of interaction.
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58
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Liu L, Jiang D, McDonald A, Hao Y, Millhauser GL, Zhou F. Copper redox cycling in the prion protein depends critically on binding mode. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12229-37. [PMID: 21707094 PMCID: PMC3166251 DOI: 10.1021/ja2045259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) takes up 4-6 equiv of copper in its extended N-terminal domain, composed of the octarepeat (OR) segment (human sequence residues 60-91) and two mononuclear binding sites (at His96 and His111; also referred to as the non-OR region). The OR segment responds to specific copper concentrations by transitioning from a multi-His mode at low copper levels to a single-His, amide nitrogen mode at high levels (Chattopadhyay et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12647-12656). The specific function of PrP in healthy tissue is unclear, but numerous reports link copper uptake to a neuroprotective role that regulates cellular stress (Stevens, et al. PLoS Pathog.2009, 5 (4), e1000390). A current working hypothesis is that the high occupancy binding mode quenches copper's inherent redox cycling, thus, protecting against the production of reactive oxygen species from unregulated Fenton type reactions. Here, we directly test this hypothesis by performing detailed pH-dependent electrochemical measurements on both low and high occupancy copper binding modes. In contrast to the current belief, we find that the low occupancy mode completely quenches redox cycling, but high occupancy leads to the gentle production of hydrogen peroxide through a catalytic reduction of oxygen facilitated by the complex. These electrochemical findings are supported by independent kinetic measurements that probe for ascorbate usage and also peroxide production. Hydrogen peroxide production is also observed from a segment corresponding to the non-OR region. Collectively, these results overturn the current working hypothesis and suggest, instead, that the redox cycling of copper bound to PrP in the high occupancy mode is not quenched, but is regulated. The observed production of hydrogen peroxide suggests a mechanism that could explain PrP's putative role in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Dianlu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Alex McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
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59
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Copper(II)-Induced Secondary Structure Changes and Reduced Folding Stability of the Prion Protein. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:369-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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60
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Ling Y, Khade RL, Zhang Y. Structural, EPR Superhyperfine, and NMR Hyperfine Properties of the Cu−Octarepeat Binding Site in the Prion Protein. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2663-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Rahul L. Khade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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61
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Dudzik CG, Walter ED, Millhauser GL. Coordination features and affinity of the Cu²+ site in the α-synuclein protein of Parkinson's disease. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1771-7. [PMID: 21319811 DOI: 10.1021/bi101912q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent age-related, neurodegenerative disorder, affecting >1% of the population over the age of 60. PD pathology is marked by intracellular inclusions composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). These inclusions also contain copper, and the interaction of Cu(2+) with α-syn may play an important role in PD fibrillogenesis. Here we report the stoichiometry, affinity, and coordination structure of the Cu(2+)-α-syn complex. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) titrations show that monomeric α-syn binds 1.0 equiv of Cu(2+) at the protein N-terminus. Next, an EPR competition technique demonstrates that α-syn binds Cu(2+) with a K(d) of ≈0.10 nM. Finally, EPR and electron spin echo modulation (ESEEM) applied to a suite of mutant and truncated α-syn constructs reveal a coordination sphere arising from the N-terminal amine, the Asp2 amide backbone and side chain carboxyl group, and the His50 imidazole. The high binding affinity identified here, in accord with previous measurements, suggests that copper uptake and sequestration may be a part of α-syn's natural function, perhaps modulating copper's redox properties. The findings further suggest that the long-range interaction between the N-terminus and His50 may have a weakening effect on the interaction of α-syn with lipid membranes, thereby mobilizing monomeric α-syn and hastening fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Dudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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62
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Shearer J, Rosenkoetter KE, Callan PE, Pham C. One octarepeate expansion to the human prion protein alters both the Zn2+ and Cu2+ coordination environments within the octarepeate domain. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1173-5. [PMID: 21250682 DOI: 10.1021/ic102294u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a single octarepeat expansion on the Cu(II) and Zn(II) coordination environments within the octarepeat domain of the human prion protein is examined. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diethyl pyrocarbonate labeling studies, we find that at low copper concentrations the "normal" octarepeat domain (four PHGGGWGQ repeats) coordinates Zn(II) in an (N/O)(6) coordination environment with two histidine residues and Cu(II) in a redox-inactive (N/O)(4) coordination environment using one imidazole residue. Expansion of the octarepeat region by one repeat (five PHGGGWGQ repeats) yields a three-histidine (N/O)(6) coordination environment for Zn(II) and a two-histidine (N/O)(4) coordination environment for Cu(II) at low copper concentrations. This Cu(II)[(N/O)(2)-histidine(2)] coordination motif is redox-active and capable of generating H(2)O(2) under reducing aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry/216, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States.
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63
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Hong L, Simon JD. Insights into the thermodynamics of copper association with amyloid-β, α-synuclein and prion proteins. Metallomics 2011; 3:262-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Westaway D, Daude N, Wohlgemuth S, Harrison P. The PrP-Like Proteins Shadoo and Doppel. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:225-56. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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65
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Prion protein and its conformational conversion: a structural perspective. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:135-67. [PMID: 21630136 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The key molecular event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases is the conformational conversion of a cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into a misfolded form, PrP(Sc). In contrast to PrP(C) that is monomeric and α-helical, PrP(Sc) is oligomeric in nature and rich in β-sheet structure. According to the "protein-only" model, PrP(Sc) itself represents the infectious prion agent responsible for transmissibility of prion disorders. While this model is supported by rapidly growing experimental data, detailed mechanistic and structural aspects of prion protein conversion remain enigmatic. In this chapter we describe recent advances in understanding biophysical and biochemical aspects of prion diseases, with a special focus on structural underpinnings of prion protein conversion, the structural basis of prion strains, and generation of prion infectivity in vitro from bacterially-expressed recombinant PrP.
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66
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Hong L, Carducci TM, Bush WD, Dudzik CG, Millhauser GL, Simon JD. Quantification of the binding properties of Cu2+ to the amyloid beta peptide: coordination spheres for human and rat peptides and implication on Cu2+-induced aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11261-71. [PMID: 20690669 DOI: 10.1021/jp103272v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is no consensus on the coordinating ligands for Cu(2+) by Abeta. However, the differences in peptide sequence between human and rat have been hypothesized to alter metal ion binding in a manner that alters Cu(2+)-induced aggregation of Abeta. Herein, we employ isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to examine the Cu(2+) coordination spheres to human and rat Abeta and an extensive set of Abeta(16) mutants. EPR of the mutant peptides is consistent with a 3N1O binding geometry, like the native human peptide at pH 7.4. The thermodynamic data reveal an equilibrium between three coordination spheres, {NH(2), O, N(Im)(His6), N(-)}, {NH(2), O, N(Im)(His6), N(Im)(His13)}, and {NH(2), O, N(Im)(His6), N(Im)(His14)}, for human Abeta(16) but one dominant coordination for rat Abeta(16), {NH(2), O, N(Im)(His6), N(-)}, at pH 7.4-6.5. ITC and CD data establish that the mutation R5G is sufficient for reproducing this difference in Cu(2+) binding properties at pH 7.4. The substitution of bulky and positively charged Arg by Gly is proposed to stabilize the coordination {NH(2), O-, N(Im)(His6), N(-)} that then results in one dominating coordination sphere for the case of the rat peptide. The differences in the coordination geometries for Cu(2+) by the human and rat Abeta are proposed to contribute to the variation in the ability of Cu(2+) to induce aggregation of Abeta peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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67
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Abstract
The prion protein is well known because of its association with prion diseases. These diseases, which include variant CJD, are unusual because they are neurodegenerative diseases that can be transferred between individuals experimentally. The prion protein is also widely known as a copper binding protein. The binding of copper to the prion protein is possibly necessary for its normal cellular function. The prion protein has also been suggested to bind other metals, and among these, manganese. Despite over ten years of research on manganese and prion disease, this interaction has often been dismissed or at best seen as a poor cousin to the involvement of copper. However, recent data has shown that manganese could stabilise prions in the environment and that chelation therapy specifically aimed at manganese can extend the life of animals with prion disease. This article reviews the evidence for a link between prions and manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UKBA2 7AY.
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68
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Stefureac RI, Madampage CA, Andrievskaia O, Lee JS. Nanopore analysis of the interaction of metal ions with prion proteins and peptides. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 88:347-58. [PMID: 20453935 DOI: 10.1139/o09-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore analysis can be used to study conformational changes in individual peptide or protein molecules. Under an applied voltage there is a change in the event parameters of blockade current or time when a molecule bumps into or translocates through the pore. If a molecule undergoes a conformational change upon binding a ligand or metal ion the event parameters will be altered. The objective of this research was to demonstrate that the conformation of the prion protein (PrP) and prion peptides can be modulated by binding divalent metal ions. Peptides from the octarepeat region (Octa2, (PHGGGWGQ)2 and Octa 4, (PHGGGWGQ)4), residues 106-126 (PrP106-126), and the full-length Bovine recombinant prion (BrecPrP) were studied with an alpha-hemolysin pore. Octa2 readily translocated the pore but significant bumping events occurred on addition of Cu(II) and to a lesser extent Zn(II), demonstrating that complex formation was occurring with concomitant conformational changes. The binding of Cu(II) to Octa4 was more pronounced and at high concentrations only a small proportion of the complex could translocate. Addition of Zn(II) also caused significant changes to the event parameters but Mg(II) and Mn(II) were inert. Addition of Cu(II) to PrP106-126 caused the formation of a very tight complex, which could not translocate the pore. Small changes were observed with Zn(II), but not with Mg(II) or Mn(II). Analysis of BrecPrP showed that about 37% were translocation events, but on addition of Cu(II) or Zn(II) these disappeared and only bumping events were recorded. Suprisingly, addition of Mn(II) caused an increase in translocation events to about 64%. Thus, conformational changes to prions upon binding metal ions are readily observed by nanopore analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu I Stefureac
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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69
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Turi I, Kállay C, Szikszai D, Pappalardo G, Di Natale G, De Bona P, Rizzarelli E, Sóvágó I. Nickel(II) complexes of the multihistidine peptide fragments of human prion protein. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:885-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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70
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Thompson M, Louth J, Greenwood G, Sorrell F, Knight S, Adams N, Chen B. Improved 2,4-Diarylthiazole-Based Antiprion Agents: Switching the Sense of the Amide Group at C5 Leads to an Increase in Potency. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1476-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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71
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Kozlowski H, Luczkowski M, Remelli M. Prion proteins and copper ions. Biological and chemical controversies. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:6371-85. [PMID: 20422067 DOI: 10.1039/c001267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Prion protein (PrP(c)) involvement in some neurodegenerative diseases is well assessed although its "normal" biological role is not completely understood. It is known that PrP(C) can bind Cu(II) ions with high specificity but the order of magnitude of the corresponding affinity constant(s) is still highly debated. This perspective is an attempt to collect the current knowledge on these topics and to build up a bridge between the biological and the chemical points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Kozlowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
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72
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Walter ED, Stevens DJ, Spevacek AR, Visconte MP, Dei Rossi A, Millhauser GL. Copper binding extrinsic to the octarepeat region in the prion protein. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2010; 10:529-35. [PMID: 19538144 DOI: 10.2174/138920309789352056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current research suggests that the function of the prion protein (PrP) is linked to its ability to bind copper. PrP is implicated in copper regulation, copper buffering and copper-dependent signaling. Moreover, in the development of prion disease, copper may modulate the rate of protein misfolding. PrP possesses a number of copper sites, each with distinct chemical characteristics. Most studies thus far have concentrated on elucidating chemical features of the octarepeat region (residues 60-91, hamster sequence), which can take up to four equivalents of copper, depending on the ratio of Cu2+ to protein. However, other sites have been proposed, including those at histidines 96 and 111, which are adjacent to the octarepeats, and also at histidines within PrP's folded C-terminal domain. Here, we review the literature of these copper sites extrinsic to the octarepeat region and add new findings and insights from recent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Walter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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73
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Hodak M, Bernholc J. Insights into prion protein function from atomistic simulations. Prion 2010; 4:13-9. [PMID: 20118658 PMCID: PMC2850415 DOI: 10.4161/pri.4.1.10969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations are a powerful tool for studies of biological systems. They have often been used to study prion protein (PrP), a protein responsible for neurodegenerative diseases, which include "mad cow disease" in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. An important aspect of the prion protein is its interaction with copper ion, which is thought to be relevant for PrP's yet undetermined function and also potentially play a role in prion diseases. for studies of copper attachment to the prion protein, computer simulations have often been used to complement experimental data and to obtain binding structures of Cu-PrP complexes. This paper summarizes the results of recent ab initio calculations of copper-prion protein interactions focusing on the recently discovered concentration-dependent binding modes in the octarepeat region of this protein. In addition to determining the binding structures, computer simulations were also used to make predictions about PrP's function and the role of copper in prion diseases. The results demonstrate the predictive power and applicability of ab initio simulations for studies of metal-biomolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Hodak
- Center for High Performance Simulation and Department of Physics; North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jerzy Bernholc
- Center for High Performance Simulation and Department of Physics; North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge, TN USA
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75
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Pandey KK, Snyder JP, Liotta DC, Musaev DG. Computational Studies of Transition Metal Selectivity of Octapeptide Repeat Region of Prion Protein (PrP). J Phys Chem B 2009; 114:1127-35. [PMID: 20020721 DOI: 10.1021/jp909945e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K. Pandey
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Indore 452001, India
| | - James P. Snyder
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Indore 452001, India
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Indore 452001, India
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Indore 452001, India
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76
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Urso E, Rizzello A, Acierno R, Lionetto MG, Salvato B, Storelli C, Maffia M. Fluorimetric Analysis of Copper Transport Mechanisms in the B104 Neuroblastoma Cell Model: A Contribution from Cellular Prion Protein to Copper Supplying. J Membr Biol 2009; 233:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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77
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de Castro CSP, SouzaDe JR, Bemquerer MP, de Oliveira Filho WP. A voltammetric study of the binding of copper(II) to peptide fragments of prion. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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78
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Suhre MH, Hess S, Golser AV, Scheibel T. Influence of divalent copper, manganese and zinc ions on fibril nucleation and elongation of the amyloid-like yeast prion determinant Sup35p-NM. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1711-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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79
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Nadal RC, Davies P, Brown DR, Viles JH. Evaluation of copper2+ affinities for the prion protein. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8929-31. [PMID: 19697960 DOI: 10.1021/bi9011397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a cell-surface Cu2+ binding glycoprotein which can bind six copper ions. The role of Cu2+ in PrP function, misfolding, and prion disease has generated much interest; however, the field has been hampered by a lack of consensus with regard to the affinity of Cu2+ for PrPC. Here we build on our understanding of the appearance of visible CD spectra for full-length PrP and fragments to determine the affinity of Cu2+ for four different binding modes, with dissociation constants ranging between 13 and 66 nM at pH 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Nadal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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80
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Prion metal interaction: Is prion pathogenesis a cause or a consequence of metal imbalance? Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:282-91. [PMID: 19660443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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81
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Hosszu LLP, Trevitt CR, Jones S, Batchelor M, Scott DJ, Jackson GS, Collinge J, Waltho JP, Clarke AR. Conformational properties of beta-PrP. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21981-21990. [PMID: 19369250 PMCID: PMC2755922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion propagation involves a conformational transition of the cellular form of prion protein (PrPC) to a disease-specific isomer (PrPSc), shifting from a predominantly alpha-helical conformation to one dominated by beta-sheet structure. This conformational transition is of critical importance in understanding the molecular basis for prion disease. Here, we elucidate the conformational properties of a disulfide-reduced fragment of human PrP spanning residues 91-231 under acidic conditions, using a combination of heteronuclear NMR, analytical ultracentrifugation, and circular dichroism. We find that this form of the protein, which similarly to PrPSc, is a potent inhibitor of the 26 S proteasome, assembles into soluble oligomers that have significant beta-sheet content. The monomeric precursor to these oligomers exhibits many of the characteristics of a molten globule intermediate with some helical character in regions that form helices I and III in the PrPC conformation, whereas helix II exhibits little evidence for adopting a helical conformation, suggesting that this region is a likely source of interaction within the initial phases of the transformation to a beta-rich conformation. This precursor state is almost as compact as the folded PrPC structure and, as it assembles, only residues 126-227 are immobilized within the oligomeric structure, leaving the remainder in a mobile, random-coil state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo L. P. Hosszu
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
- the Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, and
| | - Clare R. Trevitt
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - Samantha Jones
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - Mark Batchelor
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - David J. Scott
- the National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Jackson
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - John Collinge
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - Jonathan P. Waltho
- the Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, and
| | - Anthony R. Clarke
- From the MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
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82
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Functional implications of multistage copper binding to the prion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11576-81. [PMID: 19561303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903807106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is responsible for a group of neurodegenerative diseases called the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The normal function of PrP has not yet been discovered, but indirect evidence suggests a linkage to its ability to bind copper. In this article, low-copper-concentration bindings of Cu(2+) to PrP are investigated by using a recently developed hybrid density functional theory (DFT)/DFT method. It is found that at the lowest copper concentrations, the binding site consists of 4 histidine residues coordinating the copper through epsilon imidazole nitrogens. At higher concentrations, 2 histidines are involved in the binding, one of them in the axial position. These results are in good agreement with existing experimental data. Comparison of free energies for all modes of coordination shows that when enough copper is available, the binding sites will spontaneously rearrange to accommodate more copper ions, despite the fact that binding energy per copper ion decreases with concentration. These findings support the hypothesis that PrP acts as a copper buffer in vivo, protecting other proteins from the attachment of copper ions. Using large-scale classical molecular dynamics, we also probe the structure of full-length copper-bound PrP, including its unfolded N-terminal domain. The results show that copper attachment leads to rearrangement of the structure of the Cu-bonded octarepeat region and to development of turns in areas separating copper-bound residues. These turns make the flexible N-terminal domain more rigid and thus more resistant to misfolding. The last result suggests that copper binding plays a beneficial role in the initial stages of prion diseases.
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83
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Stevens DJ, Walter ED, Rodríguez A, Draper D, Davies P, Brown DR, Millhauser GL. Early onset prion disease from octarepeat expansion correlates with copper binding properties. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000390. [PMID: 19381258 PMCID: PMC2663819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertional mutations leading to expansion of the octarepeat domain of the prion protein (PrP) are directly linked to prion disease. While normal PrP has four PHGGGWGQ octapeptide segments in its flexible N-terminal domain, expanded forms may have up to nine additional octapeptide inserts. The type of prion disease segregates with the degree of expansion. With up to four extra octarepeats, the average onset age is above 60 years, whereas five to nine extra octarepeats results in an average onset age between 30 and 40 years, a difference of almost three decades. In wild-type PrP, the octarepeat domain takes up copper (Cu2+) and is considered essential for in vivo function. Work from our lab demonstrates that the copper coordination mode depends on the precise ratio of Cu2+ to protein. At low Cu2+ levels, coordination involves histidine side chains from adjacent octarepeats, whereas at high levels each repeat takes up a single copper ion through interactions with the histidine side chain and neighboring backbone amides. Here we use both octarepeat constructs and recombinant PrP to examine how copper coordination modes are influenced by octarepeat expansion. We find that there is little change in affinity or coordination mode populations for octarepeat domains with up to seven segments (three inserts). However, domains with eight or nine total repeats (four or five inserts) become energetically arrested in the multi-histidine coordination mode, as dictated by higher copper uptake capacity and also by increased binding affinity. We next pooled all published cases of human prion disease resulting from octarepeat expansion and find remarkable agreement between the sudden length-dependent change in copper coordination and onset age. Together, these findings suggest that either loss of PrP copper-dependent function or loss of copper-mediated protection against PrP polymerization makes a significant contribution to early onset prion disease. Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders involving the prion protein, a normal component of the central nervous system. An unusual class of inherited mutations giving rise to prion disease involves elongation of the so-called octarepeat domain, near the protein's N-terminus. Research from our lab and others shows that this domain binds the micronutrient copper, an essential element for proper neurological function. We investigated how octarepeat elongation influences copper binding by examining both the molecular features and the binding equilibrium. We find that elongation beyond a specific threshold, which confers profound early onset disease, gives rise to concomitant changes in copper uptake. The remarkable agreement between onset age and altered copper binding points to loss of copper protein function as significant in prion neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Abel Rodríguez
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Draper
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Davies
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Di Natale G, Ösz K, Nagy Z, Sanna D, Micera G, Pappalardo G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarell E. Interaction of Copper(II) with the Prion Peptide Fragment HuPrP(76−114) Encompassing Four Histidyl Residues within and outside the Octarepeat Domain. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:4239-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic802190v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Natale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Katalin Ösz
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Micera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Imre Sóvágó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarell
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07040 Baldinca-Li Punti (Sassari), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Vle A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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85
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Davies P, Marken F, Salter S, Brown DR. Thermodynamic and Voltammetric Characterization of the Metal Binding to the Prion Protein: Insights into pH Dependence and Redox Chemistry. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2610-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900170n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davies
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Simon Salter
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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86
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Insight into the copper coordination environment in the prion protein through density functional theory calculations of EPR parameters. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:547-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Bonomo RP, Di Natale G, Rizzarelli E, Tabbì G, Vagliasindi LI. Copper(ii) complexes of prion protein PEG11-tetraoctarepeat fragment: spectroscopic and voltammetric studies. Dalton Trans 2009:2637-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b821727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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A new, model-free calculation method to determine the coordination modes and distribution of copper(II) among the metal binding sites of multihistidine peptides using circular dichroism spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:2184-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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Abstract
PrP (prion-related protein) is a cell-surface Cu2+-binding glycoprotein which, when misfolded, is responsible for a number of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The co-ordination geometry, stoichiometry and affinity of Cu2+ for PrP are the subject of much debate. In the present paper, we review the recent progress we have made in these areas. As many as six Cu2+ ions bind to PrP with submicromolar affinity. Initially, two Cu2+ ions bind to full-length PrP in the amyloidogenic region, between the octarepeats and the structured domain, at His95 and His110. Only subsequent Cu2+ ions bind to single histidine residues within the octarepeat region. Competitive chelators have been used to determine the affinity of the first molar equivalent of Cu2+ bound to full-length PrP; this approach places the affinity in the nanomolar range. The affinity and number of Cu2+-binding sites support the suggestion that PrP could act as an antioxidant by binding potentially harmful Cu2+ ions and sacrificially quenching of free radicals generated as a result of copper redox cycling. Finally, the effect of Cu2+ on the prion structure and misassembly into oligomers and fibres is discussed.
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90
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A dye-binding assay for measurement of the binding of Cu(II) to proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1831-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Both Met(109) and Met(112) are utilized for Cu(II) coordination by the amyloidogenic fragment of the human prion protein at physiological pH. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:2103-13. [PMID: 18778855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein is a ubiquitous neuronal membrane protein. Misfolding of the prion protein has been implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases). It has been demonstrated that the human prion protein (PrP) is capable of coordinating at least five Cu(II) ions under physiological conditions; four copper binding sites can be found in the octarepeat domain between residues 61 and 91, while another copper binding site can be found in the unstructured "amyloidogenic" domain between residues 91 and 126 PrP(91-126). Herein we expand upon a previous study [J. Shearer, P. Soh, Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 710-719] where we demonstrated that the physiologically relevant high affinity Cu(II) coordination site within PrP(91-126) is found between residues 106 and 114. It was shown that Cu(II) is contained within a square planar (N/O)3S coordination environment with one His imidazole ligand (H(111)) and one Met thioether ligand (either M(109) or M(112)). The identity of the Met thioether ligand was not identified in that study. In this study we perform a detailed investigation of the Cu(II) coordination environment within the PrP fragment containing residues 106-114 (PrP(106-114)) involving optical, X-ray absorption, EPR, and fluorescence spectroscopies in conjunction with electronic structure calculations. By using derivatives of PrP(106-114) with systematic Met-->Ile "mutations" we show that the CuII coordination environment within PrP(106-114) is actually comprised of a mixture of two major species; one Cu(II)(N/O)3S center with the M(109) thioether coordinated to CuII and another CuII(N/O)3S center with the M(112) thioether coordinated to CuII. Furthermore, deletion of one or more Met residues from the primary sequence of PrP(106-114) both reduces the CuII affinity of the peptide by two to seven fold, and renders the resulting CuII metallopeptides redox inactive. The biological implications of these findings are discussed.
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92
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Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Brentani RR. Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:673-728. [PMID: 18391177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), attributed to conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an abnormal conformer that accumulates in the brain. Understanding the pathogenesis of TSEs requires the identification of functional properties of PrP(C). Here we examine the physiological functions of PrP(C) at the systemic, cellular, and molecular level. Current data show that both the expression and the engagement of PrP(C) with a variety of ligands modulate the following: 1) functions of the nervous and immune systems, including memory and inflammatory reactions; 2) cell proliferation, differentiation, and sensitivity to programmed cell death both in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in various cell lines; 3) the activity of numerous signal transduction pathways, including cAMP/protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, as well as soluble non-receptor tyrosine kinases; and 4) trafficking of PrP(C) both laterally among distinct plasma membrane domains, and along endocytic pathways, on top of continuous, rapid recycling. A unified view of these functional properties indicates that the prion protein is a dynamic cell surface platform for the assembly of signaling modules, based on which selective interactions with many ligands and transmembrane signaling pathways translate into wide-range consequences upon both physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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93
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Bonomo RP, Pappalardo G, Rizzarelli E, Tabbì G, Vagliasindi LI. Studies of nitric oxide interaction with mono- and dinuclear copper(II) complexes of prion protein bis-octarepeat fragments. Dalton Trans 2008:3805-16. [PMID: 18629402 DOI: 10.1039/b719930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nitric oxide with copper(ii) complexes of two octarepeat sequences belonging to the prion protein was studied, considering both mononuclear and dinuclear systems, i.e. Cu-Ac-(PHGGGWGQ)(2)-NH(2) and Cu(2)-Ac-(PHGGGWGQ)(2)-NH(2), respectively. The NO interaction with both systems was followed in aqueous solutions at physiological pH value, by using UV-Vis and EPR spectroscopic techniques as well as cyclic voltammetry. The mechanism of NO interaction with the mononuclear copper complex can be considered similar to that previously observed for the analogous copper systems with Ac-HGGG-NH(2) and Ac-PHGGGWGQ-NH(2). A more complicated behaviour was found with the copper dinuclear system, in which the involvement of two different intermediate complex species was evidenced. A positive cooperativity between the two copper ions, in the reduction process was inferred. When working with a large excess of the Ac-(PHGGGWGQ)(2)-NH(2) ligand, the frozen-solution EPR parameters pertain to the well characterized [Cu(N(im))(4)](2+) unit, which did not exhibit any interaction with NO. The presence of a free coordination site is the necessary requirement for the NO interaction to occur, as found only in the square-pyramidal geometry of [Cu(L)H(-2)] or [Cu(2)(L)H(-4)] complex species, which form when copper and ligand concentrations are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele P Bonomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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94
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Pollock J, Cutler P, Kenney J, Gemperline P, Burns C. Characterization of Cu2+-binding modes in the prion protein by visible circular dichroism and multivariate curve resolution. Anal Biochem 2008; 377:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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95
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Rahimi Y, Goulding A, Shrestha S, Mirpuri S, Deo SK. Mechanism of copper induced fluorescence quenching of red fluorescent protein, DsRed. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:57-61. [PMID: 18348863 PMCID: PMC2527065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The red fluorescent protein, DsRed, and a few of its mutants have been shown to bind copper ions resulting in quenching of its fluorescence. The response to Cu(2+) is rapid, selective, and reversible upon addition of a copper chelator. DsRed has been employed as an in vitro probe for Cu(2+) determination by us and other groups. It is also envisioned that DsRed can serve as an intracellular genetically encoded indicator of Cu(2+) concentration, and can be targeted to desired subcellular locations for Cu(2+) determination. However, no information has been reported yet regarding the mechanism of the fluorescence quenching of DsRed in the presence of Cu(2+). In this work, we have performed spectroscopic investigations to determine the mechanism of quenching of DsRed fluorescence in the presence of Cu(2+). We have studied the effect of Cu(2+) addition on two representative mutants of DsRed, specifically, DsRed-Monomer and DsRed-Express. Both proteins bind Cu(2+) with micromolar affinities. Stern-Volmer plots generated at different temperatures indicate a static quenching process in the case of both proteins in the presence of Cu(2+). This mechanism was further studied using absorption spectroscopy. Stern-Volmer constants and quenching rate constants support the observation of static quenching in DsRed in the presence of Cu(2+). Circular dichroism (CD)-spectroscopic studies revealed no effect of Cu(2+)-binding on the secondary structure or conformation of the protein. The effect of pH changes on the quenching of DsRed fluorescence in the presence of copper resulted in pK(a) values indicative of histidine and cysteine residue involvement in Cu(2+)-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ann Goulding
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Suresh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sweetie Mirpuri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sapna K. Deo
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN 46202
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96
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KUNZE S, LEMKE K, METZE J, BLOUKAS G, KOTTA K, PANAGIOTIDIS CH, SKLAVIADIS T, BODEMER W. Atomic force microscopy to characterize the molecular size of prion protein. J Microsc 2008; 230:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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97
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Brazier MW, Davies P, Player E, Marken F, Viles JH, Brown DR. Manganese binding to the prion protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12831-9. [PMID: 18332141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709820200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that the prion protein binds copper. However, there have also been suggestions that prion protein (PrP) binds manganese. We used isothermal titration calorimetry to identify the manganese binding sites in wild-type mouse PrP. The protein showed two manganese binding sites with affinities that would bind manganese at concentrations of 63 and 200 mum at pH 5.5. This indicates that PrP binds manganese with affinity similar to other known manganese-binding proteins. Further study indicated that the main manganese binding site is associated with His-95 in the so-called "fifth site" normally associated with copper binding. Additionally, it was shown that occupancy by copper does not prevent manganese binding. Under these conditions, manganese binding resulted in an altered conformation of PrP, displacement of copper, and altered redox chemistry of the metal-protein complex. Cyclic voltammetric measurements suggested a complex redox chemistry involving manganese bound to PrP, whereas copper-bound PrP was able to undergo fully reversible electron cycling. Additionally, manganese binding to PrP converted it to a form able to catalyze aggregation of metal-free PrP. These results further support the notion that manganese binding could cause a conformation change in PrP and trigger changes in the protein similar to those associated with prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Brazier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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98
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The chemistry of copper binding to PrP: is there sufficient evidence to elucidate a role for copper in protein function? Biochem J 2008; 410:237-44. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an enormous body of literature published in the last 10 years concerning copper and PrP (prion protein). Despite this, there is still no generally accepted role for copper in the function of PrP or any real consensus as to how and to what affinity copper associates with the protein. The present review attempts to look at all the evidence for the chemistry, co-ordination and affinity of copper binding to PrP, and then looks at what effect this has on the protein. We then connect this evidence with possible roles for PrP when bound to copper. No clear conclusions can be made from the available data, but it is clear from the present review what aspects of copper association with PrP need to be re-investigated.
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99
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Klewpatinond M, Davies P, Bowen S, Brown DR, Viles JH. Deconvoluting the Cu2+ Binding Modes of Full-length Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1870-81. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708472200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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100
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Drew SC, Barnham KJ. Biophysical investigations of the prion protein using electron paramagnetic resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 459:173-196. [PMID: 18576156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-234-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The binding of paramagnetic metal ions is thought to be an essential function of the prion protein and lends itself to interrogation by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which probes the local coordination environment of bound metal ions to provide details of the metal-binding affinity, stoichiometry, and the symmetry and identity of its ligating atoms. It is also capable of identifying reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and peptide-derived radicals, in addition to monitoring protein-membrane dynamics and conformation by using site-directed spin labeling. An overview of the EPR technique as applied to the prion protein is given, key results are summarized, and some future experimental avenues are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Drew
- Department of Pathology and Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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